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FIRES-continued.

Tiverton, June 5, 1731; Aug. 3, 1794. Tottenham Oil Mills, on the Lea river, Aug. 8, 1852.

Tower of London, Jan. 31, 1774; Oct. 30,1841, 280,000 stand of arms destroyed. Venice, 1106.

Wapping, 150 houses, Dec. 4, 1716; Sept. 28, 1775, 30 houses; Oct. 6, 1800, 30 houses; July 21, 1794, 630 houses, loss a million; June 16, 1840, 12 houses.

Warehouses, A to D, at foot of London Bridge, and part of St. Saviour's church, June 23, 1851, loss £250,000.

Washington, post-office and patentoffice, Dec. 15, 1836; the Capitol, Dec. 24, 1851.

Westminster Abbey tower, July 9,

1803.

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Windsor Forest, Apr. 17, 1785. Wynyard House, Feb. 19, 1841. York Minster, Feb. 1, 1829; May 19,| 1840. FIRES, incendiary, prevalent in England, 1833.

FIREWORKS, display of, in London, to celebrate the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Nov. 23, 1748; at Paris, on the marriage of Louis XVI., May 31, 1770; in London, on the Peace Jubilee, Aug. 1, 1814; at the coronation of William IV., Sept. 8, 1831; on the peace with Russia, May 29, 1856. FIRE-WORSHIPPERS. See MAGI. FIRMICUS MATERNUS, fl. 343. FIRMUS, an Egyptian merchant, revolts in Egypt against Aurelian; is defeated,

273.

FIRMUS, a Moor, revolts in Africa against | Valentinian-Theodosius, the Elder, is sent against him, 372-compelled to seek refuge among the Moors, 373-commits suicide to avoid being given up by them, 374.

FIROZE, K. of Persia, succeeds his father, Yezdejerd II., 458-d. 482.

FIRST FRUITS. See ANNATS. FISHER, John, bp. of Rochester, refuses the oath of the king's supremacy, is committed to the Tower, and attainted, 1534-created a cardinal; beheaded, June 22, 1535.

FISHMONGERS' COMPANY, in London, founded, 1384.

FISSIRAGA, a Guelf family in Lodi, raised to importance by Napoleon della Torre,

1269.

FITZCLARENCE, the name taken by the fa

mily of the duke of Clarence (Wm. IV.) and Mrs. Jordan. See MUNSTER, George, earl of.-Augustus, the rev. lord, b. 1804 -d. 1854-gen. lord Frederic, b. 1800d. 1854.

FITZGERALD, lord Edward, dismissed from the army, 1792-engages in the Irish rebellion, 1798-is mortally wounded in resisting his apprehension, and dies of his hurts, June 3-his attainder reversed, July 1, 1819.

FITZGERALD, lady Pamela, wife of lord Edward, and daughter of the countess de Genlis, ordered to quit the kingdom, April 1798-d. 1831.

FITZGERALD, Maurice, one of Richard Strongbow's companions, lands in Ireland, and takes Wexford, Waterford, and Dublin, 1169.

FITZGIBBON, John. See CLARE, earl of. FITZHARRIS, Edward, committed to Newgate for a libel, Feb. 28, 1681-removed to the Tower, March 11- executed at Tyburn, as a traitor, July 1. FITZHERBERT, Mrs., b. 1756- her alleged marriage to the prince of Wales denied by Fox in the House of Commons, April 20, 1787-Dr. Withers convicted of a libel on her, July 14, 1789-d. 1837. FITZJAMES, James. See BERWICK, duke of. FITZWILLIAM, William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, earl of, b. 1747-secedes from the Whigs, and supports W. Pitt's administration, July 11, 1794-appointed viceroy of Ireland, Dec. 10-being thwarted in his measures for the relief of the Irish Catholics, he resigns, Feb. 21, 1795-dismissed from the lord lieutenancy of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Oct. 23, 1819-d. 1833.

