AUTOMENES, last k. of Corinth, B.C. 746. AUTOSTHENES, Athenian archon, B.C. 668. AUTRONIUS, P., elected consul of Rome, but set aside and punished for bribery, B.C. 65. AUTUN, the ancient Augustodunum, Enmenius, professor of rhetoric there, endeavours to restore its schools, 299addresses his Orat. Panegyric. to Constantine there, 310-obtains from him a remission of taxation for Autun, 311Magnentius revolts, 350-reduced by the Saracens, 725-Ermengarda, queen of Provence, after surrendering Vienne, returns to Autun, 882-council of, excommunicates Philip of France, 1094. AUVERGNE, invaded by Euric, k. of the Visigoths, 470-ceded to him by Ecdicius, 474. AUXIMUM (now Osimo), surrendered to Belisarius, 539. AVA, a British embassy received at, Sept. 17, 1855. AVARS, send an embassy to Justinian, 557 -to Justin II., 565-succeed the Longobardi and Gepidæ in Pannonia, 568-invade Thrace, but are repulsed by Tiberius, 570-defeat him on the Danube, 574 -under their khan Baian, they harass Thrace and threaten the empire, 587-Maurice marches against them, 592Priscus drives them across the Danube and compels them to make peace, 593– Peter, brother of Maurice, breaks the peace, and they defeat him, 594-are defeated by Priscus, and remain inactive some months, 595-repulsed by him at Tomi, 598-defeat Comentiolus; 12,000 prisoners massacred, 599-they are again defeated by Priscus,600-occupy Thrace, 609-treacherously attack Heraclius, 619 -make peace with him, 620-break through the long wall, advance to the gates of CP., and after many unsuccessful attacks, retire; from this time their power declines, 626- Bertaridus, the Lombard, expelled by Grimoald, seeks their protection, 662-Grimoald employs them in his service, and is obliged to expel them from his kingdom, 666called by some historians, Huns; they invade Bavaria and Friuli, and are repulsed, 788-campaign of Charlemagne against them; are defeated by the duke of Friuli, 791-finally subdued by Charlemagne, and their accumulated spoils seized by him, 799. AVEIN, near Luxemburg, prince Thomas of Savoy defeated there by the marshals de Chatillon and de Bresse, 1635. AVENTINENSIS, Cn. Genucius, consul of Rome, B.C. 363. AVENTINENSIS, L. Genucius, consul of Rome, B.C. 362. AVENTINENSIS, L. Genucius, consul of Rome, B.C. 303. AVENTINUS, L. Genucius, consul of Rome, B.C. 365. AVERNUS, Lake, destroyed by a volcanic eruption, B.c. 1538. AVERROES, the Arabian physician, fl. at Morocco, 1199. AVERSA (the ancient Atella), granted to the Normans, 1029-Conrad II. confirms them in their fortress, 1038-Andrew of Hungary, husband of queen Joanna, murdered there, Sept. 18, 1345-taken by Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1440. AVICENNA, Med. Arab, fl. 1003--d. 1037. AVIENUS, Faustus, junior, consul of Rome, 502. AVIENUS, Gennadius, consul of Rome, 450. AVIENUS, Rufus Magnus Faustus, consul of Rome, 501. AVIGNON, possessed by Okbah, who is expelled by Charles Martel, 737-removal of the papal see to, 1309-confirmed, 1316-visit of Robert of Naples to pope John XXII., 1319-sold by Joanna, queen of Naples, to pope Clement VI., 1348Clement VII. resides at, and begins the schism of the West, 1378-taken possession of by Louis XIV., 1663-restored by him to the pope, 1690-seized by Louis XV., 1768-restored to Clement XIV., 1769-annexed to France, by the National Assembly, Sept. 23, 1791--many royalists massacred there--ceded to France by the pope in the treaty of Tolentino, Feb. 19, 