Peter III., k.of Aragon and Sicily, b. 1271 -appointed regent by his brother, Jas. II., 1291-on his brother's resignation to Chas., k. of Naples, is proclaimed k. by the people of Sicily, 1295-threatened with war by his brother, 1297-employs Roger di Flor, 1298-defends himself valiantly with varied success, 1299makes peace, is recognized as king, and marries Leonora, daughter of Chas. of Naples, 1302-makes an alliance with the emperor Henry VII., who gives one of his daughters in marriage to his son, Peter, 1312-associates his son on the throne with himself, 1321-d. 1327. FREDERIC III., k. of Sicily, second son of Peter II., b. 1341-succeeds his brother, Louis, 1355-supported by the Aragonese, recovers Palermo and Messina from the Neapolitans, 1365 makes peace with Joanna I., queen of Naples; takes the title of k. of Trinacria, 1372— d. 1377.

FREDERIC, K. of Naples, second son of Ferdinand I., succeeds his nephew, Ferdinand II., 1496-Chas. VIII. of France, and Ferdinand of Spain, conquer and divide his kingdom between them; the duchy of Anjou is given to him, 1501which he holds till his death, Sept. 9,1504. FREDERIC I., of Misnia, elector of Saxony, 1423-1428.

FREDERIC II., the Good, elector of Saxony, son of Fred. I., succeeds, 1428-on his death, his two sons, Ernest and Albert, divide his dominions, and begin two distinct houses, 1464. FREDERIC III., the Wise, elector of Saxony, son of Ernest, succeeds, 1486-supports Luther, 1518-regent of the empire during the vacancy; checks duke Ulrich of Wirtemberg, and encourages Luther to deny the pope's supremacy, 1519after the Diet of Worms places him in safety at Wartburg, 1521-secularizes his monastery, 1524-d. 1525. FEDERIC AUGUSTUS I., elector of Saxony,

second son of John Geo. III., b. 167Csucceeds his brother, John Geo. IV., 1694-candidate for the throne of Poland, 1696-chosen king of Poland, and is required to join the Romish church, 1697 -joins the war against Chas. XII. of Sweden, 1699-invades Livonia and besieges Riga, 1700-defeated at Clissau, July 20; Charles takes Warsaw, and demands his deposition, 1702—again defeated at Pultusk, May 1, 1703-by a sudden attack, he seizes Warsaw, which on the approach of Charles he again abandons, and takes flight to Dresden, 1704-Charles dictates to him the treaty of Altranstadt, Sept. 14; he formally re

signs the crown of Poland, and gives up the Livonian patriot, Patkul, 1706-restored by Peter of Russia, 1709-the Poles refuse to pay the taxes for the war with Sweden, 1715-the Jesuits persesecute the Polish Protestants, 1717-instigate a massacre of them at Thorn, 1724-Fred. Aug. d. Feb. 1, 1733. FREDERIC AUGUSTUS II., elector of Saxony, and k. of Poland, son of Fred. Aug. I., b. 1696 succeeds in Saxony, and through the influence of Austria and Russia, is elected in Poland, 1733-joins the coalition against Maria Theresa, qu. of Hungary, and in conjunction with France and Bavaria, conquers Bohemia, 1741-concludes a treaty of peace with her, June 11, 1742-his electorate seized by the k. of Prussia, his army surrenders, and he retires to Warsaw, 1756. See FREDERIC II., k. of Prussia.-Recovers his States by the treaty of Hubertsburg, Feb. 10, 1763-d. Oct. 5. FREDERIC AUGUSTUS III., elector of Saxony, son of duke Frederic Christian, b. 1750-succeeds his grandfather, 1763claims part of the Bavarian succession, and joins Prussia against Austria, 1778 -receives compensation by the peace of Teschen, 1779-treaty of neutrality with France, 1796-created k. (Fred. Aug. I.) by Napoleon, and joins the Confederation of the Rhine, Dec. 11, 1806-the duchy of Warsaw given to him, 1807-attends the congress of Erfurt, Sept. 27, 1808ally ef Napoleon against Russia, 1812his contingent quits the French ranks at Leipzig, and joins the allies, 1813-his States occupied by the allies, 1814-are restored to him, but a third part given to Prussia, Jan. 23, 1815-d. May 5, 1827. FREDERIC AUGUSTUS IV. (or II., as king of Saxony), b. May 18, 1797-appointed co-regent by his uncle, Antony Clement, Sept. 13, 1830-succeeds him on the throne, June 6, 1836-visits England, May 28, 1844-d. Aug. 9, 1854. FREDERIC, K. of Sweden, son of the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, b. Apr. 28, 1676marries Ulrica Eleonora, daughter of Chas. XI., who, with the consent of the States, transfers the crown to him, Apr. 2, 1720-makes peace with Denmark, Prussia, and Poland, and alliance with Great Britain; peace with Russia, 1721 -subsidized by France, 1727-by his father's death, inherits Hesse Cassel, 1730-the Diet divided by the Hats and Caps, 1735. See CAPS.-The former prevail, 1738-cause a war with Russia, 1741-Lewenhaupt defeated, capitulates, and surrenders Finland, 1742-peace of Abo. See FINLAND.-Frederic, as land