FITZWILLIAM, Richard, viscount, founder by his will of the Museum at Cambridge -d. 1816.

FITZWILLIAM, Mrs., the actress, b. 1802-

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FIVE HUNDRED, Council of, the legislative body of the new French constitution, established, Oct. 28, 1795.

FIVE PER CENTS., Navy, interest on, reduced to Four, Feb 25, 1822. FLACCINATOR, M. Bossius, consul of Rome, B.C. 318.

FLACCINATOR, M. Bossius, military tribune of Rome, B.C. 433. FLACCUS, consul of Rome, 174. FLACCUS, Valerius, writes his "Argonau tica," 81.

FLACCUS, Verrius, preceptor of the impe rial family at Rome, 8. FLACCUS, C. Fulvius, consul of Rome, sent to Sicily to put down a rebellion of the slaves, B.C. 134.

FLACCUS, C. Norbanus, consul of Rome, B.C. 38-others, 24; and A.D. 15.

FLACCUS, C. Valerius, consul of Rome, B.C. 331-another, 93.

FLACCUS, L. Lucretius, consul of Rome, B.C. 393.

FLACCUS, L. Pomponius, consul of Rome, 17. FLACCUS, L. Valerius, consul of Rome, B.C. 261-another, 195-proconsul, is fiercely resisted by the Insubres and Boii about Mediolanum, 194; others, 152, 131, 100. FLACCUS, L. Valerius, on the death of Marius, appointed consul of Rome to supply his place; assassinated on his march to the East by C. Fimbria, B.C. 86. FLACCUS, M. Fulvius, consul of Rome, B.C. 264.

FLACCUS, M. Fulvius, consul of Rome, assists the Massilians by defeating the Transalpine Ligurians and the Salyans, B.C. 125.

FLACCUS, P. Valerius, consul of Rome, B.C. 227.

FLACCUS, Q. Fulvius, consul of Rome, B.C. 237; II. 224; III. 212; IV. 209-another, 179.

FLACCUS, Ser. Fulvius, consul of Rome, conquers the Vardæi, in Dalmatia, B.C.135. FLADENHEIM, battle of; the emperor Henry IV. defeated by Rudolf of Swabia, Jan. 27, 1080.

FLAG OF TRUCE fired on by the Russians at Odessa, April 6, 1854-again, at Hango, in Finland, June 5, 1855. FLAGELLANTS commence their exhibitions in Italy, 1334-declared herctics by pope Clement VI., who issues a Bull against them, 1349-appear in England, 1352—— ninety-one burnt by the Inquisition, 1414. FLAMMA, L. Volumnius, consul of Rome, B.C. 307; II. 296.

FLAMINIAN gate destroyed by an inundation of the Tiber, 791.

FLAMINIAN WAY. See FLAMINIUS, C. Nepos.-Continued by Æmilius Paulus to Placentia, B.C. 182.

FLAMINIUS, C., consul of Rome, B.C. 187. FLAMINIUS, C. Nepos, tribune of Rome, carries against the senate and the violent opposition of his own father, a law for dividing among the people the lands taken from the Keltæ in Picenum, B.C. 232-consul of Rome, 223-censor; builds the Circus Flaminius and constructs the Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum, 220-consul II.; defeated and slain by Hannibal at Thrasymene, 217. FLAMINIUS, T. Quinctius, consul of Rome, takes the command in Greece, drives Philip V., k. of Macedon, from the defile of Antigonia, and enters Thessaly; takes Elatea and Thebes, and detaches the Achæans from Philip, B.C. 198-de

feats him at Cynoscephale, and dictates terms of peace, 197-proclaims the decree of the Roman senate for the freedom of Greece, at the Isthmian games, 196-his command in Greece prolonged; he compels Nabis to submit, and sets Argos free to rejoin the Achæan League, 195-returns to Rome, 194 - sent to Greece, 192-defeats Antiochus at Thermopylæ, 191.