1797. AVIOLA, ACILIUS, consul of Rome, 122. AVIOLA, M. ACILIUS, consul of Rome, 54. AVIOLA, consul of Rome, 239. AVISA, daughter of the earl of Gloucester, divorced by king John, 1200. AVITUS, consul of Rome, 144. AVITUS, consul of Rome, 209. AVITUS, proclaimed emperor of the West, 455 sends count Fronto to negotiate with the Spanish Suevi; abdicates, and dies soon after, 456. AVITUS, bp. of Vienne, noted for his elo quent homilies, letters, and poems, 496. AXERDIS, k. of Nineveh and Assyria, B.C. 670. AYBAR, battle of; victory of Muhamad over Garcias, k. of Navarre, 882. AYESHA, daughter of Abu Beker, marries Mohammed, 619-supports Moawiyah against Ali; made prisoner and sent to Medina, 656-d. 677. AYLESFORD, battle of, between the Britons and Saxons, 455. AYLMER, Lord, gov. of Canada, d. 1834. AYOUB, a Saracen commander in Spain, 717. AYOUBITES, defeated near Gaza, by the Carismians, 1243. AYR, commemoration of the poet Burns at, Aug. 6, 1844. AYR steamer runs down the Comet steamer, in the Clyde, Oct. 21, 1825. AYUB. See ABU AYUB. AZAHRA, the magnificent palace of Abderahman III., at Cordova, built, 936. AZAKE, or public hospital, erected at Granada by Muhamad V., 1376. AZARIAH, Jewish high-priest, B.C. 959. AZNAR, Son of Eudes, drives out the Saracens, and erects an independent power in Aragon, 737. Azor. See Asor. AZORES, the, discovered by the Portuguese, 1432-colonized by them, 1450-expedition of Antonio of Portugal against, 1582 -the authority of queen Maria established there, 1830. Azzo, marquis of Este, leads the Guelph faction in Ferrara, 1196-expelled by Salinguerra, leader of the Ghibelines, 1209 -he recovers his power in Ferrara, 1211 -d. 1212. Azzo VII., marquis of Este, 1215-1221expelled from Ferrara by Salinguerra, 1222 the emperor Frederic concerts measures against him, 1232-defeated at Padua, 1238- takes Ferrara, 1240-recovers the Este territories, and takes the city of Padua, 1256-d. 1264. Azzo VIII., marquis of Este; his sister, Beatrice, married to Galeazzo, son of Matteo Visconte, 1300-marries Beatrice, daughter of Charles II. of Naples, 1305-loses his ascendancy in Modena and Reggio, 1306-d. 1308. Azzo, duke of Spoleto, 651. Azzo, son of Galeazzo Visconte, defeats the Florentines and their allies at Cappiano, 1325-he succeeds his father, 1328 -he and his brothers repulse the papal legate from Ferrara, 1333-he obtains possession of Como and Crema, 1335takes Brescia, 1337-d. 1339. B BAASHA, K. of Israel, B.C. 953. BABBAGE invents his calculating machine, 1822. BABER, a descendant of Timour, reigning in Cabul, takes Lahore, 1524-Bengal, 1529. BABEUF, forms a conspiracy against the qu. Elizabeth, and release Mary, qu. of Scots; detected and punished, 1586. BABINGTON, Dr., b. 1757-d. 1833. BABYLAS. See ANTIOCH, bishops of. BABYLON, conquest of (by what people uncertain), B.C. 2059 (2233 C.)-date of earliest astronomical observations at, 2234 (2230 H., 2233 C.)-of the first recorded eclipse of the moon, observed at, Mar. 19, 721-subdued by Cyrus, 538revolts; taken after a siege of twenty months, by Darius, 518-by Alexander, 331-Harpalus flees from, with great treasure, to Athens, 325-Alexander returns to, 324-Seleucus, gov. of, 321expelled by Antigonus, 315-restored, 312. BABYLONIAN empire commences, under Chinzirus, and Porus, 731. Mardocempadus, or Merodach Baladan, 721. War with Assyria, 713. Anarchy, 704. Hagisa. Baldanes. Belibus, 702. Capture of Nineveh. See ASSYRIA. Laborosoarchod, 556. Wictred Belshazzar, or