dencies in Europe; congress of Troppau and Laybach, 1820- Austrian armies annul the constitution in Naples, and arrest a revolutionary movement in Piedmont; Alexander Ipsilanti, leader of the Greek insurrection, imprisoned, 1821ambassador recalled from Madrid; Great Britain accepts £2 500,000 in full payment for loans of £30,000,000, 1823-Don Miguel received at Vienna, 1823-troops withdrawn from Naples, Dec. 1826-Ipsilanti released, 1828-an insurrection in Milan repressed, 1830-Austrian troops crush an attempt to form a federal republic in Italy, 1831-Francis d. March 2, 1835. FRANCIS CHARLES JOSEPH, archduke of Austria, second son of the emperor Francis, b. Dec. 7, 1802-marries Sophia, princess of Bavaria, 1824-waives his right to the throne in favour of his son, Francis Joseph. FRANCIS JOSEPH, emperor of Austria, son of the archduke Francis Charles Joseph, b. Aug. 18, 1830-ascends the throne on the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand, Dec. 2, 1848-has to contend against his revolted subjects in Hungary and Italy; his troops invest Comorn, Jan. 3, 1849are defeated at Hermannstadt, 21-at Gödölö, April 6-Kossuth declared by the Diet supreme gov. of Hungary; the Austrians defeated near Gran, 20-the emperor invites the assistance of Russia, May 1-his troops defeated at Altenburg and Oedenburg, 7-the Hungarians recover Pesth; conference of the emperors Francis Joseph and Nicholas at Warsaw, 22-the Hungarians are overcome; Kossuth and Bem take flight into Turkey, Aug. 12-Görgey surrenders, 13-the two emperors require the sultan to give up the fugitives, 23-lower their demands on the interposition of Great Britain and France, Oct. 17. In Italy, the Austrian gen. Radetzky defeats Charles Albert at Novara, Mar. 23 Brescia bombarded and the inhabitants massacred, 30-Venice blockaded, April 17 Ancona taken, June 18-the grand duke of Tuscany, Leopold II., restored by an Austrian army; peace concluded at Milan, Aug. 6amnesty proclaimed, 18- Venice submits, 22-Francis Joseph dissents from the election of the king of Prussia to be emperor of Germany; withdraws from the Francfort parliament; protests against that of Erfurt; concludes an "interim" treaty with the king of Prussia, Nov. 20, 1849-proposes to him a mutual disarming to avoid the threatened collision between them, Nov. 7, 1850-meets the emperor Nicholas again at Warsaw, concurs with Prussia and the Federals to restore order in Hesse Cassel and Holstein, 20his commissioners at Kiel obtain the submission of Holstein and Schleswig to the king of Denmark, Feb. 1, 1851 -on the death of prince Schwartzenberg places count Buol Schauenstein at the head of the office of foreign affairs, April 5, 1852-visits Berlin, Dec. 17-wounded by an assassin, Feb. 18, 1853-concludes a treaty of commerce with Prussia, 19 -advises the emperor Nicholas to desist from his measures against Turkey, May 30 meets him at Olmütz, Sept. 24holds a conference with Great Britain, France, and Prussia at Vienna on the affairs of Turkey, Dec. 5-assents to the principle of the Western alliance, but declines to act, March 7, 1854-proposes four conditions as the basis of peace; occupies the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, Sept. 6-conferences opened at Vienna, Nov. 28-treaty of alliance with Great Britain and France, Dec. 2Francis Joseph marries the princess Elizabeth of Bavaria, April 24, 1854-the conferences at Vienna broken up, April 21, 1855-the emperor sends count Valentine Esterhazy to propose new negotiations, Dec. 28-takes part in the congress of Paris, and concurs in the treaty of peace, March 30, 1856-resists the interference of the pope with heretical books. FRANCIS I., king of France, son of Charles, count d'Angoulême, b. 1494. See ANGOULÊME, Francis, count of.