CHARLES XII., k. of Sweden-continued. Charles, 1704-the Swedes fail in an attack on Petersburg; defeat the Russians at Gemauers, July 28; retreat to Riga from want of supplies; the czar recovers Mittau, Sept. 14, 1705-Renschild defeats the Saxons and Russians, at Fraustadt, Feb. 6; Charles invades Saxony, and dictates the treaty of Altranstadt_to Augustus, who resigns the crown of Poland, and gives up Patkul, Sept. 14; one of his armies defeated by Mentchikof, at Kalisch, Nov. 19; the czar Peter fails in an attack on Vyborg, in Carelia, 1706 -interview with Marlborough, at Leipsic, Apr. 30; Charles returns from Saxony into Poland; on his march, visits the elector at Dresden; massacres the peasantry of Massovia; puts Patkul to death; treaty with Mazeppa, 1707marches into the Ukraine, against the advice of Piper and Renschild; gains a fruitless victory at Golovtchin, July 4, and takes Mohilef; but one of his armies, under Lagercrona, is defeated by Mentchikof, at Dobro, Sept. 20, and he fails in his engagement to meet his general, Levenhaupt, who loses all his baggage and artillery at Leisna, 1708-Peter collects his forces, and surrounds the Swedish army; battle of Pultowa, July 8; escape of Charles to Bender, and surrender of the remnant of his army, who are sent to Siberia; all his enemies renew their hostilities; Poland reconquered; his possessions in Germany threatened by the combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Denmark, and Saxony, 1709-he prevails on the sultan to declare war against Russia, Nov, 20; Great Britain and the United Provinces offer to mediate, which Charles refuses, 1710-1711. See PETER, the Great, czar of Russia.--Steinbock defeats the Danes, Poles, and Saxons, at Gadebusch, 1712 burns Altona; surrenders, with his army, at Tönningen; Charles resists the sultan's desire for his return to Sweden; is besieged in his house at Bender, and conveyed a prisoner to Adrianople, 1713-is removed by the Turks to Demotica; escapes, Nov. 1; reaches Stralsund, 22, 1714-besieged there, escapes to Sweden; loses the isle of Rügen, Nov. 17, 1715-invades Norway, and is repulsed; enters into the intrigues of baron Görtz and Alberoni, against Great Britain, 1716-an English fleet sent to the Baltic to watch his proceedings, 1717-he renews his attack on Norway; is killed, while besieging Fredericshal, Nov. 30, 1718-Voltaire writes a History of his Life, which is prohibited in France, 1730.

CHARLES XIII., k. of Sweden, duke of Sudermania, son of Adolphus Frederic, b. Oct. 7, 1748-regent during the minority of his nephew, Gustavus IV., 1792—6— on his expulsion, called by the nation to the throne, June 5, 1809-concludes the peace of Fredericshamm with Russia, Sept. 17; Christian Augustus, prince of Holstein Augustenburg, appointed his successor; d. May 28, 1810-adoption of marshal Bernadotte in his place, Aug. 21; compelled to declare war against Great Britain, Nov. 17; discontented with the continental system; assumes an independent tone, 1811 - Napoleon takes Swedish Pomerania, 1812-Sweden joins the confederacy against him, and Charles John lands with an army to cooperate with the allies in Germany, 1813. See NAPOLEON I.-Besieges Hamburg, and occupies Holstein; Norway ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel, Jan. 14, 1814-the Union voted by the Storthing of Christiana, Nov. 21; Charles XIII. d., Feb. 5, 1818,

CHARLES XIV., or CHARLES JOHN, k. of Sweden. See BERNADOTTE, andCHARLES XIII., k. of Sweden.-Succeeds quietly to the throne, 1818-crowned in Sweden, May 11, at Drontheim, Sept. 7; abolishes many guilds and restrictions on trade, 1820-constructs canals and roads, 1822 -the Diet forbids the publishing of the debates, 1823-the Storthing refuses to create an hereditary nobility; the university of Christiana founded, 1824 the Storthing dissolved, 1836-the iron trade thrown open, 1838-the council of State reformed, 1841-Charles John d. Mar. 8, 1844.