Nabonadius, 555. Overthrown by Cyrus, 538. BACCANCELDE (Beckenham); holds a council at, 694. BACCHANALIAN orgies interdicted at Rome, and in all Italy, by the senate, B.C. 186. BACCHIS, K. of Corinth, B.C. 925. BACCHUS, the theatre of, at Athens, the first of stone in Greece, built, B.C. 478. BACCHYLIDES, lyric poet, fl. B.C. 450. BACCHYLUS, bp. of Corinth, 196. BACCIOCCHI, husband of Napoleon's sister, Elise, is made prince of Lucca and Tuscany, June 23, 1805. BACK, capt., returns from his arctic expe. dition, Sept. 9, 1835. BACON, Francis (afterwards lord), b. 1561 -first distinguishes himself by his conduct in the trial of the earl of Essex, 1600-defends monopolies in the House of Commons, 1601-debates with Sir Ed ward Coke on the Union of England and Scotland, 1607-created viscount St. Alban's, and appointed lord chancellor, 1617 --confesses his acceptance of presents or bribes, is deprived of his office, fined, and imprisoned; James I. restores him to liberty, remits his fine, and allows him a pension, 1621 he writes his "Novum Organum," and "De Augmentis Scientiarum," 1624-d. while on a visit to the earl of Arundel at Highgate, Apr. 9, 1626. BACON, Sir Nicholas, appointed lord keeper, 1558-d. 1579. BACON, Roger, b. 1214-proposes to pore Clement IV. a reformation of the calendar, 1267-is forbidden to teach at Oxford, and confined to his monastery, 1269 -d. 1292. BACON, John, b. 1740-his group representing the Thames and its attributes placed in the quadrangle of Somerset House, Apr. 13, 1789-d. 1799. BACTRA, now Balkh, taken by Alexander, B.C. 330. BACTRIA, or BACTRIANA; Alexander passes the winter in, B.C. 329-revolts against Antiochus, 254-Theodotus founds the kingdom of, 250-treaty of alliance with Parthia, 243-Theodotus II., d. 221-and | is succeeded by Euthydemus, who is attacked by Antiochus Magnus, 212-his son, Demetrius, k., 200-Menander follows; his time not accurately known; Eucratides I. conquers part of India; is assassinated by his son, Eucratides II., who allies himself with Demetrius Nicator against Mithridates I. of Parthia,. 140-is defeated, and loses a large portion of his territories, 138-is expelled from the rest by the wild Tartars, and the kingdom of Bactria ends, 127. BADAJOS, Ordonio II. pursues the Saracens to, and compels them to make peace, 918-Ramiro II. and Aben Isaac Ben Omeya advance to, 935-conquered by Yussef, 1093-taken by the Moors, 1161-recovered by Alfonso, k. of Portugal, 1168-taken by Alfonso IX., 1229 -besieged by the Portuguese, but without success, 1705-treaty of, between the prince regent of Portugal, and France and Spain, Sept. 29, 1801-taken by Soult, Mar. 11, 1811-by Wellington, Apr. 6, 1812. BADDESDOWN HILL. See BADON, MOUNT. BADEN, erected into a margraviate, by count Bernhard, 1430 the margrave joins the Protestant League, 1608-commands their army, and is defeated by Wallenstein, 1627-treaty of, between the German empire, France, and Spain, signed Sept. 5, 1714 the margrave makes peace with the French republic, 1796-takes the title of elector, afterwards exchanged for that of grand duke, 1803-gives his people a representative government, 1818-joins the commercial union (Zollverein), and completes the frontier, 1835-driven from Carlsruhe by his subjects, May 14, 1849-restored, June 23-the grand duke Chas. Leopold Frederic, d. Apr. 24, 1852-his eldest son, Louis, relinquishes the succession to his brother, Frederic William, May 4. BADEN, prince Louis of, takes