FLORENTIUS, Consul of Rome, 361-others, FLORENZ of Hainault marries Isabella de Villehardouin, 1291-d., leaving a daughter, Maud, heiress of the principality of Achaia, 1297. See ACHAIA, principality of, and MAUD. FLORIAN, brother of the emperor Tacitus, FLORIDA BLANCA. See BLANCA. FLORUS Composes his epitome of Roman history, 116-excites the jealousy of Hadrian, 118. FLORUS, Cn. Aquilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 259. FLORUS GESSIUS, Roman gov. of Judæa, 64. FLORUS, Julius, heads a revolt in Gaul, 21. FLOWER, a bookseller of Cambridge, prose cuted for selling Gilbert Wakefield's answer to the bp. of Landaff, July 17, 1798. FLUSHING taken by the revolted Netherlanders, 1572. See CAUTIONARY TOWNS. -Annexed to France, Jan. 23, 1808captured by the English, Aug. 15, 1809 -the works destroyed and abandoned, Dec. 25. FOCKEDAY, M., b. 1758-member of the National Convention; voted against the death of Louis XVI., 1793-d. 1853. "FŒDERA." See RYMER. FOGGIA, battle of; Manfred defeats the troops of pope Innocent IV., 1254Charles of Anjou, k. of Naples, d. there, Jan. 7, 1285. Foix, Eleanor de. See ELEANOR of Na varre. Foix, Francis Phoebus de, son of Gaston the younger, succeeds his grandmother, Eleanor, a k. of Navarre, 1479-d. 1483. Foix, Gaston de. See ELEANOR of Navarre. Foix, Gaston de, the younger, son of Gaston and Eleanor, b. 1444-killed in a tournament, 1470. FOIX, Katharine de, daughter of Gaston the younger, succeeds her brother, Francis Phoebus, on the throne of Navarre, 1483-marries John D'Albret, 1484. See ALBRET, John D'. of Louis XII., king of France, b. 1489serves in the French army in Italy against Venice, and is appointed gov. of Milan, 1511-relieves Bologna, recovers Brescia and Bergamo, and gains the battle of Ravenna, in which he is killed, April 11, 1512. Foix, Germaine De, sister of Gaston, marries Ferdinand, k. of Spain, to whom her uncle, Louis XII., gives as her dowry all his claims on the kingdom of Naples, 1505. FOKSHANI, battle of; the Turks defeated by the Austrians and Russians, July 31, 1789. FOLKSTONE, first experiment of a submarine telegraph at, Jan. 10, 1849. FOLKSTONE, Viscount, moves a vote of censure on marquis Wellesley's Indian government, which is negatived, March 9, 1808-presents a petition for Reform from the Spa-fields meeting, 1816. See RADNOR, earl of. FOLKUNGER, a family nearly allied to the throne, grow powerful in Sweden, and for a time expel Erik XI., 1229-overcome by him, 1234-Birger Jarl restores their ascendancy, 1249. See BIRGER JARL. FOLLETT, Sir William, b. 1798-attorneygeneral, 1844-d. 1845. FONTAINE, Jean De La, b. 1621-the first collection of his Fables published, 1668 -the second, 1678-d. 1695. FONTAINE, La, August, the German novelist, b. 1756 d. 1831. FONTAINE, Louis, the architect, b. 1763—d. 1853. FONTAINEBLEAU, the emperor Charles V. arrives at, 1539-treaty of between France and Sweden against him, 1542-peace concluded at, between Denmark, Sweden, and Brandenburg, Sept. 2, 1679-Matthew Prior negotiates privately at, 1711 -preliminaries of peace signed at, by the duke of Bedford, Nov. 3, 1762-Chas. IV. of Spain and his qu. sent there by Napoleon, Apr. 30, 1808-decree for burning English manufactures issued at, Aug. 18, 1810-Napoleon abdicates at, Apr. 6, 1814. FONTARABIA, conference at, between Louis XI. of France and Henry IV. of Castile, 1463-the French retire from the siege of, 1638-taken by the duke of Berwick, 1719. FONTEIUS, with the proconsul Cæpio, killed by the Picentines, B.C. 90. FONTENAT, in Auxerre, battle of, between the three sons of Louis I.; Lothair defeated by Louis and Charles, June 25, 841. FONTENELLE, b. 1667-d. 1757. Foix, Gaston De, duke de Nemours, nephew | FONTENOY, battle of; the duke of Cumber land defeated by the marshal de saxe, Apr. 30, 1745. FONTHILL ABBEY. See BECKFORD, Wm., and FARQUHAR, John. FONTINALIS, A. Áterius, consul of Rome, B.C. 454. FOOTE, Samuel, the actor, b. 1721-d. 1777. FORBES, Sir Charles, b. 1773-d. 1849. FOREIGN ENLISTMENT ACT, passed to pre- FOREST, subterranean, discovered on the coast of Lincolnshire, 1799-submarine, discovered at Morlaix, 1812. "FORFARSHIRE STEAMER," wrecked on the Fern isles; some of the crew saved through the heroism of Grace Darling, Sept. 5, 