CONSTANCE, daughter and heiress of Conan IV., duke of Britanny, betrothed to Geoffrey, third son of Henry II., k. of England, 1158 soon after his death, gives birth to their son, Arthur, and governs Britanny in his name and her own, 1185 -urges Philip Augustus to maintain her son's right to the English crown, 1199— she d. 1201.

CONSTANCE, daughter of Pedro II., k. of Aragon, married to Frederic I., k. of Sicily, 1209-becomes empress, 1220—d. 1222. CONSTANCE, daughter of Manfred, count of Chiaramonte, in Sicily, married to Ladislas, k. of Naples, 1389.

CONSTANCE, daughter of Peter the Cruel, k. of Castile, married to John of Gaunt, who in her right claims Castile, 1369d. 1394.

CONSTANS I., the youngest son of the emperor Constantine, b. 320-receives the title of Cæsar, 333-on his father's death, divides the empire with his two surviving brothers, Constantine II. and Constantius II., 337-meets them in Pannonia to settle their respective dominions, 338-consul of Rome, 339-acquires Constantine's share, by his defeat and death near Aquileia, and reigns over all the West of Europe, 340-resisted by the Franks in Gaul, 341-compels them to retire, and sue for peace-consul II, 342 -receives the sophist, Proæresius, at his court-makes an expedition into Britain, 343-favours the adherents of the Nicene creed, who meet at Milanconsul III., 346-threatens to restore Athanasius by force, 349-takes flight from the rebel Magnentius into Spain, where he is murdered, near Helena (Illiberis), Feb. 27, 350.

CONSTANS II., son of Constantine III., and grandson of Heraclius, b. 629--on the death of his father, is declared emperor of the East, 641-consul of Rome, 642favours the Monothelites, 645-issues his "Type," or Model of Faith, 648-orders the new exarch, Olympius, to force the adoption of it by the Western Church, 649-plunders many orthodox churches in Italy-his attempt on that of St. Michael is repelled by Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, 650 recalls Olympius, who had failed to introduce the "Type," and re-appoints Theodorus exarch of Ravenna, 652-is defeated by Moawiyah in a naval battle off the coast of Syria, 655 - takes the field against the Slavonians, and repulses them--condemns the abbot, Maximus, to amputation of his tongue, and banishment, for his opposition to Monothelism, 658-rejects the terms of peace offered by Moawiyah, 659-com

pels his brother, Theodosius, to be or dained a deacon, and puts him to death, 660-finding himself universally detested, leaves Constantinople and goes to Italy, 662-invades Beneventum - retreats on the approach of Grimoald-is attacked and defeated by Micola, count of Capua visits Rome, and carries away the brazen tiles of the Pantheon, and whatever he can seize, and retires to Syracuse, 663-distresses Sicily, and Southern Italy, by heavy taxes, 665-declares Maurus bp. of Ravenna, exempt from the authority of Rome, and instructs Gregory, the exarch, to enforce his edict, 666-assassinated in a bath at Syracuse, July 15, 668.

CONSTANS, Fl., consul of Rome, 414. CONSTANS, son of the rebel emperor Constantine, proclaimed Cæsar by his father, 407-sent by him to reduce Spain, where he overcomes the uncles of Honorius, 408

made prisoner and put to death by Gerontius, 411.

CONSTANT, Benjamin, b. 1767--votes against giving the imperial title to Bonaparte, 1804--d. 1830.

CONSTANTIA, sister of the emperor Constantine, marries his colleague, Licinius, 313-obtains from her brother a promise to spare her husband's life, 323-which promise he violates, 324.

CONSTANTIA POSTUMA, daughter of Constantius II., b. after the death of her father, 361 carried by her mother, Faustina, to the camp of the rebel Procopius, 365-married to Gratian, son of the emperor Valentinian, 374. CONSTANTIANUS, Comes Stabuli, sent from Dalmatia to command in Ravenna, 540ambassador from Justinian I. to Persia, 543 concludes a truce with Chosroes,

545.

CONSTANTINA, daughter of Constantine I., married to her cousin, Hannibalianus ; spared when he is murdered by her brothers, 338-married to another cousin, Gallus, when he is appointed Cæsar, and sent to govern the East, 351-commits great cruelties at Antioch, 353-d. on her journey to Milan, 354. CONSTANTINA, daughter of Tiberius II.,

married to Maurice, 582-tortured and then beheaded by Phocas, 605. CONSTANTINE I., or the Great, son of Constantius Chlorus, b. at Naissus, in Moesia, Feb. 27, 274-accompanies Diocletian to the Persian war, 297-joins his father in Britain, on whose death he is proclaimed emperor, July 21, 306-takes possession of Gaul, checks the persecution of the Christians in the West, meets Maximian at Arles, and marries his daughter

CONSTANTINE I.-continued.