FREDERICA SOPHIA WILHELMINA, daughter of Augustus William of Prussia, marries the stadtholder William V., 1767. FREDERICSHAL besieged by Charles XII. of Sweden, who is killed before the place, Nov. 30, 1718.

FREDERICSHAMM, fortress of, stops the progress of the Swedes in Finland, 1788 -peace of, between Russia and Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809.

FREEHOLD ESTATES' BILL introduced by sir Samuel Romilly, Jan. 28. 1807. FREELING, Sir Francis, b. 1763--nearly 50 years secretary G.P.O., d. 1836. FREEMASONS, papal Bull issued against, by Clement XII., 1736.

FREEMASONS' HALL, London, opened, May 20, 1776.

FREGELLE, taken by the Romans from the Samnites, B.C. 313--having revolted, is taken and razed to the ground by the prætor Opimius, 125. FREGOSO, BATTISTINO, doge of Genoa, 1478. FREGOSO, GIANO, expels the French from Genoa, and is appointed doge, 1512. FREJUS, in the time of Augustus Forum Julii, and an important naval station; Bonaparte lands at, on his return from Egypt, Oct. 8, 1799-embarks there on his way to Elba, April 28, 1814. FREMONATOS. See ABBA SALAMA, and ABYSSINIANS.

FRENCH REVOLUTION prepared by the ideas

of civil liberty brought from America by La Fayette and his companions, 1787-Louis XVI. in want of money, calls the first assembly of Notables, Feb. 22close of their sittings, May 25-the parliament of Paris refuses to register the royal edicts, and demands an assembly of the States General, July 6-banished to Troyes, Aug. 15-recalled, Sept. 20civil and political rights conceded to Protestants, Nov. 19.

1788. The government attempts to establish a cour' plénière; protest of the parliament of Paris, and arrest of some of its members, May 3-national discontent aggravated by a failure of the crops and general scarcity; Necker recalled to office, Aug. 27-edict for convoking the States General, Sept. 27-second assembly of the Notables, Nov. 6-decree that the Tiers Etat shall compose one half of the States General.

1789. Election of the States General; clubs formed; that of Britanny becomes eventually the Jacobins; commotions in the Faubourg St. Antoine, April 29at Marseilles, 30-meeting of the States General, consisting of clergy 291, nobles, 270, Third Estate, 584, May 4-the Three Orders, united into one body, are declared,

on the motion of the Abbé Sièyes, to be the National Assembly, June 17-meeting in the tennis-court, and oath to provide a new constitution, 20-royal sitting; the king commands the assembly to separate; encouraged by their president Bailly and by Mirabeau, they refuse to obey, 23-the king yields, 27-dismisses Necker, July 11-popular agitation and destruction of the Bastille, 14-the count d'Artois and other nobles set the example of emigration; La Fayette commander of the national guard, and Bailly mayor of Paris, 16-violent excesses of the populace, 22-Necker recalled, 28-abolition of privileged orders, Aug. 4-declaration of rights presented to the king, 13-freedom of conscience and liberty of the press decreed, 24— festival of the military officers at Versailles, Oct. 1-scarcity of provisions at Paris; the mob proceeds to Versailles, attacks the palace, and massacres the guards, 6-the king and royal family brought to Paris, are followed by the National Assembly, who sit in the Riding School of the Tuileries, 12church property taken for the service of the State, Nov. 2-the parliaments suspended, 3-issue of assignats, Dec. 17— the domains of the crown and estates of emigrants confiscated, 22.