FLAMINIUS, L. Quinctius, brother of T. Quinctius, consul of Rome, B.C. 192. FLAMINIUS, T. Quinctius, consul of Rome, B.C. 150-another, 123. FLAMSTEAD, John, b. 1646 - astronomer royal at the Greenwich Observatory, 1675-publishes his Catalogue of the Fixed Stars, 1688-d. 1719. FLANDERS, in the north of Gaul, conquered by Cæsar, and made part of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, B.C. 57-occupied by the Ripuarian Franks, A.D. 420 part of the dominions of Clovis, 510-of the kingdom of Soissons after his death, 511-long tranquil and prosperous, begins to engage in commercial intercourse with England, 629-and from its proximity to the wool markets of that country becomes soon afterwards a seat of manufacturing industry. See FLEM

INGS.

Created an independent county, 862. See BALDWIN I.-III., and ARNULF I. -Fairs are established in, and manufactures actively promoted, 963. See ARNULF II. and BALDWIN IV. A great inundation in, 1014-Hardacanute arrives in, to claim the English crown, 1038. See BALDWIN V. and VI., and ARNULF III.-Robert I., the Frisian, defeats Philip I., k. of France, at Mount Cassel, 1071. See BALDWIN VI. and VII. Charles, the Good, slain; Flanders is given by Louis VI. to William Clito, son of Robert, former duke of Normandy, 1127. See BALDWIN VIII. and IXTreaty with Venice for the fourth crusade, 1201-visit of Baldwin II., emperor of the East, to implore aid from Western Europe, 1237. See DAMPIERRE, Guy de. -Alliance with Edw. III. of England, 1334. See ARTEVELDE, James Van.-Edward disbands his army, 1339-lands again, 1340-unsuccessful crusade of the bp. of Norwich to support pope Urban VI., 1383-on the death of Louis II., Philip, duke of Burgundy, inherits Flanders, 1384. See BURGUNDY, duchy of.

Succession of the counts of Flanders.
Baldwin I., 862-879.
II., 879--918.

III., with Arnulf I., 918-965.

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Margaret of Anjou, and Edward, prince of Wales, escape into, after the battle of Hexham, 1463-Edward IV. arrives in, to obtain aid from the duke of Burgundy, 1470-first campaign in which Charles V. and Francis I. command against each other, 1521-English auxiliaries support the Spaniards against the French, 1557-they agree to a suspension of arms, Oct. 17,1558--Charles I. threatens to oppose the French and Dutch in, 1639 -success of the French, 1646. See NETHERLANDS. Coudé commands the Spanish forces, 1654-many of the people emigrate into England, 1668- -Louis XIV. makes new claims in, 1680. See FRANCE and BELGIUM.

FLAT BUSH, battle of. See LONG ISLAND. FLAVIA, Domitilla. See DOMITIAN. FLAVIAN family. See FLAVIUS. FLAVIANUS I. and II. See ANTIOCH, bp. of. FLAVIANUS. See CONSTANTINOPLE, bp. of. FLAVIUS, Cn., publishes his Calendar of Court Days, and makes himself popular at Rome by other services, for which he is elected Curule Edile, B.C. 306-after having reconciled all the orders at Rome, erects a temple to Concord, 305. FLAVIUS, introduced as an imperial name by Vespasian, 69-and afterwards to denote his family, and assumed by many succeeding emperors in their Consular Fasti.

FLAVIUS Arcadius, consul of Rome, 385II., 392; III., 394; 1V., 306; V., 402; VI., 406.

N.B. supply these dates to the emperor Arcadius, p. 47.

FLAX brought into Gaul from Egypt, about B.C. 1-first grown in England, 1533—

its cultivation promoted in Ireland, 1851.

FLAXMAN, John, the sculptor, b. 1754-d. 1826.

FLEECE, Golden, the Order of the, instituted, 1430. See BURGUNDY, Philip, the Good, duke of.