CHARLES, archduke of Austria, son of Ferdinand I., emperor of Germany, b. 1540 -negotiates for marriage with Elizabeth of England, 1568-sent into Spain to dissuade Philip from his cruel treatment of the Netherlands, but to no purpose, 1569-d. 1590.

CHARLES ROBERT, k. of Hungary, son of Charles Martel. See CHARLES MARTEL.. Supported by the papal influence and some magnates, is proclaimed in Dalmatia and Croatia, 1300-on the death of Andrew III., is crowned as his successor, 1301-Wenceslas, son of the k. of Bohemia, claims the crown- renounces it, 1304-Otho, of Bavaria, grandson of Bela IV., puts forward his claim, 1305-withdraws it, and Charles remains firmly seated, 1308-- claims the kingdom of Naples, on the death of his grandfather, Charles II., 1309-Dalmatia conquered by the Venetians, 1322-his eldest son, Louis, acknowledged as his successor,

1330-his second son, Andrew, affianced to Joanna, of Naples, 1333-d. 1342. CHARLES, archduke, son of the emperor Leopold II. See AUSTRIA, archduke Charles.

CHARLES, duke of Brunswick. See BRUNS

WICK.

CHARLES, duke of Calabria, son of Robert, k. of Naples, invested with the government of Florence for five years, 1326-d., leaving only two young daughters, Joanna and Maria, 1328.

CHARLES, duke of Durazzo, marries Maria, sister of Joanna I., qu. of Naples, 1343is suspected of being implicated in the murder of Joanna's husband, Andrew of Hungary, 1345-put to death by Louis I., k. of Hungary, 1348.

CHARLES, duke of Durazzo. See CHARLES III., k. of Naples.

CHARLES EDWARD, son of James the Pretender, b. 1720-serves in the Spanish army under Montemar, 1734-lands in Scotland, and proclaims his father at Perth, Sept. 4, 1745-at Edinburgh, 16— enters England, Nov. 6-occupies Manchester, 28-arrives at Derby, Dec. 4commences his retreat, 6-defeats gen. Hawley at Falkirk, Jau. 15, 1746-routed, and the rebellion crushed, at Culloden, April 16-escapes to France--received at Rome by pope Benedict XIV., 1747resists the order to leave Paris-imprisoned-submits, and retires to Avignon, 1748-visits London secretly, 1750-d. March 3, 1788.

CHARLES, Son of Louis IV., k. of France, b. 954-made duke of Lorraine by the emperor Otho II., 977-claims the crown of France, which the nobles give to Hugh Capet, 987-invades France, and takes Laon, 988-Hugh Capet recovers LaonCharles is taken prisoner, and d. 991. CHARLES I., duke of Savoy, second son of Amadeus IX., b. 1468-succeeds his brother, Filiberto, 1482-marries Bianca, daughter of William VI., marquis of Montferrat, 1487- d. 1489.

CHARLES II., John Amadeus, duke of Savoy, son of Charles I., b. 1488-succeeds his father, with his mother regent, 1489 -d. 1496.

CHARLES III., duke of Savoy, son of Philip II., succeeds his brother, Filiberto II., 1504 joins the league of Cambray against Venice, 1508-oppresses the Reformers of Geneva, 1519-endeavours to remain neutral in the wars between Francis I. and Charles V.; but his states are occupied and desolated by both the belligerents, 1524- besieges Geneva, to restore the expelled bishop, 1530- is compelled, by Berne, Zurich, and Frey

burg, to retire, 1531-his efforts against Geneva again frustrated, 1534-Francis I. attacks him, and takes Turin, 1536Charles V. sends an army to assist him, but friends and foes alike lay waste his lands, 1537-they conclude a truce for ten years, each retaining what he occupies, 1538-Nice besieged by the French, 1543-Charles III. d. 1553.