1790. Execution of the marquis de Favras, the first judicially condemned victim, Jan. 18-tumults in the southern provinces; France divided into 83 departments; the king and the assembly swear fidelity to the new constitution, Feb. 4-monastic vows interdicted, 13right of primogeniture abolished, 24municipality of Paris created, May 1— uniformity of weights and measures established, 8-the right of making peace and war asserted by the Assembly, 22-titles, armorial bearings, and seignorial distinctions abolished, June 19the church organized as a civil institution, July 12-grand federation of the Champ de Mars, 14-celebration of the day in England; Burke publishes his "Reflections," and Thomas Paine his

66

Rights of Man;" justices of peace appointed in France, Aug. 5-trial by jury, 16-resignation of Necker, Sept. 4-all ecclesiastics and public functionaries ordered to swear fidelity to the nation, the law and the king, Nov. 27-Louis assents to the civil constitution of the church, Dec. 26.

1791. The emperor of Germany demands the restoration of feudal rights in Alsace; additional troops voted by the National Assembly, Jan. 28-the

FRENCH REVOLUTION-Continued.

emigrant princes collect forces at Worms and Coblentz; first ordination of constitutional bishops at Paris by Talleyrand, Feb. 25-threats of pope Pius VI., March 10-death of Mirabeau, April 2, the first of the great men interred in the Pantheon; the guillotine introduced, May 31-flight of the royal family, June 20-they are stopped at Varennes, and brought back to Paris, 25-the king's eldest brother escapes to Mons; order for emigrants to return within two months, July 9-the remains of Voltaire conveyed to the Pantheon, 11-second federation, 14-Bailly and La Fayette disperse a mob, calling for the deposition of the king, 17-treaty of Pilnitz between the emperor and the k. of Prussia, for restoring the royal authority in France, Aug. 27-the constitution remodelled, Sept. 3-accepted by the king, 13--Avignon and the Venaissin annexed to France, and the claims of the German princes in Alsace disallowed, 23-last sitting of the National or Constituent Assembly, 30-the new constitution comes into operation; meeting of the Legislative Assembly, elected under the influence of the Clubs, Oct. 1-insurrection in La Vendée and Britanny; massacres at Avignon, Aix, and Marseilles; Petion, mayor of Paris, Nov. 17- protest of the emperor of Germany against the rejection of his demands, Dec. 3--Gustavus III. of Sweden offers to lead a crusade against France; Rochambeau and Luckner appointed to command the armies of the North and of the Rhine, Dec. 16.

1792. Ministry of Roland and the Girondists; war declared against Austria, April 20-the French ambassador, M. Chauvelin, requests the mediation of Great Britain, May 2-gen. Dillon, repulsed in his invasion of Flanders, is put to death; success of La Fayette at Maubeuge, and of Luckner at Menin, June 20-the Girondists dismissed; the Jacobins and republican party under Robespierre, Danton, and Marat, become bolder; La Fayette, at the bar of the Legislative Assembly, denounces the Clubs, and demands their dissolution, 28 -the Prussians invade France; the Assembly proclaims "the country in danger," July 11-third federation in the Champ de Mars, 14-the volunteers of Marseilles arrive in Paris, and introduce their patriotic hymn; the emperor and king of Prussia meet at Mentz, 23manifesto of the duke of Brunswick, 25-declaration of the French princes at Bingen, Aug. 2-the Prussians at Thion

ville, 5-frightful massacres in Paris instigated by Danton, Tallien, Billaud-Varennes, Collot d'Herbois and Santerre, 10-the Tuileries stormed; Louis and his family conducted to the Temple, decree of the Assembly for a National Convention, 13-the British ambassador, earl Gower, recalled from Paris, 17Roland and some of the Girondists restored to office; La Fayette withdraws from France with some of his staff, 20— they are imprisoned by the Germans, first at Wesel, then at Magdeburg, and lastly at Olmütz; Longwy and Verdun taken by the Prussians, 23-atrocious outrages in Paris, Sept. 2, and succeeding days-murder of the princess Lamballe; the Prussians in Champagne, 14-Kellermann defeats them at Valmy, 20-Dumourier defeats Clairfait in Flanders; National Convention opens, 21 the Jacobin majority occupy the highest benches, and are called "the Mountain;" vain efforts of the Girondists to restrain their violence; the k. deposed, and France proclaimed a republic, 22-the executive power lodged in the committee of the constitution, of which Sièyes, Condorcet, Thomas Paine, Brissot, Barrère and Danton are members, 29-Victor Amadeus III. king of Sardinia, joins the league against France; loses Savoy and Nice; the Prussians commence their retreat, 30the French gen. Custine, takes Spires, Worms, and Mentz; victory of Dumourier at Jemappes, Nov. 6- he enters Brussels and conquers Belgium, 13— Savoy made the 84th department of France, 21-decree of the Convention for the trial of Louis XVI., Dec. 3.