1838. FORFEITED ESTATES of the Jacobites, in 1716, valued at £1,652,450-many more in 1746-some are restored, 1784. FORGERY, first execution for, June 4, 1731 -the crime increases; numerous prosecutions, 1817-thirty-eight bills found in one Old Bailey sessions, Sept. 11, 1818 -the severity of the law generally disapproved; two juries refuse to convict, Dec. 5, 1818-many petitions against it presented to parliament, 1819-Bills to mitigate it brought in by Sir James Mackintosh, 1820- thirty-five indictments at the Old Bailey, Apr. 11, 1821punishment of death for forgery abolished, Aug. 1832. FORLI, defended against the Guelfs by the marquis Guido da Montefeltro, 1282submits to them, and the Ghibelin refugees are dispersed, 1283-surrenders to the French, 1512. FORM OF PRAYER for the sovereign and his family, first ordained by the sixteenth council of Toledo, 693. FORMIGNY, battle of. See CLERMONT, count de. FORMOSUS, bp. of Porto, elected pope, 891crowns the emperor Arnulf, and d. soon afterwards, 896-pope Stephen VII. (or VI.) declares his election void, disinters his body, and throws it into the Tiber, 896 all the proceedings of Stephen against him are annulled by a council held by John IX., 898. FORSTER, the Jacobite commander, taken prisoner at Preston, Nov. 13, 1715-expelled from the House of Commons, Jan. 10, 1716 escapes from Newgate to France, Apr. 10. FORT, Le, b. 1634-tutor of the czar Peter I., 1684-his adviser and prime minister, 1689 d. 1698. FORT DETROIT. See BROCK, General. FORT. See DU QUESNE, ERIE, LOUIS, NIAGARA, ONTARIO, OSWEGO, and ST. DAVID. FORT WILLIAM, in Bengal, Shere Singh and other Sikh captives removed to, Jan. 17, 1851. FORT WILLIAM HENRY, in Canada, taken FORTH. See AGRICOLA, Cn. Julius. FORTHERE, bp. of Sherborne, 709. FORUM Julii. See FREJUS and FRIULI. FORUM Palladium built by Domitian, 92. FORUM of Trajan, built 113. FOSBROKE, T. D., b. 1770-d. 1842. FoSCARO, Francesco, doge of Venice, 1423 -deposed by the council of Ten; d. of grief, 1457. See Foscolo, Ugo, b. 1777-d. 1827. FOSSALTA, battle of, May 26, 1249. BOLOGNA and ENZIO. FOTHERINGAY castle built, 1408. See MARY, qu. of Scots.-Pulled down by her son, James I., 1604. FOUCAULT. See FALCANDUS. FOUCHE Concerts with Bonaparte and Sièyes, a change of government, which is effected by military force, Nov. 9, 1799appointed minister of police, Dec.-created duke of Otranto, 1809-dismissed, June 3, 1810-re-appointed by Napoleon, March 21, 1815 dismissed by Louis XVIII., Sept. 19. FOUNDLING hospital; London, first suggested by Capt. Coram, and a charter granted for its erection, Oct. 17, 1739first performance of Handel's Messiah, in the chapel, May 1, 1753-opened for the reception of children, June 2, 1756. FOUNTAINS Constructed by Abderahman II., to relieve the drought in Spain, 847. FOUQUET, finance minister to Louis XIV., displaced and prosecuted for malversations, 1661. FOUR PER CENT. STOCKS reduced to 3 per cent., 1824. FOUR PER CENT. ANNUITIES, interest on, reduced, May 3, 1834. Fox, Richard, bp. of Winchester, introduces Wolsey to Henry VIII., 1509founds Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1516. Fox, Edward, almoner to Henry VIII., sent by him to treat with the pope, 1528. Fox, John, author of the "Book of Martyrs," d. 1587. Fox, George, founds the society of Friends or Quakers, 1647-imprisoned at Nottingham, 1649-d. 1691. Fox, Henry, b. 1705-appointed a lord of the treasury, 1743-he unites with W. Pitt in opposition to the duke of Newcastle, 1754-secretary of state, Nov. 10, 1755-resigns, 1756-paymaster of the forces, 1757-defends the articles of the treaty of peace, Nov. 1762-created a peer, April 16, 1763. See HOLLAND, FOX, lord. Fox, commodore, captures forty French ships off Cape Ortegal, June 16, 1747. Fox, Charles James, second son of Henry, lord Holland, b. 1748-makes his maiden speech in support of the address on the opening of the parliament, Jan. 9, 1770 becomes a junior lord of the admiralty, Jan. 28-removed from office, Feb. 28, 1774-wounded in a duel with Mr. Adam, Nov. 30, 1779-his motion for terminating the American war negatived, June 12, 1781-made foreign secretary, Mar. 30, 1782-supports Pitt's motion for parliamentary reform, May 7-introduces a measure of concession to Ireland, May 