-Succeeds Louis XII., being the eldest living male descendant of Charles V., k. of France, 1515 on his accession, the emperor Maximilian I., pope Leo X., Ferdinand, king of Spain, the Swiss Cantons, Florence and Milan, combine in a league against him; he invades Italy, recovers Genoa, gains the battle of Marignano, and obtains possession of Milan; has an interview with the pope, concludes peace, abandons the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, and agrees to a new Concordat, 1515. Makes treaties with the emperor, the king of Spain, and the Swiss; allows Henry, son of John d'Albret, to retain the title of king of Navarre, 1516 renews his league with the republic of Venice, 1517--makes a treaty with Henry VIII. and pensions Wolsey, 1518-competes with Chas. I. of Spain for the empire, 1519-holds the interview of the Field of the Cloth of Gold with Henry VIII., June 4-24, 1520-begins war against the emperor Charles in Na FRANCIS I., K. of France-continued. varre; commands against him in Flanders; is deceived by the pope, and loses Milan, 1521-Henry VIII. declares war against him, 1522-the duke of Bourbon deserts him, and goes to Germany; Ferrara and Venice join his enemies; they attack him on all sides, but he maintains himself against them, 1523-invades Italy, and regains Milan, 1524. Is taken prisoner at Pavia, Feb. 24, 1525 -and conveyed to Madrid; released, and arrives in France, Mar. 17, 1526-refuses to give up Burgundy; forms a Holy League with the Italian States, and with Henry VIII., May 22-his gen. Lautrec is successful in Italy; a marriage treaty with England, May 29, 1527-another campaign in Italy, 1528-peace of Cambray with the emperor, Aug. 5, 1529pope Clement VII. inclines to him, 1531 -he renews his treaty with Hen. VIII., and has interviews with him at Calais and Boulogne, Oct. 11, 1532-Britanny definitively annexed to France; endeavours to mediate between Henry VIII. and the pope, 1533-his second son, Henry, duke of Orleans, is married to Katharine de' Medici, Oct. 27; his sister, Margaret, qu. of Navarre, avows heretical opinions he supports the Protestants in Germany, but persecutes those in France, 1534. Revives his claim on Milan, and enters Savoy, 1535-refuses Charles's offer of Milan to his third son, the duke of Angoulême, and requires it for the duke of Orleans; his eldest son, the dauphin, d. suddenly; he takes Turin, and attempts to surprise Genoa, 1536- truce with Spain, and treaty with the sultan Soliman, 1537-interview with the emperor Charles at Aigues Mortes, 1538-receives him at Fontainebleau, 1539-entertains him at Paris, Jan. 1, 1540-obtains a promise of Milan for the duke of Orleans, which Charles gives, Oct. 11, to his own son, Philip; demands satisfaction for the murder of two of his ambassadors in Italy on their way to Constantinople, and contracts leagues with the Protestant States, 1541-war renewed with Spain, 1542-siege of Nice, 1543 -war with England; Henry VIII. takes Boulogne; battle of Ceresuola, April 14, 1544-peace with the emperor concluded at Crespy, Sept. 18, 1544-attempts a landing in England, 1545-peace with England, June 7, 1546-Francis d. Mar. 22, 1547. FRANCIS II., king of France, son of Henry II., b. 1543-affianced to Mary, queen of Scots, 1548-married to her, April 18, 1558-succeeds his father, July 20, 1559 -is governed by his mother Katharine de' Medici and the Guises; refuses to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 1560league of Amboise against the house of Guise; Francis d. Dec. 5, 1560. FRANCIS I, king of Naples, son of Ferdinand IV., b. Aug. 19, 1777-succeeds, Jan. 4, 1825-attempts some reforms, 1828 escapes assassination, 1829-d. Nov. 8, 1830. FRANCIS PHOEBUS, king of Navarre. See FRANCIS HYACINTH, duke of Savoy, eldest son of Victor Amadeus, b. 1632-contests for the regency on his accession, 1637— d. Oct. 1638. FRANCIS I., or Francesco-Maria, grand duke of Tuscany, son of Cosmo I., b. 1540— succeeds, 1574-is captivated by Bianca Capello, and marries her, 1579-both d. by poison, 1587. See CAPELLO, BIANCA. FRANCIS II., grand duke of Tuscany. See FRANCIS STEPHEN I., emperor of Ger many. FRANCIS, duke of Milan. See Sforza. FRANCIS MARIA, duke of Milan. See SFORZA, Francesco Maria. FRANCIS I., duke of Modena, son of Alfonso III., b. 1610-succeeds on his father's retirement, 1629-obtains Corregio from Philip IV. of Spain, 1636-attaches himself to France, 1646-wounded at the siege of Pavia; raises the siege, Sept. 15, 1655-commander-in-chief of the French armies in Italy, 1656-d. Oct. 14, 1658. FRANCIS II., duke of Modena, son of Alfonso IV., b. March 6, 1660-succeeds his father, under the regency of his mother, Laura, July 16, 1662-his sister, Mary Beatrice, marries