CHARLES EMANUEL I., duke of Savoy, son of Emanuel Filiberto, b. Jan. 12, 1562— succeeds his father, 1580-failure of his projected attack on Genoa, 1582-he invades Provence, 1590-checked by Lesdiguiéres, 1592-concludes a truce with France, 1595-Savoy conquered by Henry IV., 1600-peace concluded at Lyons, 1601-he attempts to seize Geneva, but fails, 1602-1609- endeavours to engage Henry IV. in an attack on Milan, 1609—claims and invades the duchy of Montferrat, 1613-defends himself against the Spanish governor of Milan, 1615-again, 1616-joins the Venetians and Holland in a league to check the power of Austria, 1619-alliance with France and Venice, 1624-makes, with Lesdiguiéres, a fruitless attack on Genoa, 1625-revives his claim to Montferrat, 1627 — invades it-in league with Spain and Austria, 1628-Louis XIII. and Richelieu enter Savoy, and conclude the treaty of Susa, 1629-they return, and conquer the country-Charles d. July 26, 1630.

CHARLES EMANUEL II, duke of Savoy, second son of Victor Amadeus I., b. 1634succeeds his brother, Francis Hyacinth, 1638-his mother continues the regency, and the alliance with her brother Louis XIII. - prince Thomas of Savoy, the young duke's uncle, prosecutes his claim to the regency, and takes Turin, with the assistance of Spain, 1639-retaken by the French gen., D'Harcourt, 1640tranquillity restored by the regent, Christine, 1642-an incursion of Caracena, the Spanish governor of Milan, repulsed, 1650-the duke takes the government into his own hands, 1653-his army, commanded by prince Thomas, with French auxiliaries, besieges Pavia-he persecutes the Waldenses, 1655-prince Thomas d. Jan. 22, 1656-by the peace of the Pyrenees, the duke recovers full possession of his states, 1659- marries his cousin, Françoise de Bourbon, daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIII. of France, May 6, 1663-his mother, Christine, former regent of Savoy, d., Dec. 27-his duchess d. a few months after their marriage; he takes for his second, Marie Jeanne Baptista, daughter of the duke de Nemours, 1664

he quarrels with the Genoese-Louis XIV. arbitrates, 1672-d. June 12, 1675. CHARLES EMANUEL III., k. of Sardinia, son of Victor Amadeus II., b. April 27, 1701 -succeeds, on the resignation of his fa ther, Sept. 3, 1730-liberates his states from the temporal authority asserted in them by the pope, 1731-assists France in the war of the Polish succession, and conquers Milan, 1733-gains the victory of Guastalla, Sept. 19. 1734-peace concluded, he acquires Novara and Tortona, 1735-having guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction, he supports Maria Theresa against France and Spain, 1741-attacks Reggio and Modena-a Spanish army occupies Savoy, but is driven back by him into France, 1742- an Austrian army, under count Traun, supports him against the Spanish general, de Gages, 1743-the French and Spanish conquer Savoy, 1745- he drives them out of Italy, and invades Provence, 1746-defeat of the chevalier de Belleisle at Exilles, July 8, 1747-a part of Milan added to the kingdom of Sardinia by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748-devotes himself to the improvement of his states; d. Jan. 20, 1773.

CHARLES EMANUEL IV., k. of Sardinia, son of Victor Amadeus III., b. 1751-succeeds his father, Oct. 16, 1796-Piedmont occupied by the French-he retires into Sardinia, 1798-resigns the crown to his brother, Victor Emanuel, June 4, 1802. CHARLES FELIX JOSEPH, k. of Sardinia, son of Victor Amadeus III.-succeeds, on the resignation of his brother, Victor Emanuel I., March 13, 1821-an Austrian army represses the revolutionary movements of Santa Rosa; evacuates the country, 1822 -the poor, in Piedmont, are forbidden to be instructed in reading and writing, 1825-Charles Felix d. 1831. CHARLES ALBERT, k. of Sardinia, prince of Carignan, succeeds his uncle, Charles Felix, 1831-promulgates a new code for his kingdom, 1837-adopts liberal reforms, 1847-gives his people a free constitution, Feb. 8, 1848-arrives with his army to support the insurgents of Milan against Austria, March 27-takes Peschiera, and conquers at Goito, May 30defeated by Radetzky, at Somma Riva, July 26-at Milan, Aug. 5-he retreats to Turin, Aug. 6-opens the Sardinian parliament, Feb. 1, 1849-he renews hostilities-is totally defeated by Radetzky at Novara, March 23-resigns his crown to his eldest son, Victor Emanuel II., and leaves Italy, 26-d. at Oporto,July 28. CHARLES, duke of Sudermania. See CHAS. IX. and XIII., kings of Sweden.

