RATTANY-RATTLESNAKE.

on the back.

RATZ BOSZORMENY-RAUMER.

was designed by R. in conjunction with Professor Schinkel, the architect, in 1830; and after 20 years' labour, the statue was finished in 1850, and was inaugurated with great pomp in May 1851.

abere, with a broad dark streak on each side of the neck, and a series of broad lozenge-shaped spots Another species, Crotalus or Uropphus dur sous, extends further northward, as far an the southern shores of the great lakes. It is of a pais brown colour, with a dark streak across the temples, and dark spots on the body, often assuming the form of bands; the keel of the scales not Bo strongly developed, and the muzzle with fewer abels than in the former species, which it A third species, Crotalus or Crotalophorus miliaris, having the head completely covered with large shields, is also common in many parts of North America, and is as much dreaded as either of those already named, notwithstanding its much smaller size, because the sound of its rattle is so fecble as not readily to attract attention. It is of a brownish olive colour, with brown spots on the back and sides, the belly black.-In the colder countries which they inhabit, rattlesnakes spending-school for those who wish to become teachers

In his works, R. has the merit of having surmounted the difficulties which modern costume opposes to the ideal representation of persona_es of the present age; and while he preserved the salient points of his model, he possessed the art of sacrificing the less important details to the exigences of the beautiful. He died at Dresden on December 3, 1857.

remles in size.

the winter in a torpid state, retiring for that purpose into holes, or hiding themselves among moss.

RATZ BOSZORMENY. See BüsZORMENY.

the bent of his inclination for the fine arts.

On

RAU'HÉS HAUS is the name of a great institution founded and hitherto managed by Wichern at Horn, near Hamburg, in connection with the German for morally neglected children; partly a boardingHome Mission (Innere Mission). It is partly a refuge of children of the higher classes; lastly, a trainschool for the moral and intellectual education or officia's in houses of correction, hospitals, &c., in promotion of the objects of the Home Mission. The first foundation of this model institution-for

such it has become for Germany as well as for who made over to it a piece of land. It was opened France - was laid by a wealthy citizen of Hamburg, on November 1, 1831, by Wichern with 12 morally neglected children. By the addition of new houses, the whole has, however, been very much enlarged, and has of late almost grown into a colony.

A

RAUCH, CHRISTIAN DANIEL, one of the most distinguished German sculptors, was born at Arolsen, the capital of the principality of Waldeck, in 1777. He early began the study of sculpture; but on the death of his father, in 1797, he was obliged to go to Berlin, where he became valet to Frederick William II, king of Prussia. form part of the institution. Recently, about 100 the death of that prince, R. determined to follow printing-office, a bookbinder's shop, and bookselling In neglected children (one-third are girls) receive their this he was assisted by the new king Frederick-education in the establishment. They live in families William III, who afforded him facilities for design ing and modelling statues, and recommended him as a pupil in the Academy of the Fine Arts. statue of Endymion and a bust of Queen Luise of Prussia executed at this time, convinced the king of R's alalities, and he gave him the means of proceeding to Rome for his further improvement. spent six years in that city, working at his profession with much assiduity, to render himself worthy of the friendship of Thorwaldsen and Canova. At Rome, he also enjoyed the friendshp of William Humboldt, at that time Prussian

minister th re

A

of twelve, each fam ly being under the paternal superintendence of a young artisan, who employs the children according to their capabilities, partly in indoor, partly in outdoor, manual labour. The watching and care of these children devolve on assistants, who also take part in the instruction of the institution, with a view to prepare themselves for the work of the Home Mission in other institutions. These instructors receive board and clothing, but no salary. In connection with the R. H., there

was founded in 1845 a kind of conventual institute

for the education of young men, with a view to tutions. Entrance into this institution is limited become heads or superintendents of similar insti Besides religious belief to the age of 20-30.

Am ng les works at this time were bassi-rilievi of Il polyt is and Phadra,' a 'Mars and Venus wonted by Diomedes,' a colossal bust of the king and good character, freedom from mid tary duties, of Prussia, and busts of Raphael Mengs and the Count de Wen ursky. In 1811, he was called by the bodily and mental health, some scholastic acquireAag of Prussia to Berlin to execute a monumentalments, and a knowledge of some craft or of stat in of Queen Luise. This great work obtained for R. a Eir pean reputation. It is placed in the mes deum of the queen in the garden of CharlotI was not, however, quite satisfied with

t

It is placed in the palace of Sans Souci, near Plan K, after this, lived princ.pally at Berlin, botas 28 may visited Rome, Carrara, and Munich. ANTİ ID hiataly in his profession, and by 1824 had execute 70 busts in marble, of which

H

established in 1851, and at the same time a seminary agriculture, are required. The boarding-school was was founded, in which 12 brethren of the R. H. are especially prepared for school-work.