James, duke of York, 1673-d. Sept. 6, 1694. FRANCIS III., duke of Modena, son of Rinaldo, b. July 2, 1698-marries Charlotte Agläe, daughter of Philip, duke of Orleans, 1726-visits Paris, London, Holland and Vienna, 1735-succeeds his father, 1737-endeavours to preserve neutrality in the war of the Pragmatic Sanction; his States are occupied and ravaged by both hostile armies, 1742d. 1780. FRANCIS I., duke of Lorraine, 1554-1555. FRANCIS II., duke of Lorraine jointly with his brothers Charles III. and Nicholas Francis, 1624. See CHARLES III., duke of Lorraine-d. 1670. FRANCIS III., duke of Lorraine. See FRANCIS Stephen I., emperor of Garmany. FRANCIS I., signor of Mantua, 1382-1407. FRANCIS III., duke of Mantua, succeeds his father, Vincent Gonzaga, Feb. 18, 1612-d. Dec. 21. FRANCIS, duke of Parma. See FARNESE, Francis. FRANCIS, a Benedictine monk, recom. mended by James II., to the University of Cambridge, is refused admission, Feb. 9, 1687. FRANCIS, John, fires a pistol at qu. Victoria, May 26, 1842-transported for life, June 17. FRANCIS, Sir Philip, b. 1740-supposed to have written the letters of Junius; d. 1818. FRANCIS D'ASSISE, duke of Cadiz, marries his cousin, Isabella II., qu. of Spain, Oct. 10, 1846-separates from her, but is afterwards reconciled, 1847. FRANCISCAN order of Mendicant friars, founded by Francis John Bernadoni, 1207 -on his death, disputes arise among them, 1226-contend with the Dominicans for superiority in the university of Paris, 1231. FRANCONIA. See AUSTRASIA, EAST FRANCE, and CONRAD, count of Franconia.-Eberhard, duke, 912-joins a league against the emperor Otho I., 936-d.939-Conrad II., d. 955-Otho, d. 1004- Conrad III., d. 1011- Conrad IV., elected k. of Germany, 1024. See CONRAD II., emperor of Germany. His son, Henry III., makes Franconia a royal domain, 1039 - the dukedom revived for Conrad V., 1116he refuses to acknowledge Lothair, duke of Saxony, as emperor of Germany, 1125 -is himself elected, 1138. See CONRAD III., emperor of Germany.- - Franconia made one of the circles of the German empire by Maximilian I., 1500-its Catholic bishoprics taken by the Swedes, 1631. FRANKENHAUSEN, battle of; the insurgent German peasants defeated, 1525. FRANKFURT. See FRANcfort. FRANKLIN, Benjamin, b. 1706 - publishes "Poor Richard's Almanac," 1732-by his electrical kite ascertains the nature of lightning, and invents the conductor, 1752-presents to the privy council the petition of the Massachusetts assembly, and is removed from his office of deputy postmaster general for the colonies, Jan. 29, 1774 signs the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776- goes as U. S. ambassador to France, 1776-arranges the provisional treaty of peace at Paris, Nov. 20, 1782one of a commission to prepare a constitution for the American states, 1787-d. April 17, 1790. FRANKLIN, lieut., first explores the Northern Ocean in the "Trent," 1818-now captain, sails from Liverpool, Feb. 16, 1825-returns, Sept. 29, 1827-now Sir John, proceeds on his Arctic expedition, with the "Erebus" and "Terror," May 23, 1845— the "Plover" despatched in search of him, Jan. 1, 1848-Sir J. C. Ross returns from an unsuccessful search, Nov. 3, 1849 -Sir Edward Belcher sails in search, April 21, 1852-Dr. Rae announces his fate, Oct. 22, 1854-the House of Commons vote a monument to him, July 31, 1855.-the steam-yacht, Fox, purchased by Lady Franklin, is despatched in search of him, under the command of capt. M'Clintock, July, 1857. FRANKS, or THE FREE, a confederation of various tribes in the north-western parts of Germany, first known about 240some of them invade the northern provinces of Gaul, 254-penetrate through Gaul into Spain, and sack Tarraco, 256repulsed by Probus, while invading Gaul; some of the prisoners removed to Pontus, seize a fleet in the Euxine, escape through the Bosphorus, plunder cities on the Mediterranean, and return to Germany, 277-send an embassy, with their king at its head, to beg peace of the emperor Maximian, 288 are deterred by Constantine from attacking Gaul, 309 -watched by Crispus on the frontier of the Rhine, 319-defeated by him, 320--invade Gaul and resist Constans, 341are compelled to retire and beg for peace, 342 defeated by Julian, and pursued over the Rhine, 358-a part of them, styled Ripuarian Franks, occupy the banks of the Lower Rhine; supposed time of Pharamond, 412-pillage Treves, 420-the Merovingian monarchy begins about 421 Clodion defeated by Etius, and driven back to his cantonments, 428 -a brother of Meroveus claims the throne, and is supported by Attila, 450-the two parties fight on opposite sides in the battle of Chalons, 451-they banish Childeric I., and, for a short time, make Ægidius their king, 462-accession of Clovis I., 481. See CLOVIS I.