CHARLES, eldest son of Charlemagne, named as his successor,806-d.Dec. 4, 811. CHARLES, son of Charles the Bald, rebels against his father, 862-receives Aquitaine from him, 866-d. 886. CHARLES, youngest son of Lothaire I., in the division of his father's kingdom, has Provence, 855-which, on his death, his brothers divide between them, 863. CHARLES DE VALOIS, second son of Philip III., k. of France, receives the offer of the kingdom of Aragon from pope Martin IV., 1283-relinquishes his claim by the treaty of Aix, and marries Margaret, daughter of Charles II., k. of Naples, receiving Anjou and Maine as her dowry, 1291-defeats the Flemings, and takes their count, Guy, prisoner, 1300-invited into Italy by pope Boniface VIII.- expels the Bianchi from Florence, 1301conducts an expedition against Sicily, which ends in a treaty of peace, 1302is urged by pope Clement V. to lead a general crusade against the Turks and the Eastern empire, 1306-d. 1325. CHARLES, prince of Viana, eldest son of John II., k. of Aragon, and Blanche, qu. of Navarre-on his mother's death, claims her kingdom, which his father retains, 1441 -the nobles demand that he be declared heir to the throne of Aragon-he is imprisoned by his father, 1460-d. 1461. CHARLES THE BOLD. See BURGUNDY. CHARLES THE GOOD, count of Flanders, 1119-slain, 1127.

CHARLES DE BLOIS. See BRITANNY. CHARLES ALBERT, elector of Bavaria. See BAVARIA.

CHARLES, third son of Frederic Augustus II., k. of Poland, made duke of Courland by his father-is displaced by Katharine II. of Russia, 1763. CHARLES ALEXANDER, duke of Wirtemberg, 1733-37.

CHARLES EUGENE, duke of Wirtemberg, 1737-93.

CHARLES, or CHRISTIAN AUGUSTUS, crown prince of Sweden, d. May 28, 1810. See CHARLES XIII., k. of Sweden. CHARLES LOUIS, Son of Louis the first king of Etruria-his mother, Maria Louisa, regent, 1803-his kingdom added to that of Italy, and he is made duke of Lucca, 1807 -receives Parma, 1847-resigns, 1849. CHARLES LOUIS, elector palatine, son of Frederic V., and Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of Great Britain, inherits his father's rights, 1631 recovers the greater part of the palatinate by the peace of Westphalia, 1648-establishes his claim to the vicariate of the empire, 1657-challenges Turenne for his devastation of the palatinate, 1674-d. 1C80.

CHARLES II., elector palatine, 1680-5. CHARLES III., PHILIP, elector palatine, 1716-43.

CHARLES THEODORE, elector palatine, 1743 -inherits Bavaria, 1778. See BAVARIA. CHARLES I., duke of Lorraine, 1391-1431. CHARLES II., duke of Lorraine, 1545-his lands invaded by Henry II., k. of France, 1552-d. 1608.

CHARLES III., duke of Lorraine, 1624-receives the duke of Orleans, banished by Richelieu, 1631--is driven from his States by Louis XIII., 1634-recovers them, 1661-expelled by Louis XIV., 1670enters into the service of the emperor Leopold I.; defends the Rhenish provinces against Turenne, 1674- takes Treves, and the French marshal, De Crequi; d. Sept. 17, 1675.

CHARLES IV. (Charles Louis), duke of Lorraine, nephew of Charles III., inherits his title, and succeeds him in the command of the imperial army, 1675takes Philipsburg, 1676-checks the French on the Rhine, 1677—his duchy restored to him by the peace of Nimwegen, but on such terms that he never revisits it, 1679- serves against the Turks; assists in the defence of Vienna; conquers at Barkan, and takes Gran, 1683-besieges Buda, 1684-recovers a great part of Hungary, 1685-takes Buda and other fortresses, 1686-defeats the Turks at Mobacz, and conquers Transylvania, 1687-called from Hungary to defend Germany against Louis XIV., 1689 d. at Vienna, 1690.