RAUMER, FRIED, LUDW. GEORG VON, a noted tanish of his art, but commenced a new statue đi tu yra, which te tilushed 11 years afterwards, German historical writer, was born on May 14, and wich is all-wed to be a masterpiece of sculp-1781, in Worlitz, near Dessau; studied law and political economy at Halle and Gottingen; billed different law appointments (1806-1811; and in In 1819, he was called to Berun as the last-mentioned year was named Professor at Breslau. Professor of History and Political Economy, Among his writings may be mat. 1 – Schư sai works, bes: les those above men-Dialoge wher Krieg und Hantei (86; Dar two quossal bruze statues of Field- | Britische Besteuerungssystem (her 1820; The basalt, one of which was erected, with Orations of Eschines and Dem vähenes de Caruma Lty, at Eremiall in 1827; a bronze | Beri. 1811); CCI Emendata,nes ad patmută farande £ Nala at Bavaria, erected at Munich, konens Arabum et Turcarum H h isli); Hak of No, 221 stairs of Allert Duret, Goethe, Handbuch me kurdiger Statue com lag de Dalt, erected in various lichtschoekers des Nitea, icra is gradest work is the Remarkable Passages in the Latin Hist hoà để break the Great,, the Middle Ages, Bresi 1×13, İx The mic but this statue de alle Geschichte (Lectures on Anunt Hotany,

"

RAUMER-RAVELIN.

2 vols. Leip. 1847); Geschichte der Hohenstaufen may be mentioned-Critic und Anticritic; Die und ihrer Zeit (History of the Hohenstaufen dynasty Schleichhändler (The Smugglers); Der Zeitgeist (The and their Time, 6 vols. Leip. 1823-1825); Ueber Spirit of the Time); Das Sonnett; and the farces, die geschichtliche Entwickelung der Begriffe von Recht Denk an Cäsar (Remember Cæsar), and Schelle Staat und Politik (On the Historical Development im Monde. Of his posthumous works, the principal of the Ideas of Law, State, and Politics, 2d ed. are-Jacobine von Holland (1852); Der Kegelspieler Leip. 1832); Prussian Municipal Law (Leip. 1828); (The Player at Nine-pins); the tragi-comedy, Briefe aus Paris und Frankreich, 1830 (2 vols. Leip. Mulier taceat in Ecclesia (1853); and Seed and 1831); Briefe aus Paris zur Erläuterung des Fruit (1854). R.'s writings display great knowGeschichte des 16th und 17th Jahrh. (2 vols. Leip. ledge of stage-effect, a happy talent for the invention 1831); Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des 15 of new and interesting situations, a power of vivid Jahrh. (History of Europe from the End of the dramatic diction, and a fine play of verbal wit. 15th Century, vols. 1-8, Leip. 1832-1850); RAVAILLAC, FRANÇOLL, a native of the French England, 1835 (2 vols. Leip. 1836); England, 1841 province of Angoulême, where he was born in (3 vols. Leip. 1842); Beiträge zur Neuern 1578, has acquired an obnoxious reputation as the Geschichte aus dem Brit. Museum, &c. (5 vols. Leip. murderer of Henri IV. of France. 1836-1839); Italie: Beiträge zur Kenntnissdies es R. was in turn clerk to a notary and master In early life, Landes (2 vols. Leip. 1840); Die Vereinigten Staaten of a school; but having fallen into debt, he was Von Nordamerika (2 vols. Leip. 1845); Anti-thrown into prison, the confinement and restraint quarische Briefe (Leip. 1851). The unfavourable of which preyed upon his health, and produced reception of an oration of R. in honour of King hallucinations of mind. Under the influence of Frederick II. compelled him, in 1847, to resign the this mental excitement, he renounced all secular secretaryship and membership of the Academy of pursuits; and on his release from prison, after having Sciences at Berlin, in consequence of which he was served for a time in the order of the Feuillants, he elected town-councillor of Berlin, and member of fell under the influence of the Jesuits, through the Frankfurt Parliament, where he belonged to whose instrumentality it is believed that his insane the right centre. From Frankfurt, he went as hatred of the Huguenots, as the enemies of the ambassador to Paris. Subsequently, he became a church, was directed more especially against Henri member of the first chamber at Berlin. In 1853, of Navarre, their former leader. Having resolved he was nominated, at his own request, Professor to assassinate the king, he eagerly watched his Emeritus at the university of Berlin. opportunity, and on the 14th of May 1610, as the king was passing in his coach through the narrow street of Laferronnerie, got upon the right hinderwheel of the carriage at the moment that its further advance was hindered by a heavy wagon in front of it, and leaning forward, he plunged a knife into the breast of the king. The first blow glanced aside, but at the second thrust, the knife entered the heart. R. escaped in the confusion, but being soon captured with the knife still in his hand, he admitted his guilt; and having been formally tried and condemned, he was put to the torture; under circumstances of great cruelty, his body being and suffered death on May 27, in the Place de Grève, torn asunder by horses. R. refused to the last to acknowledge whether he had had instigators or abettors, and hence the widest scope was given to conjecture, suspicion being in turn directed to the queen, Marie de' Medici, and her favourites, the Concini, to the Duc d'Epernon, and to the Spanish court and their Jesuit advisers, but there is no good ground for such suspicions. M. Henri Martin Histoire de France) and M. Poirson (Histoire de Henri IV., tome II.) have examined the particulars of the process instituted against R. with scrupulous impartiality, and have come to the conclusion degenerated into monomania.