Landau, 1702-with Marlborough, forces the Bavarian lines at Schellenberg, and takes Donawert, July 2, 1704-and recovers Landau; drives Villars back over the Rhine, and takes Hagenau, 1705. BADEN, Dr. Richard, founds Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1326. BADON, MOUNT, called by Bede Baddesdown Hill, and a victory said to have been gained there by the Britons over the Saxons in 493-by others in 511 and 520. BADONICUS. See GILDAS. BADVILA. See TOTILA. BAFFIN explores the Bay to which his name has been given, 1616. BAGADIUS claims the bpric. of Bostra, 394. BAGAUDE of Gaul are repressed by Maximian, 285. BAGDAD, built by Almansor, 758-the caliphs of, sink into insignificance, 936Togrul Beg drives the Bowides from, 1055-stormed by Hulagou, and its caliph put to death, 1258-taken by Timour, 1401-first hostilities between the pasha of, and the Wahabys, 1797. BAGNAL, Sir Edward, defeated by Tyrone on the Blackwater, 1598. BAGNALO, treaty of, between the Italian States and Venice, Aug. 7, 1484. BAGOAS, minister in Persia, places Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, on the throne after his father's assassination, B.C. 338 -kills Arses, places Darius Codomanas on the throne, and is put to death for his crimes, 336. BAGOT, Sir Charles, governor-general of Canada, unites the most popular leaders of all parties in official situations, 1842. BAGOT, Dr., bp. of Bath and Wells, b. 1783 -d. 1854. BAGSAC, a Danish k., defeated by Alfred, and slain, 871. BAHAMA ISLANDS, the first discovery of Columbus, 1492-English settlements in 1629-taken by the Spaniards, 1782restored, 1783. BAHAR, ceded to the East India Co.. by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12, 1765. BAHARAM,or Varanes. See PERSIA, kings of. BAHRAM, the Persian gen., repels the Turks, 586-at the head of a Persian army, receives a total defeat from the Roman gen. Comentiolus; is reproved and insulted by Hormisdas, and revolts, 589 -usurps the regal power for a time, 590 -retires among the Turks, and d. 591. BAIAN, khan of the Avars, harasses Thrace, and threatens the empire, 587compelled to make peace by Priscus, 593-conference with Priscus, after which hostilities are resumed, 595 - attacks Tomi, which is defended by Priscus, 598 -holds a conference with Heraclius, 619 -fails in his attacks on CP., 626. BAILLIE, Joanna, b. 1763-d. 1851. BAILLY, president of the National Assembly, urges it not to separate at the command of the king, June 20, 1789mayor of Paris, July 16-assists La Fayette to disperse a tumultuous assemblage calling for the deposition of the king, July 17, 1791-executed, Nov. 11, 1793. BAINES, E., b. 1774-d. 1818. BAIRD, Sir David, captures the Cape of Good Hope, Jan. 8, 1806-d. 1829. BAJAZET I. (Illerim), sultan of the Ottomans, 1389-compels the emperor John V. to destroy his new fortifications, and his son, Manuel, to attend him at the siege of Philadelphia, 1390-defeats Sigismund, k. of Hungary, with a confederate army of French princes and nobles, and the knights of Rhodes, at the battle of Nicopolis, Sept. 28. 