FLEET MARKET, London, opened, 1737

the new market opened, Nov. 20, 1829the old market named Farringdon-st. FLEETWOOD marries Cromwell's daughter, the widow of Ireton, and is made governor of Ireland, 1654-petitions Cromwell not to accept the crown, 1657desires Richard Cromwell to dissolve the parliament, 1659.

FLEMING, Richard, founds Lincoln College, Oxford, Oct. 13, 1427.

FLEMINGS land at Scarborough to support Tostig, earl of Northumberland, and are totally routed by Harold at Stamford bridge, Sept. 25, 1066-—having before bought and carried away the wool of our eastern counties, introduce the art of spinning it into yarn at Worstead, in Norfolk, and make stuffs of it in Norwich, 1132-relieve the besiegers of Acre, 1189-support Otho IV., emperor of Germany, 1214-defeat the French at Courtray, July 11, 1302- are defeated by Philip IV., Aug. 16, 1304-revolt and are defeated by Philip VI. of France at Mount Cassel, Aug. 23, 1328-are defeated by the French at Rosebecque, near Ypres, 1382-receive and support Perkin Warbeck, 1492-for which Henry VII. punishes them by stopping their trade with England, 1493-they refuse to shelter the impostor, and their commerce is restored, 1497-many of them appointed to offices in Spain, cause dissatisfaction in that kingdom, 1520-revolt against the heavy taxes imposed by Chas. V., 1539-are suppressed by him, and the citizens of Ghent deprived of their privileges, 1540. See NETHER

LANDS.

FLENSBURG, Margaret, qu. of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, dies at, 1412-calls on the k. of Denmark for reforms, 1830 -taken by Prussian and Hanoverian troops, April 25, 1848-occupied by the Danes, July 16, 1850-assembly of the nobles at, June 15, 1851-railway to Tonningen opened, Oct. 25, 1854. FLETCHER, John, the dramatist, b. 1576— fl. 1614-d. 1625.

FLETCHER, Andrew, of Saltoun, excites violent debates in the Scotch parliament by his motion respecting the Hanoverian succession, May 6, 1703.

FLEURUS, battles of, the prince of Waldeck defeated by marshal Luxemburg,

July 1, 1690-the allies defeated by the French gen. Jourdan, who uses the balloon telegraph, June 26, 1794. FLEURY, afterwards cardinal, b. 1653prime minister to Louis X.; relieves the financial embarrassments of France, 1726 -his pacific policy, aided by that of Walpole, effects the signature of preliminaries by all the discordant States except Spain, at Paris, May 29, 1727— d. Jan. 29, 1743.

FLINDERS, captain, explores the southern coast of New Holland, 1801. FLINTSHIRE, volcanic eruption in, Feb. 4, 1773.

FLODDEN-FIELD, battle of, the Scots defeated by the earl of Surrey, Sept. 9, 1513. FLOGGING of soldiers censured by Cobbett, for which he is fined and imprisoned, July 2, 1810-J. Drakard, editor of the Stamford News, also punished for like comments, May 25, 1811-a new clause in the annual Mutiny Act authorises courts-martial to dispense with it, June,

1811.

FLOOD, Mr., withdraws his motion for parliamentary reform, Mar. 4, 1790. FLOODS. See INUNDATIONS.

FLOR, Roger di, or Robert Blum, a Templar, is degraded from the Order, retires to Genoa, where he fits out a private galley, and seeks his fortune as an adventurer, 1291-enters into the service of Frederic, k, of Sicily, 1298-forms out of the mercenaries who had served in Sicily his Catalan Grand Company, 1303. See CATALAN Grand Company.-Created Cæsar, 1306-assassinated at Adrianople, 1307.