Fausta; consul of Rome, 307-acknowledged as Augustus by Galerius; allows Maximian to hold nominal power at his court, 308-averts from Gaul the inroads of the Franks and Allemanni, and alleviates the weight of taxation, 309-defeats an attempted usurpation of Maximian, who is made a prisoner and put to death-hears the 6th Panegyric of Eumenius at Autun, 310; and grants a remission of taxation to that city, 311.

Defeats Maxentius, enters Rome, disbands the prætorian guards, and is master of all Western Europe-consul II, 312-enters into a league of amity with Licinius at Milan, and gives him his sister, Constantia, in marriage-consul III., 313-at war with him; defeats him, Oct. 8, at Cibalis, in Pannonia, and afterwards on the plains of Mardia, in Thrace; and, by a treaty of peace, acquires most of his provinces in Europe, 314-issues an edict against infanticide, May 12, at Naissus-another, Oct. 18, at Margillus, by which he condemns to be burnt alive any Jews who persecute converts from their sect to Christianity - -consul IV., 315 decides in favour of Cæcilian against the Donatists, 316-gives to his sons, Crispus and Constantine, the title of Cæsar, 317-takes the command on the frontier of the Danube, where the Goths threaten irruption consul V., 319-consul VI., 320 defeats them and the Sarmatians at Campona, Margus, Bononia, and other places-for his edict of March 8, see ARUSPICES. - By two others, of March 7 and June 2, prescribes the observance of Sunday as a day of rest and religious worship, 321.

Repairs the bridge of Trajan; pursues the repulsed tribes into the former province of Dacia, and compels them to make peace, 322-renews hostilities with Licinius; defeats him near Hadrianople, July 3; and at Chrysopolis, Sept. 28compels him to resign, and remains sole emperor-by an edict, issued at Sirmium, May 25, inflicts punishment on all who exact from Christians observance of heathen ceremonies, 323- puts Licinius to death.

See CONSTANTIA.-Founds Constantinople, 324-attends at some debates in the council of Nice; sanctions the creed adopted there; punishes the Arians; and, by a law, enacted at Berytus, Oct. 1, prohibits combats of gladiators, which are nevertheless continued, 325- celebrates, at Rome, the completion of 20 years of his reignorders his son, Crispus, to be put to death on false accusations, and the son

of Licinius- - consul VII., 326-the empress, Fausta said to have been put to death (doubted byGibbon and Niebuhr)Drepanum, in Bithynia, made a city, and named Helenopolis, in honour of his mother, Helena, 327-relaxes the severe laws against the Arians, 328 - consul VIII., 329 dedicates Constantinople, May 22, 330-sends his son, Constantine, to protect the Sarmatians against the Goths, 332. See ARARIC.

Gives the title of Cæsar to his son, Constans; obtains for the Christians in Persia relief from the persecution caused by the Magi; and, by an edict of Sept. 27, exempts medical men and professors of literature from military service and public offices, 333-grants settlements in Thrace and Macedon to Sarmatian refugees, 334-gives the title of Cæsar to his nephew, Dalmatius, and makes another nephew, Hannibalianus, king of Pontus; has an interview with Athanasius at Constantinople; and dedicates a church at Jerusalem, 335-is baptized by Eusebius, the Arian bishop of Nicomedia, and soon after d., near that city, in the village of Achyrona, May 22, 337. His Life written; see EUSEBIUS of Casarea. His pretended gift to the bishop of Rome, first alleged, 1105. CONSTANTINE II., son of Constantine I., proclaimed Cæsar, 317-consul of Rome, 320; consul II., 321; consul III, 324; consul IV., 329-defeats the Goths, 332 -on his father's death, divides the empire with his brothers, Constantius II. and Constans, 337-meets them to settle the limits of their respective portions, and concurs with them in putting their cousins to death, 338-dissatisfied with his share, attempts to gain more by force of arms, and is defeated and slain by Constans, near Aquileia, 340.

CONSTANTINE, a private soldier, revolts in Britain, and is acknowledged emperorproclaims his son, Constans, Cæsar, and acquires those parts of Gaul which are not occupied by the Germans, 407sends his son to reduce Spain, 408-is attacked by Gerontius, 409-besieged by him in Arles; surrenders to Constantius, the general of Honorius, is sent to Ravenna, and executed, 411. CONSTANTINE III. (called also HERACLIUS II.), emperor of the East, son of Heraclius I., b. May 3, 612-crowned Augustus by his father, 613-consul of Rome, 617-driven out of Syria by the Saracens, 638-on his father's death, reigns conjointly with his half-brother, Heracleonas, Feb. 10, 641 - poisoned, May 24.

tine is urged by pope Leo IX. to check their progress, and directs Argyrus to oppose them, 1051-d. 1054. CONSTANTINE XIII., Ducas (called also X., XI., and XIV.), selected by Isaac I., Comnenus, to succeed him as emperor of the East, 1059-employs Michael Psellus to educate his son, 1063-d. 1067. CONSTANTINE, Ducas, son of Constantine XIII., and nominal colleague of his brother, Michael VII.: is called by some Constantine XII., 1071-proclaimed emperor by a part of the army, delivered up to Nicephorus III., and immured in a monastery, 1078.

