ALEXANDER, bp. of Jerusalem, founds a library there, 214-martyred, 250. ALEXANDER, Michael, a converted Jew Protestant bp. of Jerusalem, Nov. 7, 1841, d. 1845.

ALEXANDER the Etolian poet, patronised by Antigonus Gonatas, B.C. 272. ALEXANDER POLYHISTOR comes to Rome, B.C. 83.

ALEXANDER of Cotyleum, the Galatian sophist, Greek secretary to M. Aurelius, 170.

ALEXANDER of Aphrodisias writes commentaries on Aristotle, 200.

"ALEXANDER the Impostor," written by Lucian, 182.

ALEXANDRA, Widow of Alexander Jannæus, governs Judæa, B.C. 79-d. 70. ALEXANDRA. See LYCOPHRON, B.C. 360. ALEXANDRIA, founded by Alexander the Great, B.C. 332 his body entombed there, 322-many thousand Jews transplanted to, by Ptolemy, 312 - Euclid the mathematician fl. at, 300 Ptolemy adorns it with the Museum, the Serapeum, the Pharos, and other edifices, and begins the library, 298-Demetrius Phalereus takes the chair of philosophy at, 296-Ptolemy Philadelphus completes his father's works, 283-besieged by Antiochus, 169-relieved by the Roman victories in Macedon, 168-Ptolemy Physcon expeiled, 130-the library burnt, 48-Antony replaces it by the library of Pergamus, 32-dissensions between the Jews and Greeks at, A.D. 40-Claudius Ptolemy observes the vernal equinox, March 22, 139, 140-visit of Caracalla and massacre of the inhabitants, flight of Origen, 215-he returns and writes many of his works, 229-withdraws again, 231-the Bruchion and its library destroyed by a tumult, 263-besieged by Diocletian, and slaughter of the people, 297-Meletius, bp. of Nicopolis, degraded by a synod for heresy, 302-a council condemns Arius, ejects him from the church, 321-tumults of the sectarian factions, bp. Gregory killed, 349-Athanasius expelled, 356-George of Cappadocia killed and Athanasius restored, but almost immediately banished again, 362-again returns, 363-Theon takes observations to regulate the calendar, 364-a synod held, 430-seditious tumults, 516-conquered by the Persians, 616-taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22, 640-seized by the Andalusian emigrants, who are prevailed upon to go to Crete, 822-surprised and plundered by the k. of Cyprus, the Knights Hospitallers and others, 1365-occupied by the French, July 2, 1798-battle of; the

18. Alexander, 313-instigated by Athanasius against Arius, 321--at the council of Nice, 325.

19. Athanasius, 326-favours the monastic system, 328-disregards the vote for his deposition, 334-resides at Treves, 335-returns, 338-deposed, and retires to Rome, 341.

20. Gregorius, 341-Athanasius restored, 347-Gregory killed in a sectarian tumult, 349-Athanasius expelled conceals himself in Thebais, 356.

21. George of Cappadocia, 356-killed, 362--Athanasius comes back, is again banished, but finally reinstated, 363 -d. 373.

and churches, 802-makes a treaty with Al Hakem, 805 founds Santiago de Compostella, SOS-gains another victory, and makes peace with Al Hakem, 810d. 843.

ALFONSO III., the Great, k. of the Goths in Spain, 862-extends his conquests beyond Salamanca, S67-successfully resists Almondhir, 872-defeats him near the river Urbicus, 874-foils Almondhir in Gallicia, 876-drives him from Zamora, 878-his victories are followed by the embassy of Dulcidius, and a truce for three years, 881-maintains peace with Abdallah, and defeats an irregular force of Arabians, at Zamora, 900-Abdallah sends an embassy to renew his treaty, 901-defeats a rebellion of his son, Garcias, at Zamora, 907-he resigns his crown to his sons, 910-takes the field again to assist them, and gains his last victory, soon after which he dies, at Zamora, 912.

ALFONSO IV., k. of the Goths in Spain, or of Leon, 924-retires from the throne, 931.