FLORA, a planet, discovered by Mr. Hind, at London, Oct. 10, 1847. FLORENCE, the Roman Florentia, according to some, one of Sylla's military colonies originally at Fæsulæ, B.C. 80-according to others, founded on the banks of the Arno by the triumvirs, 60-a flourishing city in the time of the emperor Tiberius I., A.D. 30-besieged by Radagaisus, who is defeated and slain there by Stilicho, 405-a school founded by Lothaire, 829-Gerard, bp. of, elected pope Nicholas II., 1059-war with Lucca and Sienna, 1144-an independent republic, 1198-holds out against the emperor | Fred. II., 1240-adopts a democratic constitution, and unites the Guelfs and Ghibelins, 1250-assisted by Manfred, k. of Sicily, the Ghibelins prevail, 1260-the citizens elect Charles of Anjou gov. for ten years, 1267-invited to protect Pisa against the Genoese, 1285-besiege that city, and are repulsed by Guido da Montefeltro, 1292.

Prosperous and rich, Florence is divided by the factions of the Bianchi (Whites), under Vieri de' Cerchi, and the Neri (Blacks), headed by Corso de' Donati; the former have the ascendancy, and reject the offered mediation of pope Boniface VIII., 1300-Charles de Valois, admitted under the plea of restoring peace, allows the Neri to ill-treat and drive out their opponents, 1301- a great part of the city burnt by the violence of these factions, 1304-Robert, k. of Naples, appointed gov. for five years, 1313 battle of Cappiano, 1325. See CAPPIANO. Charles, duke of Calabria, son of Robert, elected gov. for five years, 1326 -Lucca ceded to Florence by Mastino della Scala, which the Pisans oppose by war, 1341-Walter de Brienne, titular duke of Athens, appointed captain, makes peace with Pisa, 1342-the citizens expel him, and establish a popular government, 1343-the plague rages, 1348.

English mercenaries, employed by Pisa, defeat the Florentines, 1363-are defeated by them, and peace follows between the two republics, 1364-Florence, attacked by the legate of pope Gregory IX., engages the services of Sir John Hawkwood, who repels the invasion, 1375-excites a general revolt in the papal States, takes Bologna, is excommunicated, and laid under an interdict, 1376-rejects the overtures of the pope, 1377-a revolt of the people, headed by Silvester de' Medici, is suppressed, 1378 -Sir John Hawkwood quits the service of the Florentines; their merchandize seized by the Genoese, and by Louis, duke of Anjou, in Provence, 1382-they call him back, to oppose John Galeazzo Visconte, duke of Milan, and assist Da Carrara to recover Padua, 1390-he foils the Milanese, 1391-d., and is interred at Florence with funeral honours, 1394.

Emanuel Chrysoloras employed by the government to teach Greek, 1396-hostilities recommenced by the duke of Milan, 1397- peace concluded, 1398Florence and Venice endeavour to take advantage of the disordered state of Italy, 1403-Pisa conquered, Oct. 9, 1406 -pope John XXIII. retires to Florence, 1413-the Florentines dissuade Ladislas, k. of Naples, from besieging him in Bologna, 1414-obtain Leghorn, 1421-are defeated by Philip Maria Visconte, duke of Milan, 1424-league with Venice against Milan, 1425-agree to a congress at Ferrara to treat of peace, 1427-conclude peace, April 18, 1428-renew their league with Venice, and besiege Lucca, where they are repelled by Francesco

FLORENCE.continued.

Sforza, 1430-war again with Milan; their fleet combined with the Venetians defeats the Genoese near Portofino, Aug. 27, 1431-peace concluded at Ferrara, Apr. 26, 1433.

Cosmo de' Medici founds the university, but through the intrigues of Rinaldo degli Albizi, and his other enemies, he and his family are banished, 1433-recalled, and his enemies are exiled; pope Eugenius IV., driven from Rome, comes to Florence; the republic engages the services of Francesco Sforza, 1434-alliance with Genoa, 1436-Sforza returns to Milan; the friendship of Venice cools; Cosmo de' Medici goes as ambassador to revive it, 1438-as gonfalonier of Florence renews the league, and engages Sforza again, who restores victory to the confederates, 1439 — the Council of Ferrara removed to Florence, concludes the Union of the Latin and Greek churches, July 6, 1439-general peace in Italy, 1441-the pope leaves Florence, 1443 - Cosmo de' Medici founds the library, and patronizes learned men, 1444-supports Sforza against the pope, and Alfonso, k. of Aragon and Naples, 1446-pope Nicholas V. mediates peace, 1450-alliance with Sforza, now duke of Milan, who is threatened by Venice, 1451-war commences, 1452peace of Lodi, April 9, 1454-league against the Ottomans, 1455-death of Cosmo de' Medici, Aug. 1, 1464—and of his son, Pietro, Sept. 3, 1469.