RAUMER, KARL GEORG VON, brother of the preceding, was born April 9, 1783, in Wörlitz, studied from 1801-1805 at Göttingen and Halle, then at the Mining Academy at Freiberg, and was appointed Professor of Mineralogy at Breslau University in 1811. He took part as a volunteer in the War of Liberation (1813-1814), was translated in 1819 to the university of Halle; and finally, in 1827, was appointed Professor of Mineralogy and Natural History in the university of Erlangen. R. has obtained a wide and welldeserved reputation by his geographical and geological writings, among which are Geognostiche Fragmente (Geognostic Fragments, Nürnb. 1811); Der Granit des Riesengebirges (The Granite of the Riesengebirge, Berl. 1813); Das Gebirge Niederschlesiens (The Mountains of Lower Silesia, Berl. 1819); A B C Buch der Krystallkunde (The A B C of Crystallography, 2 vols. Berl. 1817; supplem. 1821). His interest in literary and scholastic education is evinced in his valuable Geschichte der Pädagogik (History of Pedagogy, 4 vols. Stuttg. 1846-1855). Other works of inore or less consequence are his Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Geographie (Manual of Universal Geography, Leip. 1848); Palestine (Leip. 1850); Der Zug der Israeliten aus Argupten nach Canaan (Leip. 1837); and Kreuzzüge (Stuttg. 1840).

RAUPACH, ERNST BENJ. SAL., a German dramatist, born on May 21, 1784, in Straubitz (Silesia), received his education in the Gymnasium at Liegnitz, studied theology at Halle, was for ten years tutor in Russia, held lectures at St Petersburg University, and was subsequently (1816) appointed there Professor of Philosophy, German Literature and History. R. left Russia in 1822, and died at Berlin, March 18, 1852. Among his early plays, the following are noteworthy-The Princes Chawansky (1818); Die Gefesselten (The Enchained, 1821); Der Liebe Zauberkreis (The Magic Ring of Love, 1824); Die Freunde (The Friends, 1825); Isidor und Olga (1826); Rafaele (1825); Die Tochter der Luft (The Daughter of the Air), after Calderon (1829). Among his comedies

that the real cause of the crime was fanaticism

RAVAN'A (from the causal of the Sanscrit ru cry, alarm, hence literally he who causes alarm) is the name of the Rakshasa (q. v.) who, at the time of Râma, ruled over Lanka or Ceylon, and having carried off Sita, the wife of Rama, to his residence, was ultimately conquered and slain by the latter. Râvan'a is described as having been a giant with ten faces, and in consequence of austerities and devotion, as having obtained from S'iva a promise which bestowed upon him illimited power, even over the gods. As the promise of S'iva could not be revoked, Vishn'u evaded its efficacy in becoming incarnate as Rama, and hence killed the demongiant. See under VISHN'U and RAKSHASA.

RA'VELIN, in Fortification, is a triangular work of less elevation than the main defences, situated with its salient angle to the front before the curtain,

RAVEN-RAVENSCROFT.

which with the shoulders of the adjoining bastions,
it serves to protect. It is open at the rear, so as to
be commanded by the curtain, if taken, and is sepa-
rated from that work by the main ditch, while in
its own front the ditch of the ravelin intervenes
between itself and the covert-way. The guns of
the ravelin sweep the glacis, and perform a very
important function in commanding the space imme-
diately before the salient angles of the two next
bastions, ground which the guns of the bastions
The bastions, on the
themselves cannot cover.
other hand, flank the ravelin. In the fortifications
of Alessandria, designed by Bousmard in 1803, the
ravelins are placed in front of the glacis. See the
diagrams in art. FORTIFICATION.