-After the conquest of Aquitaine, 507, the greater part of Gaul being subject to the Franks, takes the name of Frankenric, empire of the Franks. See FRANCE.-They become celebrated in the East, and their name is used from about 700 by Greeks and Mohammedans as a general designation of all the people of the West; they begin They defeat and murder Sigismund, k. of the Burgundians, 523-his successor, Gondemar, defeats Chlodomir at Voiron, who falls in battle, and his three brothers divide the kingdom, 524-Thierry conquers the Thuringians, and adds their lands to his own, 530-on his death, his son, Theodebert I. reigns at Metz...534-548 He and his two uncles overpower Gondemar, and divide Burgundy among them, 534-he invades Italy and plunders Genoa; disease attacks his army and compels him to return, 539. Theodebald, son of Theodebert, I., b. 535, succeeds his father, at Metz, 548-d. of the plague, 554-Chlotair takes possession of his lands; and by the Salic law, acquires those of Childebert I., 558. The kingdom again divided by the sons of Chlotair. Charibert reigns at Paris ...... 561-567 561-575 See AUSTRASIA, BRUNEHILD, and FRE DEGONDA. Gontram, at Orleans... Chilperic I., at Soissons 561-594 561-584 On the death of Charibert, the Salic law divides his kingdom among his three brothers, 567. See BURGUNDY, or Orleans. Childebert II., son of Sigebert, b. 570 succeeds his father, 575-d. 596-Chilperic I. murdered by Fredegonda, 584. Chlotair II., son of Chilperic I., b. 584succeeds his father, at Soissons, 584 -d. 628. See CHLOTAIR II.-On Gontram's death, his nephew, Childebert II., adds Burgundy to Austrasia, 594. Theodebert II., son of Childebert II., b. 586-succeeds his father in Austrasia, 596 d. 612. Thierry, or Dieterich II, youngest son of Childebert II., b. 588-inherits Bur-| gundy from his father, 596— d. 613. The degeneracy of the Merovingian kings allows the Mayors of the Palace to usurp authority, 599-Theodebert II. murdered by Brunehild - Austrasia added to Burgundy by his brother, Thierry, 612-on the death of Thierry, the dominions of the Franks are again reunited by Chlotair II., 613-628. Dagobert I., son of Chlotair II., receives Austrasia from him, 622- succeeds him as sole king of the Franks, 628d. 638. See DAGOBERT I. Charibert, a younger son of Chlotair II., k. of Aquitaine, 628-d. 630. Sigebert II., son of Dagobert I., b. 630— k. of Austrasia, 638-656. Clovis II., son of Dagobert I., b. 633-king of Neustria and Burgundy, 638-656. Chlotair III., son of Clovis II., b. 651sole k. 656-retains only Neustria and Burgundy, 660-670. See CHLOTAIR III. Childeric II., son of Clovis II., b. 652—k. of Austrasia, under the Mayor of the Palace, Wulfoald, 660-673. Thierry, or Dieterich III., youngest son of Clovis II., b. 654 on the death of his brother, Chlotair III., k. of Neustria and Burgundy, 670. See EBROIN, mayor of the Palace.-Driven soon after into a monastery; comes out, 673 -d. 691. Dagobert II., son of Sigebert II.; on his father's death, sent to Ireland by Grimoald, 656. See GRIMOALD, Mayor of the Palace.-Brought back by Wulfoald and made k. of Austrasia, 674— murdered, 680. Pepin of Heristal, and Martin, govern Austrasia, with the title of dukes, 680. See PEPIN of Heristal-d. 714. Clovis III., son of Thierry III., nominal k. of Neustria, 691-695. Childebert III., son of Clovis III., b. 684, nominal k. of Neustria, 695-711. Dagobert III., son of Childebert III., fills his place, 711-715. Chilperic II., son of Childeric II., b. 673 -made k. by the Neustrians, with Raginfried Major Domo, 715-submits to Charles Martel, 717-d. 720. Charles Martel, son of Pepin of Heristal, b. 676-inherits his father's authority, 714-is opposed by his mother-in-law, Plectrudis; overcomes her, 715. See AUSTRASIA.