CONSTANTINE, Ducas, Porphyrogenitus, son of Michael VII., affianced to Helena, daughter of Robert Guiscard; the contract broken by his father's dethronement, 1078- betrothed afterwards to Anna Comnena; d. before they are married.

CONSTANTINE, Angelus, a noble of Philadelphia, and founder of the family greatness, marries Theodora Comnena, youngest daughter of Alexius I.-commands the Byzantine fleet, and is defeated by the Sicilians, 1152. CONSTANTINE XIV., Palæologus (called also XI., XII., XIII., and XV.), son of Manuel II., and brother of John VI., emperor of Constantinople, appointed despot of Clarentza, in the Morea, 1427 -he sends Phranza to treat for the surrender of Athens and Thebes, 1435visits Constantinople, and is selected by his brother heir to the imperial throne, 1436-employs Phranza to treat with the sultan Amurath, 1437-attacked by Amurath; deputes Chalcocondylas to propose terms of peace, 1445-he is allowed to retain his despotat as a tributary of the Porte, 1446- succeeds his brother as emperor of Constantinople, 1448-sends Phranza to Trebizond and Georgia to negotiate a marriage for him, 1451-Mahomet II., sultan of the Ottomans, prepares to attack C.P., 1451; and erects a fort at A somaton, 1452-Constantine makes preparations for defence, 1452-Mahomet forms the siege, Apr. 6; takes the city, May 29-death of Constantine, last emperor of the East, 1453. CONSTANTINE, k. of Scotland, 862-880. CONSTANTINE III., k. of Scotland, 904-recognises the supremacy of Athelstan, 926-retires into a monastery, 944. CONSTANTINE IV., k. of Scotland, 994. CONSTANTINE, elected pope, Mar. 25, 708sets out for Constantinople by order of Justinian II., 710-is honourably received by the emperor, and dismissed back to Rome. 711-d. Sept. 8, 715.

CONSTANTINE, surreptitiously occupies the papal chair, 767-deposed, 768-his acts are annulled by the council of Rome-he is blinded by the people, led into the assembly, insulted and beaten, 769. See ANTI-POPES.

CONSTANTINE I., II., III. and IV. See CONSTANTI OPLE, Patriarchs of. CONSTANTINE, governor of Spoleto, attempts to assassinate Belisarius, and is put to death, 538.

CONSTANTINE, Paulowitz, grand_duke of Russia, second son of the czar Paul I., b. May 8, 1779-signs a secret renunciation of his claims to the throne in favour of his next brother, Nicholas, 1822 — is driven from Warsaw by the Polish insurgents, Nov. 29, 1830, d. at Minsk June 27, 1831.

CONSTANTINE, Sylvanus, founds the Paulician sect, 651-is put to death by Constantine Pogonatus, 678.

CONSTANTINE, a town in Algeria, besieged by the duke de Nemours, and the gov.gen. Damrémont, Oct. 1, 1837-the latter killed; gen. Valée takes the place, 13— the bey Achmet escapes. CONSTANTINOPLE. See BYZANTIUM. — Founded by Constantine I., 324-dedicated, May 22, 330-a council held at, re-admits Arius into the church, 336in the first division of the empire, allotted to the eldest brother, Constantine II., 337-relinquished by him to Constantius II. 338-violent commotions and bloodshed in opposition to the appointment of Macedonius as bishop, 352-the cathedral of St. Sophia dedicated, 360the second general council a scene of turbulence and ambitious strife, May to July 30, 381-tumults caused by the persecution of Arians, 388-council of, to decide the claims of Agapius and Bagadius to the bishopric of Bostra, 394a council deposes Chrysostom, June 20, 404. See CHRYSOSTOM, Joannes.

A fire rages for three days, 433-Circus factions slaughter each other, 445-the city is devastated by fire, pestilence, and famine, 446-the misery is aggravated by an earthquake, which throws down a part of the walls and towers, 447-a council against Eutyches, Nov. 8-22, 448 -he is formally condemned by another, Aug. 449-a fire, Sept. 2, 465-an earthquake during forty days, Sept. 24, 480successive tumults the Hippodrome burnt, 491-the statues of Anastasius thrown down, 493-a sedition raised, 498 -the circus factions slaughter 3000, 501.