1396his designs against CP. are interrupted by the approach of Timour, 1400-totally defeated, and made prisoner at the battle of Angora, July 28, 1402-d. in captivity. BAJAZET II., sultan of Turkey, succeeds to the throne after a contest with his brother, Dschem, 1481-makes war on Kaitbai, sultan of Egypt, 1490-resigns the throne to his son, Selim, 1511put to death, 1512. BAKER, Sir Richard, the chronicler, b. 1568 -d. 1645. BAKER, Sir Robert, censured for having allowed queen Caroline's funeral to pass through the city, resigns his office of magistrate, 1821. BAKEWELL, Kobert, b. 1726-d. 1795. BALA, Alexander, rebels in Syria, B.C. 153 -establishes himself at Ptolemais, is recognized by Rome, and supported by Jonathan Maccabæus, 152. See ALEXANDER BALA. BALAAM, the prophet, lived B.C. 1480. BALAGUIER, taken by the count D'Harcourt, 1645. BALAK, K. of Moab, B.C. 1480. BALAKLAVA, capture of, Sept. 26, 1854battle of, Oct. 25. BALBEC, the ancient Heliopolis in Syria; temple of the Sun built by Sept. Severus, 200-held by Odenathus and Zenobia, 262-72-taken by the Saracens, 637destroyed by the Carmathians, 900. BALBINUS, D. Cœlius, consul of Rome, II. 213-elected emperor by the senate, is murdered by the prætorians, 238. BALBOA, Vasco Nunez de, reaches the American coast of the Pacific Ocean, 1513. BALBUS, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 150. BALBUS, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 114. BALBUS, D. Lælius, consul of Rome, B.C. 6. BALBUS, L. Norbanus, consul of Rome, 19. BALBUS, Qu. Julius, consul of Rome, 129. BALDASI, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 800 La. BALDIMER. See BULGARIANS. BALDRED, k. of Kent, 805-conquered and expelled by Egbert, 823. BALDULF, bp. of Witherne, 791. BALDWIN I., emperor of the East, 1204-defeated and made prisoner at Adrianople by the Bulgarians and revolted Greeks; he dies in captivity, 1205. See BALDWIN IX., count of Flanders. BALDWIN II., brother of Robert de Courtenay, succeeds him as emperor of the East, with John de Brienne as acting colleague, 1228-takes the government into his own hands, and visits Flanders to implore assistance from Western Europe, 1237-returns to Constantinople with a large army, raised by the sale of the holy crown of thorns, and other relics, to the k. of France, 1239 - campaign against Vataces; loses almost all his possessions in Asia; his Latin auxiliaries, receiving no pay, abandon him, 1240again visits the West to beg support, 1244 pleads before the Thirteenth General Council at Lyons for assistance, 1245 - truce with Michael Palæologus, 1260-expelled from Constantinople, 1261 -cedes the suzerainty of Achaia to Charles of Anjou, 1267-d. 1272. BALDWIN, count of Hainault, brother of Godfrey de Bouillon, joins the first crusade, 1096-quarrels with Tancred, separates from the army, and obtains for himself the principality of Edessa, 1097 -on the death of Godfrey, succeeds him as Baldwin I., k. of Jerusalem, 1100defeats the Turks, and takes Ptolemais, 1104-assisted by a Venetian fleet, takes Tripoli, 1109-marries Adelaide, widow of Roger, count of Sicily, 1113 d. at Rhinoscorura 'El Arisch), 1118. BALDWIN II. (de Bourg), count of Edessa, j elected k. of Jerusalem, 1118-defeats the Turks at Antioch, 1119-taken prisoner by the Saracens, 1122-ransomed, attacks Aleppo, and is defeated by Genghi, Atabek of Mosul, 1127-defeated near Damascus, he d. 1131, BALDWIN III., succeeds his father, Fulk, k. of Jerusalem, his mother, Melusina, regent, 1142 takes Ascalon, 1153d. 1162. BALDWIN IV., son of Amaury, k. of Jerusalem, with Raymond III., count of Tripoli, his guardian, 1173-repulses Saladin, 1179-disabled by leprosy, resigns his crown to his nephew, Baldwin V., 1183. BALDWIN V., k. of Jerusalem, under the regency of Raymond, 1183-d. 1186. BALDWIN, carries off Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, is