ALFONSO V., k. of Leon, Gonsalvo is his guardian, and regent, 999-his lost territories regained through the dissensions of the Saracens, 1010-killed at the siege of Viseu, 1028,

ALFONSO VI., k. of Castile, 1072-pope Gregory VII. exacts an annual tribute from him, 1077-makes an alliance with Aben Omar, 1079- driven back from Toledo by Alaftas, king of Badajos, 1081-takes it, 1084 -defeated at Zalacca, 1086-drives the Mohammedans from the siege of Alid, and compels Yussef to re-embark for Africa, 1089marries his daughter to Henry of Besançon, and makes him duke of Portugal, 1095 defeated at Ucles; his son, Sancho, slain, 1108-d. 1109.

ALFONSO VII., k. of Castile. See ALFONSO I., el Batallador, k. of Aragon; and ALFONSO, k. of Gallicia.

ALFONSO VIII., k. of Castile, 1158-defeated by the Moors, at Alarcos, 1195– takes Biscay, Alava, and Guipuscoa from Sancho VII., of Navarre, 1200marries his daughter, Garsenda, to Alfonso IX., of Leon, 1201-d. 1214.-The schools founded by him at Palencia, are transferred to Salamanca by his grandson, Ferdinand III., 1240. ALFONSO IX., k. of Leon, 1188-marries Garsenda, daughter of Alfonso VIII., of Castile, 1201-his kingdom is laid under an interdict, because he refuses to annul his marriage, 1202-after a struggle of twelve years, he is compelled to divorce his queen; the pope acknowledges the

legitimacy of their children, 1214-on his death, Leon is re-united to Castile, 1230.

ALFONSO X., the Philosopher, while prince of Asturias, concludes the treaty which establishes the supremacy of his father, Ferdinand III., in Murcia, 1240-succeeds him on the throne, 1252-the Astronomical Tables of, framed, 1253--conquers Xeres, Medina Sidonia, and other cities in the south of Spain, 1254-knights Edward, son of Henry III., at Burgos, and affiances his sister, Eleanora, to him, 1255-chosen k. of the Romans by some of the German nobles, 1257-Muhamad, k. of Granada, breaks his alliance with him, and encourages the Moors in Andalusia and Murcia to rebel, 1261-Xeres and other revolted cities submit, 1263 -makes peace with Muhamad, who pays tribute, 1264-continues to claim the title of k. of the Romans, but has no authority, 1271-some Castilian nobles detected in a conspiracy, retire to Granada, 1272-has an interview with Muhamad II., at Seville, and concludes a treaty, 1273-assists in the taking of Alessandria, 1274-has an interview with the pope, at Beaucaire, and asserts his title as k. of the Romans, 1274-being threatened with excommunication, renounces his claim; stops the progress of the Merines in Spain, 1275-concludes a truce with Abu Yusef, 1276-repulsed at the siege of Algesiras, 1278-leagues with the Merines against his son, Sancho, who had seized Cordova, in alliance with the k. of Granada, 1281-d. June 21, 1284.

ALFONSO XI., k. of Castile, 1312-he takes the government into his own hands, 1324 -involves himself in many troubles by his illicit attachment to Eleanora de Guzman, 1330-besieges the Merines of Africa, who had taken Gibraltar, 1333relieves Tarifa when besieged by the Moors, and defeats them near the river Guadacelito, 1340-Algesiras besieged by him, 1342-taken, and a truce made for ten years with the k. of Granada, 1343-dies of the plague in his camp before Gibraltar, Mar. 26, 1350.

ALFONSO I. (el Batallador), k. of Aragon and Navarre, 1104-is acknowledged in Castile as Alfonso VII., 1109-defeats and slays Ahmed, the Mohammedan k. of Saragossa, 1109-repairs Soria, Uxama, and other cities; quarrels with his queen, Urraca, and imprisons her, 1111 -defeats her partisans in Castile, 1112leagues with the Moorish k. of Saragossa; the Almoravide gen., Mez-deli, is defeated and slain by them; they take Lerida,

on their death, without issue, their nephew, Philip III., inherits their lands,

1271. ALFONSO DE LA CERDA, son of Ferdinand, the deceased eldest son of Alfonso X., of Castile, is excluded from the throne by his uncle, Sancho IV., 1284-his right is supported by a strong party, 1289-coalition of many States in his favour, 1296 -by the treaty of Campillo, a suitable provision is made for him and his brother Juan, and they acknowledge their cousin, Ferdinand IV., 1305. ALFONSO, prince of Castile, is declared by the grandees to be the legitimate heir of his brother, Henry IV., 1464-proclaimed k. by them, 1465-his death opens the way to his sister, Isabella, to the throne, 1468.