Anastasius builds the long wall-renewed bloody encounters of the circus fac

CONSTANTINOPLE-continued.

tions, 507-an extensive and destructive fire, 509-blockaded by Vitalianus, 514 -a riotous council condemns all heretics, July 15, 518-another displaces and restores many bishops, March 28, 519the blue faction, or Veneti, favoured at court, commit many acts of violenceanother council appoints Epiphanius bishop, Feb. 25, 520-the violent sedition called Nike, quelled by the military forces of Belisarius and Mundo; the church of St. Sophia destroyed by the insurgents, 532-rebuilt by Justinian I., and consecrated, 538-a council deposes the bishop Anthimus, and appoints Menas, 536-the fifth general council condemns Origen, and the "Three Chapters," 553.

Earthquakes, 554 and 557-by which part of the dome of St. Sophia is overthrown; restored by Justinian, and rededicated, 562-threatened by the Bulgarians, and saved by Belisarius, 559renewed tumults of the blue and green factions, Nov. 561, and May, 562-besieged by the Persians, under Chosroes II., at Chalcedon, and by the Avars, who break through the long wall; but abandon the siege, Aug. 8, 626-besieged by the Mahommedans, under Yezid, son of Moawiyah, '668-they repeat their attacks yearly-the Greek fire is used successfully against them, 673-the siege is finally abandoned, 675.

The sixth general council confirms all previous decisions against the Monothelites, and reconciles, for a time, the eastern and western churches, Nov. 1, 680, to Sep. 16, 681-council of, called "Quinisextum in Trullo," not acknowledged by the western church, 691-again besieged by the Mahommedans, under Mosleimah, brother of the caliph Soliman, 716-defended by the emperor Leo III., 717— the siege again abandoned, 718-a council ordains the removal of images from churches, 754-another, called in favour of image worship, is violently dispersed by the citizens and military, 786-another annuls all decrees against Iconoclasts, 815-besieged by Thomas, a Cappadocian slave, 822.

A council called by the empress Theodora, restores the worship of images, Feb. 19, 842-another, in favour of Ignatius, the deposed patriarch, and against Photius, 858-first attack of the Russians dispersed by a storm, 865-a council called by Photius excommunicates pope Nicholas I., 867-another, Nov. 23, deposes Photius-the eighth general council, reinstates. Ignatius, and anathema

tizes all Iconoclasts, Oct. 5, 869, to Feb. 8, 870-attacked by the Russians with a large naval force, 904-besieged by the Bulgarians, 923-third attack of the Russians under Igor I., repelled by Romanus I., 941 attacked a fourth time by the Russians, 1043-attacked by Nicephorus Botaniates, from the East; and Nicephorus Bryennius, from the West, 1077 taken by Alexius Comnenus, Apr. 1, 1081.

The gates shut against the first crusaders, 1097 insulted by George Antiochenus, the Sicilian admiral, 1148disturbed by the combats of the Pisan and Genoese traders within its walls, 1162tumults, and murder of the emperor Andronicus I., 1185-attacked by the Bulgarians and Wallachians, and saved by Conrad of Montferrat, 1186. See CONRAD, marquis of Montferrat.-Taken by the adventurers of the fourth crusade, July 18, 1203-tumults of the Greeks, who elect Mourzoufle emperor-besieged, and taken again by the Latins, Apr. 9, 1204 -the Greek population offended by the procedings of the papal legate, Pelagius, 1211-John Vataces approaches and threatens to recover the city from the Latins, 1235-besieged by Michael Palæologus, 1260-taken by surprise by Strategopulus, July 25, 1261.

Taken by Andronicus, the younger, from his grandfather, 1328-John Cantacuzene advances to the gates, 1346. See CANTACUZENE, and JOHN V. and VI., emperors of the East. - Saved by the approach of Timour from the projected attack of Bajazet I., 1400-besieged by the sultan Amurath II., the siege raised, 1423 Mahomet II. prepares for the siege, and Constantine XIV. for the defence, 1451-52-besieged by Mahomet, April 6-taken by assault, May 29, 1453-destruction of 12,000 buildings, and 7000 lives lost, by a fire, Sep. 27, 1729-revolution at, 1808. See TURKEY.-Massacre of the Greeks; their patriarch put to death, 1821-suppression and massacre of the janizaries, 1826. CONSTANTINOPLE, bishops and patriarchs of: Metrophanes, bp. of Byzantium, d. 326, when

1. Alexander is appointed first bishop of the new capital.

2. Eusebius of Nicomedia, 340. See
EUSEBIUS.

3. Paulus I., 342. See PAULUS.
4. Macedonius I., 342. See MACEDO-

NIUS.

5. Eudoxius, 359. See ANTIOCH, bps. of. 6. Demophilus, 370. See DEMOPHILUS. 7. Evagrius, 370. See EVAGRIUS.