18-resigns, July; forms a coalition with lord North, March, 1783foreign secretary, April 2-introduces his India Bills, Nov. 18-they are passed by the Commons, but thrown out by the Lords-dismissed from office, Dec. 18denies the marriage of the prince of Wales to Mrs. Fitzherbert, Apr. 20, 1787 -opens the Benares charge against Warren Hastings, April 22, 1788-moves the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, March 2, 1790-dissension between his partisans and Burke's, respecting the French Revolution, Feb. 9-condemns all laws which attach penalties to opinion, Feb. 21, 1791-final separation from Burke, May 6-his Libel Bill postponed until the next session, May 20-passed, and decides the power of juries in trials for libel, Apr. 30, 1792-his pacific propositions negatived, Feb. 18, 1793-secedes from attending in parliament, Nov. 2, 1797-struck out from the list of privy councillors for repeating the duke of Norfolk's toast, "the Majesty of the People," May 25, 1798-is received at the Tuileries, Sept. 3, 1802-unites with Pitt in opposing the Addington ministry, April 16, 1804-is excluded from office by the king, May 12-presents the Catholic petition to the Commons, May 13, 1805 becomes foreign secretary, Feb. 5, 1806 writes to Talleyrand on an offer made to assassinate Napoleon, Feb. 20procures a vote in the Commons for the abolition of the slave trade, June 10-d. Sept. 13 is buried in Westminster Abbey, Oct. 10- his statue placed in Bloomsbury square, 1816. Fox, Mr., architect of the Crystal Palace, knighted, Oct. 1851. Fox, General, leader of the patriotic party in the French Chamber of Deputies, b. 1775 d. 1825. FRACINET. See FRAXINET. FRAGA, siege of, by Alfonso I., k. of Aragon, 1132-battle of; he is defeated and slain by the Moors, 1134. FRAMLINGHAM, in Suffolk, qu. Mary escapes to, on the death of Edw. VI., and claims the throne, 1553. FRANCAVILLA, in Sicily, battle of; the Austrians defeated by the Spaniards, June 20, 1719. FRANCE, the modern designation of the greater part of the Gallia of the Romans, called Frankenric, or empire of the Franks, after its conquest by Clovis, 481-511. See GAUL and FRANKS.-Its Latin name of Francia took gradually its present form, which comprehended Louis XVI. .... 1774The revolution begins, June 17, 1789. Louis dethroned, and the republic declared, Sept. 22, 1792. Government of the National Convention with an Executive Committee, 17921794. See FRENCH REVOLUTION. Louis beheaded, Jan. 21, 1793. Louis XVII., title given by the royalists to his son the dauphin, 1793-1795. Louis XVIII., title, on his death, assumed by his eldest uncle, 1795. Government of the Directory, 17941799. Napoleon Bonaparte, first consul, 1799for ten years, May 6-for life, Aug. 2, 1802. Napoleon I., emperor, May 18, 1804-deposed by the senate, April 1-abdicates, April 6, 1814. Napoleon II., title given by his partisans to his son the duke of Reichstadt, who d. July 22, 1832. Restoration of the BOURBONS. Louis XVIII. declared k. by the senate, April 10, 1814. Return of Napoleon I., and empire of a hundred days, March 20-June 27, 1815. EMPIRE restored. Napoleon III. elected, Dec. 1, 1852. FRANCE, Isle of. See MAURITIUS. FRANCES, daughter of Cromwell, married to a grandson of the earl of Warwick, 1657. FRANCESCO. See FRANCIS. FRANCFORT, or Frankfurt, on the Mein. See DIETS; and elections and coronations of different emperors.-Treacherously seized by the French marshal De Soubise, 1759-taken by the French gen. Custine, Oct. 21, 1792-retaken by the Hessians, Dec. 2-made, by Napoleon, the seat of the Confederation of the Rhine, 1806-declaration of the allied sovereigns issued at, Dec. 4, 1813-seat of the Federal Diet of, renovated Germany, 1814-popular commotions at, March 3, 1848- the Diet proposes the meeting of a German parliament, March 11- supports Schleswig and Holstein against Denmark, April 12-the parliament meets, May 18-the archduke John elected regent, arrives, Aug. 3-riots; major Auerswald and prince Lichnowski killed, Sept. 18-the parliament elects the k. of Prussia emperor of Germany, March 28, 1849-he rejects the offerthe emperor of Austria withdraws, Apr. 3-meeting of the Peace Society, Aug. 22, 1850 definitive treaty of peace between Denmark and Prussia signed at, Oct. 