The original name of the ravelin was rivellino, which indicates a derivation from regliare, to watch, the ravelin having probably been at first a watchtower, answering to the still earlier barbacan.

RAVEN (Corvus corax), a species of Crow (q. v.), remarkable for its large size. It is more than two feet in length from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail. The bill is thick and strong, compressed at the sides, the mandibles sharp at the edges; the upper mandible curved at the tip, and exceeding the lower in length. The base of the

bill is surrounded with feathers and bristles. The
tail is rounded, but the middle feathers are con-
The wings are long-
siderably the longest.
extending from tip to tip to 52 inches-the fourth
qull-feather being longest. The colour is a uni-
form black, with more or less of metallic lustre,
which is particularly conspicuous in the elongated
throat feathers of the male, and is wanting in the
whole plumage of the female and young.

The R. is a bird of wide geographic distribution. It is found in almost all parts of the northern hemisphere, but most abundantly in the more northern and the mountainous parts of it. In other parts of the world, and within the northern hemisphere itself, however, other closely allied species have probably been often mistaken for it. There are several species of crow very similar to the R. in colour, size, and habits.

The R. is generally to be seen either solitary or in pairs. It is one of the most thoroughly omnivorous of birds. It feeds on fruits and nuts in forests; it picks up worms or molluscs; it sucks egs: it kills young hares, or even lambs; it rejoices in carrion, and not unfrequently attacks weak or sickly beasts, almost invariably choosing

their eyes as its first point of assault. It generally
makes its nest of sticks, coarse weeds, wool, hair,
&c., in rocky places, on a narrow ledge of a preca-
pice, or in some similar situation. Ravens are occa
sionally captured when young, and become interest-
ing pets, being remarkable for their impudence and
cunning, their look of sage thoughtfulness, ther
inquisitiveness, their mischievous propensities, wh ch
prompt them to destroy everything that can be
destroyed, and always as if the fact of its destruc-
tion afforded them pleasure, their thievishness
their love of glittering things, and their power of
imitating human speech, which is almost equal to
that of parrots. The R. is celebrated for its longe
vity, and instances are on record of ravens w...
have certainly lived for seventy or eighty years
The R. has been generally reckoned a bird of al-
omen, probably on account both of its colour and
its extremely harsh croaking voice, which may
sometimes be heard in fine weather as if coming
from the sky, the R. being a bird of powerful wing
and often soaring very high in the air.

RAVENNA, an important city of Central Italy,
43 miles east-south-east from Bologna, and 44 miles
from the Adriatic; lat. 44° 24' N., long. 12 12 E
Pop. (1862) of the commune, 57,303; of the town
proper, 19,118. It is situated in the midst of a
well-watered, fertile, and finely-wooded plam.
R. is surrounded by old bastions, and by walls
where may still be seen the iron rings to which
the cables of ships were formerly fastened; the
sea is now at the distance of about 4 miles from
the city. The streets are wide; the squares are
adorned with statues of the popes, and the honses
have a gloomy appearance. R. is an ancient city,
rich in monuments of art. The cathedral was
built in the 4th c.; it has five naves, supported by
24 marble pillars, and in the sacristy there are
preserved the ivory chair of St Massimin and the
Calendario Pasquale, both of the 4th century. San
Francesco possesses the tomb of Dante, erected in
the 15th century. The library of R. contains 50,000
volumes. It has an archaeological museum, and
There are many-
many educational institutions.
factures of silk, linen, paper, glass, and kitchen
utensils.

R. was probably of Umbrian origin; it was at least an Umbrian city when it passed into the hands of the Romans. Augustus made it a firstclass seaport and naval station; 400 years later, the Emperor Honorius took refuge there, and made R. the capital of the empire. The city was taken by Odoacer, then by Theodoric and by Tot la; the latter was conquered by Narses, who made it the residence of the exarchs in 553 In 1218, it became a republic. In 1275, Guido da Polenta conquered it, and there established his court, where he received Dante. R. was afterwards taken by the Venetians, who kept it till 1509. Under Charles V., it passed into the hands of the popes

Under the walls of R., a great battle was fought in 1512 between the French and the Spaniar's, 10 which Gaston de Foix purchased victory with his

life.

RAVENSCROFT, THOMAS, an eminent English musical composer. He was born in 1592, received his musical education in St Paul's choir, and had the degree of Bachelor of Music conferred on him when only 15 years of age. In 1611, appeared his Mer mata, Musical Phansies, &c., a collection of 23 part-songs, some of them of great beauty; and three years later, he brought out another collection of part-songs under the title of Brief Discours, with an essay on the old musical modes Turn.ng his attention to psalmody, he published, in 1621, a

RAVIGNAN--RAY.