Lorenzo and his brother, Julian, govern Florence; another league formed against the Turks, 1470-the duke and duchess of Milan are magnificently entertained by Lorenzo de' Medici, 1471. See VOLTERRA. -The Platonic Academy rises under his auspices, 1476-conspiracy of the Pazzi, abetted by pope Sixtus IV.; Julian de' Medici assassinated, Apr. 26, 1478-Lorenzo escapes and rules alone; the archbp. of Pisa, implicated in the plot, is put to death, and the cardinal-legate imprisoned, for which the pope lays an interdict on the city, and engages Ferdinand, k. of Naples, to join him in a war against Florence; the republic is assisted by Louis XI., k. of France, the regent of Milan, and by Venice, Ferrara, and Rimini; the emperor Frederic IV., and Matthias Corvinus, k. of Hungary, send ambassadors to protest against the conduct of the pope, who disregards their advice, 1478-he demands the expulsion of Lorenzo, who goes to Naples and conciliates the friendship of Ferdinand, 1479-pope Sixtus, alarmed by the Turk

ish seizure of Otranto, foregoes his animosity, and concludes a treaty with Florence, 1480-the Florentines assist in recovering Otranto, 1481-unite with other States to preserve peace in Southern Italy, 1486-recover Sarzana from the Genoese, 1487-death of Lorenzo de' Medici, April 7, 1492.

His eldest son, Pietro, occupies his station in the republic; is expelled, with his brothers, by Charles VIII., king of France, 1494-Pisa regains independence, 1495 is besieged by the Florentines, 1496- the Medici attempt to regain their power, and are repulsed, 1497- Savonarola, and two of his disciples, burnt at Florence, by desire of pope Alexander VI.; Louis Maria, duke of Milan, assists the Florentines in their siege of Pisa, 1498-their gen., Paolo Vitelli, fails in his attack, and is beheaded, 1499--they renew the siege, and again abandon it with great loss, 1500return to the attack, 1504-make themselves masters of the city, June 8, 1509 -the Medici conducted back to Florence by a Spanish army; Julian, the youngest son of Lorenzo, takes the lead, Aug. 31, 1512-joins in a league against Francis I., k. of France, 1515-d. March 17, 1516-his nephew, Lorenzo II., d. April 28, 1519.

Pope Leo X. sends his cousin, cardinal Julius de' Medici, to maintain the family ascendancy in Florence, 1519he rules there after he becomes pope Clement VII., 1523-includes Florence in his secret treaty with Francis I., 1524 -his family expelled from Florence, and the republic revived, 1527-stipulates in a treaty with Chas. V. for the restoration of his family, 1529- Florence refuses to admit them, and is besieged by a Spanish army, under Filiberto, prince of Orange, 1529- he is killed in the attack, but Florence is taken, and Alexander, a natural son of Lorenzo II., appointed gov. for life, Oct. 28, 1530. See ALEXANDER DE' MEDICI.-He is succeeded by Cosmo, a descendant of Lorenzo, brother of the first Cosmo, 1537-created grand duke of Tuscany by pope Pius V., Sept. 1, 1569. See TUSCANY.-A plot formed at Florence against his son and successor, Francis, detected, and the conspirators punished, 1578-the Academy Della Crusca founded, 1582-treaty of, between the French republic and Naples, Mar. 18, 1801. See FERDINAND IV., k. of Naples. Ravages of the cholera, 1855.

FLORENCE of Worcester writes his Chronicle, 1119.

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