26-the Diet restored, Aug. 23, 1851. FRANCFORT on the Oder, university of, founded, 1506-united to that of Breslau, 1816. FRANCHE COMTÉ, part of the original kingdom of the Burgundians, between the Rhone, the Saone, Mount Jura and the Rhine, conquered by the Franks, 534— part of the duchy of Burgundy, 877severed from it, and given as the Palatinate of Burgundy to Rudolf III., king of Arles, 1002-bequeathed by him to the emperor Conrad II., and annexed to Germany, 1032-recovered by the dukes of Burgundy; and on the death of the last duke, Charles the Bold, seized by Louis XI., k. of France, 1477-offered by Louis XII. in the treaty of Blois, as part of the dowry of his daughter Claude, 1504 -the treaty annulled, 1506-given to Philip II. of Spain, on his marriage with Isabella, daughter of Henry II., king of France, 1559-conquered by Louis XIV., 1674-confirmed to him by the peace of Nimwegen, 1678. FRANCIA, b. 1755-president of Paraguay, 1816--war with Bolivar, 1824-suppresses the monastic orders in Paraguay, 1825d. 1840. FRANCIS STEPHEN I., emperor of Germany, son of Leopold, duke of Lorraine, b. 1709 -succeeds his father as duke, 1729-by the treaty of Vienna his states are given to Stanislas IV., k. of Poland, and he is compensated by the reversion of Tuscany, 1735-marries the arch-duchess Maria-Theresa, daughter and heiress of the emperor Charles VI., Feb. 12, 1736becomes grand-duke of Tuscany, 1737co-regent with Maria-Theresa, of Hungary, and her other hereditary states, 1740-elected emperor, Sept. 2, 1745crowned, Sept. 28-makes peace with Bavaria and Prussia, and his title is acknowledged by them; the French and Spaniards conquer Parma, Savoy and Milan, and great part of the Austrian Netherlands, 1745-take Brussels, Namur, Antwerp, and the rest of the Ne therlands; are defeated by the Austrians and Sardinians at Lazzaro and Rotto Freddo, and driven out of Italy; Provence invaded, 1746-siege of Genoa by the Austrians; negotiations commence at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1747-peace concluded, Oct. 7, 1748-secret alliance with Russia, 1753-and with France against Prussia; the Seven Years' War begins, 1756. See FREDERIC II., king of Prussia. Peace of Hubertsburg, Feb. 15, 1763-Francis d. Aug. 18, 1765. FRANCIS II., emperor of Germany, son of Leopold II., b. Feb. 12, 1768-inherits the Austrian dominions, March 1, 1792is elected emperor, July 14-meets the k. of Prussia at Mentz, 23-and concerts measures for carrying on the war against France. See FRENCH REVOLUTION.shares in the second partition of Poland, 1793-commands his army in person, and takes Landrecy, April 24, 1794-receives the third share of Poland, 1795-concludes the treaty of peace at Campo Formio, and obtains Venice, Oct. 17, 1797 -joins the second coalition against France, 1799. See FRENCH REVOLUTION, and BONAPARTE, Napoleon.-Agrees to the peace of Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801annuls the elective title of emperor of Germany, and assumes that ofFRANCIS I., hereditary emperor of Austria, Aug. 11, 1804-joins the third coalition against France, 1805. See NAPOLEON I. -By the treaty of Presburg, loses Venice, the Tyrol and other parts of his empire, Dec. 26, 1805-compelled to be neutral in the fourth coalition, and to allow the Confederation of the Rhine, 1806-enters into the fifth coalition, 1809. See NAPOLEON I.-Signs the humiliating treaty of Vienna, Oct. 11-gives his daughter, Maria-Louisa, in marriage to Napoleon, Apr. 1, 1810-agrees to furnish an auxiliary contingent to the French army against Russia, March 24, 1812-negotiates secretly with Great Britain and Russia, March 20, 1813-takes part in the congress of Prague, July 5-joins the sixth great coalition, Aug. 15. See NAPOLEON I.-Battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16 -19-Francis at Francfort, Dec. 4-repairs to the head quarters of the allied army in France, Jan. 25, 1814-enters Paris, March 31-by the treaty of peace recovers the Tyrol, Lombardy, and all his lost States, May 30-joins the European declaration of war on Napoleon's return to France, March, 1815-arrives again at Paris after the battle of Waterloo, July 10-becomes a party to the "Holy Alliance," Sept. 26-is induced by Metternich to oppose all liberal ten |