pardoned, and created count of Flanders, 862. BALDWIN II., count of Flanders, 879 marries Elfrith, daughter of Alfred, 891 -d. 918. BALDWIN III., count of Flanders, conjointly with Arnulf, 918-965. BALDWIN IV., count of Flanders, 989seizes Valenciennes, 1006-resisted by Henry II., emperor of Germany, 1007d. 1036. BALDWIN V., count of Flanders, 1036hospitably receives Emma, widow of Canute, at Bruges, 1037 - also Sweyn Estritson, son of Ulf Jarl, and Canute's sister, Estritha, 1045-rebels, is defeated, and submits to the emperor Henry III., 1049-his daughter, Matilda, marries William, duke of Normandy, after wards k. of England, 1052 - he does homage to the emperor Henry IV., 1057 -regent for Philip I. of France, 1060Tostig, earl of Northumberland, takes refuge at his court, 1065-d. 1067. BALDWIN VI., the Good, count of Flanders, 1067-d. 1070. BALDWIN VII., count of Flanders, 1111mortally wounded at the battle of Brenneville, 1119. BALDWIN VIII., count of Flanders, 1191– 1194. BALDWIN IX., count of Flanders, 1194joins the fourth crusade, 1201-emperor of the East, 1204. See BALDWIN I., emperor of the East. BALDWIN DE REDVERS, holds out in Exeter against k. Stephen, and is brought to terms, 1136. BALDWIN, tried for printing Junius's Letters, and acquitted, July 13, 1770. BALEARIC ISLANDS, conquered by Qu. Cæcilius Metellus, consul of Rome, B.C. 123 -occupied by the Vandals, A.D. 426— under the protection of Charlemagne, 799-submit to the Almoravides, 1095taken by the Pisans, 1114-by James 1., k. of Aragon, 1232-given to James, brother of Pedro III., 1276-taken from him by his nephew, Alfonso III., 1286. See MAJORCA, and MINORCA. BALEG, a Saracen commander in Spain, 742. BALEUS, or XERXES, k. of Assyria, B.C. 1857 (1980 C.). BALEUS, K. of Assyria, B.C. 1754 (1860 C.). BALFOUR, and other Covenanters, murder Sharpe, abp. of St. Andrew's, May 1, 1679. BALISTA takes the imperial title at Edessa, but is overcome by Odenathus, 262. BALKAN, the, crossed by the Russians, 1829. See KUNOBITZA. BALKH, Occupied by Houssein, brother-inlaw of Timour, 1366-taken by Timour, 1367-the seat of his first sovereignty, 1368. See BACTRA. BALLANTYNE, John, Sir Walter Scott's printer and publisher, b. 1776-d. 1821. BALLIOL, John, a descendant of David, earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the Lion, claims the crown of Scotland, 1290-refers to Edward I. of England, 1291-the crown is awarded to him; he does homage to Edward, at Newcastle, 1292-he hesitates to obey a summons from Edward to appear in London, 1293 -renounces his feudal subjection to England,, and leagues with the k. of France, 1295-made prisoner at the battle of Dunbar, Apr. 27, and resigns his crown, 1296-retires to France, and d. there in a private station. BALLIOL, Edward, son of John, claims the crown of Scotland, collects an English army, and lands on the coast of Fife; is crowned at Scone, Sep. 27; is soon after defeated at Annan by Sir Archibald Douglas; is driven into England, 1332restored and does homage to Edward III., 1333 he holds a parliament at Edinburgh, Feb. 19-excites the hatred of the Scotch; takes refuge at Carlisle, Dec. 24, 1334-is again conducted into Scotland by Edward III., 1335-resigns his claim on Scotland to Edward for a pension, 1355. BALLIOL COLLEGE, Oxford, founded, 1263. battle of. See FLEURUS. BALLOT, motion for the, by Mr. Grote, rejected, March 7, 1837. BALLY NAHINCH, the Irish rebels defeated at, by gen. Nugent, June 12, 1798. |