CHARLES LOUIS FREDERIC, duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, father of Charlotte Sophia, qu. of England, d. 1751. CHARLES MARTEL, son of Pepin of Heristal. See AUSTRASIA..

CHARLES MARTEL, eldest son of Charles II., k. of Naples, and Maria, sister of Ladislas II. of Hungary, is set up by pope Nicholas IV. to claim the crown of Hungary, against Andrew III., 1290defeated at Zagrab, returns to Italy, 1292-d. 1295. See CHARLES ROBERT, K. of Hungary.

CHARLES MARTEL, son of Joanna I., qu. of Naples, and Andrew of Hungary, created duke of Calabria; taken by Louis, k. of Hungary, and brought from Italy by him, 1348-d. in Hungary.

CHARLES PETER ULRICH, duke of Holstein, refuses the crown of Sweden, and is appointed by the empress Elizabeth heir to that of Russia, 1742-marries Sophia Augusta of Anhalt Zerbst, who takes the name of Katharine. See PETER III., czar of Russia.

CHARLESTON, in Carolina, built, 1680-re

pulses an attack of the English fleet June 28, 1776.

CHARLES-TOWN, a suburb of Boston, burnt during the battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775.

CHARLEVOIX, b. 1684-d. 1761. CHARLOTTE SOPHIA, daughter of Charles Louis Frederic, duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, b. May 19, 1744-intercedes with Frederic II. of Prussia, not to make her country the seat of war, 1759-marries Geo. III., k. of Great Britain, Sept. 8, 1761-crowned, 22; Buckingham-house settled on her, in exchange for Somerset-house, 1762-has the care of the king's person during the regency, 1810 -disapproves the duke of Cumberland's marriage, 1815-d. Nov. 17, 1818. CHARLOTTE, princess of Wales, daughter of George IV., b. Jan. 7, 1796-refuses to marry the hereditary prince of Orange, 1814-marries prince Leopold, of SaxeCoburg, May 2, 1816-d. Nov. 6, 1817. CHARLOTTE, daughter of Frederic Wm. III., k. of Prussia, married to Nicholas, grand duke of Russia, July 1, 1817. CHARLOTTE, Augusta Matilda, princess royal, daughter of George III., b. Sept. 29, 1766 married to Frederic, duke, afterwards k. of Wirtemberg, May 18, 1797 d. 1828.

CHARMIS, Olympic victor, B.C. 668. CHARMOUTH, in Dorsetshire. See CERDIC. CHAROLAIS, Charles, count de, son of Philip, duke of Burgundy, heads the league "for the Public Good" against Louis XI., 1465 succeeds his father, 1467. See BURGUNDY, Charles the Bold, duke of. CHARON, of Lampsacus, hist., fl. B.C. 504. CHAROPS, Athenian archon, the first whose term of office was limited to ten years, B.C. 752.

CHARTER of Don Pedro. See PEDRO IV., k. of Portugal and emperor of Brazil. CHARTER of London. See LONDON. CHARTER, The Great. See MAGNA CHAR

TA.

CHARTER of the Bank. See BANK OF ENG

LAND.

CHARTER. See EAST INDIA COMPANY. CHARTER-HOUSE, or SUTTON'S HOSPITAL, in London, formerly La Chartreuse. See CARTHUSIAN MONASTERY.-Granted by Henry VIII. to the duke of Norfolk, 1539 -purchased by Thomas Sutton, and endowed as a school and hospital, 1611. CHARTERS of corporate towns, granted by Henry I., give security to industry and promote manufactures, 1132-called in and remodelled by Chas. II., 1682-the new charter resisted at Nottingham, accepted by Plymouth and other corporations, 1684-influence of the change on

the elections of members of parliament, 1685-the ancient charters restored, 1688 -revised by royal commissioners, 1833 -altered by the Municipal Reform Act, which comes into operation Nov. 25, 1835.