-d. 741. Thierry, or Dieterich IV., son of Dagobert III., b. 712-allowed by Charles Martel to take the title of k., 720-d. 737. Carloman, son of Charles Martel, rules in Austrasia, 741-747. See AUSTRASIA. Pepin, the Short, son of Charles Martel, governs Neustria, 741. Childeric III., son of Chilperic II., set up as k. by Pepin, 742-deposed by CARLOVINGIAN DYNASTY. FRANZONI, archbp. of Turin, arrested, May 4, 1850-fined and imprisoned for resisting the authority of the State, 23-banished by the criminal court, Sept. 27. FRASCATI, built by the expelled inhabitants of Tusculum, 1191. FRASER, Simon. See LOVAT, lord. FRASER, John Baillie, b. 1784-d. 1856. FRAVITTA, conquers Gainas, who had rebelled, 400-consul of Rome, 401. FRAVITTA. See CONSTANTINOPLE, bishops of. FRAXINET, or Fracinet, in Provence, occupied by the Saracens, 890-they are expelled by Hugh, k. of Italy, 942-again, by William, count of Provence, 972. FRAYSSINOUS, Dennis, b. 1765-d. 1841. FREDEGARIUS continues the History left by Gregory of Tours, 731. FREDEGONDA, concubine of Chilperic I., after causing him to divorce or murder two wives, is married by him, 567prompts the assassination of Sigebert I. at Vitry, 575-kills her husband, and reigns in the name of her son Chlotair II., 584-d. 598. FREDERIC I. (Barbarossa), nephew of Conrad III., b. 1121; elected emperor of Germany by the Diet of Frankfort, March 4, 1152-restores peace in Germany. See AUSTRIA and BAVARIA.-IS invited by Lodi and other towns to protect them against Milan, 1153-enters Italy with a large army, and holds a Diet at Roncaglia, 1154-takes Tortona, quarrels with pope Adrian IV., submits by holding the pope's stirrup; is crowned at Rome, June 18; returns to Germany, 1155-marries Beatrice, daughter of Rinaldo, count of Burgundy, 1156 resists Adrian's at tempt to claim Germany as a papal benefice, 1157-marches again into Italy; takes Milan; holds another Diet at Roncaglia, where the imperial jurisdiction over Italy is asserted; the office of podesta erected, and the alienation of churchlands prohibited, 1158. See GLOSSATORS. Renewed discord between him and the pope; he supports an anti-pope, Victor IV.; the Milanese refuse obedience to his podesta, and are declared enemies of the empire, 1159-calls the council of Pavia, declares Victor pope, and is excommunicated by pope Alexander III., 1160--besieges Milan, 1161- takes and destroys it; all Lombardy submits to him, 1162-retires before the army of the league of Verona, assisted by the Venetians; on the death of Victor, sets up Pascal III. in his place; is called upon to appoint a king in Sardinia, 1164 -holds a Diet at Ulm, and puts an end to a fierce intestine war among the German nobles, 1165-reinforces his army, and returns into Italy, 1166-invests Ancona; is resisted by the Lombard league; defeats the Sicilian auxiliaries of pope Alexander, and takes Rome; he retires, in consequence of an epidemic disease, which destroys the greater part of his troops, 1167-yields to the league, retreats into Germany, and, on the death of Pascal, makes Callistus III. antipope, 1168-the Lombards rebuild Milan, and enter into alliance with the pope and the Greek emperor, Manuel I., 1169 -failure of his pacific overtures to the pope, 1170-he descends into Italy with a large army, and fails in his attack on Alessandria, 1174. See ANCONA. Loses a great part of his army by the severe winter; gains time for reinforcements to arrive by negotiating for peace; and mediates between Genoa and Pisa, 1175 defeated at Legnano, May 29; makes propositions for peace, 1176--meets the pope at Venice, and concludes a truce, 1177-takes possession of Bohemia, 1178 -secures the freedom of the Lombard cities by the peace of Constance, 1183; and pays them a pacific visit, 1184-marriage of his son, Henry, to Constance, heiress of the throne of Sicily; they are crowned king and queen of Italy, at Milan, 1186-again at variance with the pope, and invades the papal states, 1187 -takes the Cross, collects a numerous army, and negotiates with Isaac Angelus to secure a safe passage through the Byzantine empire, 1188-begins his march, April 23; is impeded by, and defeats the Greeks; winters in Thrace, 1189 -storms Adrianople and Demotica; is Y |