ALFONSO, prince of Portugal, son of John II., marriage and death of, 1490. ALFONSO, of Aragon, duke of Biseglia, third husband of Lucretia Borgia, murdered by her brother, Cæsar, 1500. ALFONSO D' ESTE, duke of Ferrara, d., and his States are claimed by pope Clement VIII., 1597.

ALFORD, battle of, the Covenanters defeated by the earl of Montrose, July 2, 1645. ALFRED the Great, b. 849-sent to Rome, and anointed by the pope, 853-taken by his father, Ethelwulf, to Rome, 855-assists his brother, Ethelred, against the Danes, 868-"secondary," or assistant regent to his brother, 869-k., Apr. 23, 871-defeats the Danes in a sea-fight, 875-gains another victory at Swanewie (Swansea), and concludes a treaty with them at Exeter, 877-obliged to withdraw into the Isle of Athelney; defeats the enemy at Ethandun (Eddington), 878 -makes a new treaty with the Danes, giving them equal rights, and they acknowledge his supremacy, 880-defeats an attempt at invasion by Hasting, 882 -his missions to Rome and India, 883defeats the Danes at Rochester, 884his ships defeated by the Danes at the mouth of the Stour, in East Anglia, 885 repairs London; is said to have founded the university of Oxford; he improves the laws and government of England; patron of John Scotus Erigena, 886-begins his translations from Latin into Anglo-Saxon, 888-his wise measures produce security and order, 890-marriage of his daughter, Elfrith, 891-defeats the Danes at Farnham and Bemfleet; compels them to raise the siege of Exeter, and restores to Hasting his wife and son, who were made prisoners, 894-the Danes avoid an encounter with him, 895-he constructs a

powerful navy, defeats them near the Isle of Wight, and puts a final stop to their incursions, 897-his death, Oct. 28, 901-death of his widow, Elswith, 905thousandth year commemoration of his birth, at Wantage, Oct. 25, 1849. ALFRED, the Etheling, lands at Sandwich with a body of Normans, is made prisoner by Godwin, earl of Kent, and put to death, at Ely, 1036,

ALFRED, son of George III., b. Sept. 22, 1780-d. Aug. 20, 1782.

ALFRED, Ernest Albert, second son of
Queen Victoria, b. Aug. 6, 1844.
ALFRIC, the grammarian, abp. of Canter
bury, 995-d. 1006.

ALFRID, k. of Northumberland, 685-restores bp. Wilfrid to York, 686-expels him again, 691-encourages learning, 703-resists the papal mandate to restore Wilfrid, 704-d. 705.

ALFWOLD, K. of Northumberland, 778slain, 789.

ALFWOLD, usurps Northumberland, 806Erdulf restored, 808.

ALFWULD, K. of East Anglia, 746-749. ALGAR, the ealdorman, defeats the Danes, in Kesteven, on St. Maurice's day, Sept. 22; slain in a second battle, 869. ALGAROTTI, Count, d. 1764. ALGARVE. See Alfonso III. and V., kings of Portugal.

ALGERIA, a French province, 1834-war with Abd el Kader, 1835-his incursions renewed, 1843-victory of Isly gained by marshal Bugeaud, 1844-attacked by the Kabyles, 1845-Abd el Kader surrenders, and hostilities cease; the duke d'Aumale gov., 1847-gen. St. Arnaud gov., defeats the Kabyles, May 11, July 17, 1851-a submarine electric telegraph to connect it with France, projected, May 24, 1853.

ALGESIRAS, first incursion of the Saracens, 710-besieged by Alfonso X., 1278-given up to the k. of Granada by the Merines, 1294-besieged by the Castilians, 1342 -surrenders, 1343-naval engagements in the bay, July 6-13, 1801. ALGIDUS, a height held by the Senones, B.C. 360. See ALBAN, MOUNT. ALGIERS, a piratical State, founded by Horuc and Hayraddin Barbarossa, 1518 --attacked by the emperor Charles V. 1541-expedition against, under Gianandrea Doria, dispersed by adverse winds, 1601-Blake compels the dey to give up his English captives and desist from piracy, 1655-the fleet of Louis XIV. defeats the Algerines, 1665-they release their French captives and renounce piracy, 1670-he sends another expedition against them, 1681-Du