CHARTISTS, a name assumed by large bodies of ultra-reformers, who demand what they call a Charter, granting universal suffrage, vote by ballot, annual parliaments, and other democratic privileges, 1832-proceed to acts of violence; create a riot in the Bull-ring at Birmingham, and an insurrection at Newport, 1839. See NEWPORT.-Encouraged by the revolution in France, announce an imposing Demonstration on Kennington Common, Apr. 10, 1848-foiled by the zealous co-operation of all classes, they cease to have any influence. CHARTRES, a town in Normandy, where Henry I. of England has an interview with pope Innocent II., 1131-taken by the count of Dunois, 1432-besieged by the duke de Condé, who obtains there for the Huguenots the peace of Longjumeau, 1568.

CHARTRES, Louis Philippe, duke of, son of the duke of Orleans, serves under Dumourier, and. accompanies him when he withdraws from the republican camp, Apr. 4, 1793. See ORLEANS, Louis Philippe, duke of.

CHASSE, General. See ANTWERP. CHATEAU d'Eu, a marine palace of Louis Philippe, where qu. Victoria and prince Albert pass a week with the royal family of France, Sept., 1843-again in 1845-Mr. Cobden received there, 1846. CHATEAUBRIAND, viscount, b. 1769-publishes his Génie du Christianisme, 1802ambassador at the congress of Verona, undertakes that France shall overthrow the constitution in Spain, 1822minister for foreign affairs, 1823--resigns, 1824 d. 1848.

CHATEL, Jean, attempts to assassinate Henry IV. of France, 1534. CHATELHERAULT, duke of, title given to James Hamilton, earl of Arran, regent of Scotland, on his sending the young qu. Mary to France, 1548-resigns the regency to her mother, Mary of Guise, 1558-joins the Congregation, 1559-conspires against qu. Mary, and retires to France, 1565-takes up arms for her in Scotland; submits to her son, 1572. CHATHAM, surprised by the Dutch, June 11, 1667-visited by George III., Apr. 25, 1778.

CHATHAM, William Pitt, earl of. See PITT, William. Prime-minister, 1766 his popularity and health decline, 1767 —

retains the privy seal, but is without influence, 1768-resigns office, Oct. 15; declares himself favourable to a reform of parliament, Jan. 22, 1770-urges unsuccessfully conciliatory measures towards the Americans, Jan. 20, 1775renews his propositions without effect, Feb. 1; brought down to the House of Lords wrapped in flannels, makes another ineffectual attempt to stop hostilities in America, May 30, 1777-falls down in a fit, while opposing the recognition of the independence of the American colonies, Apr. 7, 1778-d. May 11; his public funeral, June 9; monument to his memory erected in the Guildhall, London, 1782.

CHATHAM, John Pitt, earl of, eldest son of William lord Chatham, b. 1755-while viscount Pitt, resigns his commission in the army, declining to fight in an unjust cause against the American colonies, 1776-master-general of the Ordnance, 1807-commands the Walcheren expedition, 1809-resigns his office, in consequence of a parliamentary vote of censure, Mar. 2, 1810 d. the last of the Pitts, 1835.

CHATILLON, negotiations at. See NAPOLEON I.

CHATILLON, Renaud de, marries Constance, widow of Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch, and is regent of the principality, 1149-defeated by the emperor Manuel I., 1155-fails in an attempt to surprise Mecca and Medina, 1184 breaks the truce in Palestine, is taken and put to death by Saladin, 1187. CHATILLON, the marshal de. See AVEIN. CHATSWORTH, in Derbyshire; visit of qu. Victoria to the duke of Devonshire at, 1843.

CHATTERTON, Thomas, b. 1752—d. 1770. CHATTI. See CATTI. CHAUCER, Geoffrey, b. 1329- writes his Canterbury Tales, 1364-d. 1400. CHAUCI, a German people over whom Corbulo obtains signal victories, 47. CHAUMONT, treaty of, between Great Britain and the allies, Mar. 1, 1814. CHAUVELIN, Abbé, denounces the Jesuits before the parliament of Paris, 1761. CHAUVELIN, M., the French ambassador, requests the mediation of Great Britain to avert from his country the hostility of other States, May 2, 1792-ordered to leave London, Jan. 24, 1793. CHAUVIN. See CALVIN. CHAVES, marquis of, takes arms in favour of Don Miguel, in Portugal, 1826 — is driven into Spain.

CHAZARS, KHAZARS, or CHOZARS, a Turkish tribe, settle on the Lower Wolga