1793. His trial commences, Jan. 7sentence of death, 20-executed, 21-M. Chauvelin, the French ambassador, ordered to leave London, 23-the British government refuses to negotiate, 30war declared by the Convention, Feb. 1 -by Great Britain, 11-coalition of the principal States in Europe against France; civil war in La Vendée; Dumourier defeated at Neerwinden, abandons the Netherlands, March 18-declares against the Convention, 25-takes refuge in the Austrian camp, with the duke of Chartres, Apr. 4-Committee of Public Safety installed at Paris with absolute power, 6-British troops arrive in Flanders; the allied generals hold a council of war at Antwerp, 8-the French defeated at St. Amand, May 8-Valenciennes besieged, 23--the Girondists overpowered by the Jacobins, and the Reign of Terror commences, June 2-Dumourier

FRENCH REVOLUTION-continued.

arrives in London, and is ordered to leave the kingdom, 14-revolt of the departments of the Gironde and Calvados, of Lyons and Marseilles; the Vendeans take Saumur and Angers; fail in their attack on Nantes, and fall back to the coast, 20-another new constitution submitted by the Convention to the vote of the people, 24-Charlotte Corday assassinates Marat, July 14-is guillotined, 17-Mentz retaken by the Prussians, 22 -Valenciennes surrenders to the allies, 26-the new constitution adopted by the nation, Aug. 10-but never carried into effect; the levy en masse ordered; military enthusiasm of the people; Carnot appointed conductor of the war, 16-the French defeated at Lincelles by gen. Lake, 18-Toulon surrendered to lord Hood, 28-Custine executed for the loss of Mentz; the duke of York defeated at Dunkirk, Sept. 7-Clairfait takes Le Quesnoy and Cambray, 10-victory of the duke of Brunswick at Pirmasens, 14-Lyons taken by the Republicans; thousands butchered by the guillotine, drowning, and grape shot, Oct. 8-Wurmser forces the lines of Weissemburg, 13

the prince of Coburg defeated by Jourdan, at Wattignies, 15-mock trial and execution of Marie Antoinette, 16of Brissot and the Girondists, 31-of the duke of Orleans, Nov. 6-of Madame Roland, 8-of Bailly, 11-suicide of M. Roland; the Convention decrees the worship of the goddess of Reason, Nov. 10-introduces the new calendar, 24the duke of Brunswick gains the battle of Kayserslautern, 30-the churches of Paris closed, Dec. 1-are soon re-opened; Toulon evacuated by lord Hood, 19. See BONAPARTE, Napoleon.-The French recover the lines of Weissemburg, 27.

1794. Negro slavery abolished by the Convention, Feb. 4-revolt of the Blacks in St. Domingo under Toussaint l'Ouverture; ferocious hostilities in La Vendée; La Roche Jaquelein slain; the Spaniards driven back from Roussillon; reign of Robespierre; atrocities of the Revolutionary tribunal; Carrier, Tallien, and other Jacobins sent into the departments; slaughter everywhere; Hebert, Anacharsis Cloots, and others of the Cordeliers party executed, March 24-M. Guillotin, 28-Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Fabre d'Eglantine, and others, Apr. 5-victory of Massena in Piedmont, 7Hoche expels the allies from Alsace; the Austrians take Landrecy, 24-Pichegru invades Belgium, 26-Condorcet escapes, is captured, and ends his life by poison;

Lavoisier sacrificed, May 6-Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI., 10--the British troops in Flanders harassed by repeated attacks, repulse the French at Espierres, 22. For maritime and colonial warfare, see GEORGE III., k. of Great Britain.Jourdan defeats the allies at Fleurus, June 26-French ascendancy at Geneva, July 19-Robespierre denounced by Tallien, 27-beheaded with seventy-one of his party, 28-end of the Reign of Terror; the Committee of Public Safety re-established, Aug. 24-the duke of York defeated at Bois le Duc, Sept. 14-at Boxtel, 17-crosses the Meuse, 21--and takes post at Rhenen behind the Waal, where he loses a great part of his army from fatigue and sickness; the Jacobin club suppressed, Nov. 11-the French invade Spain; Pichegru takes Condé, and completes the conquest of Belgium, 30 — Holland invaded, Dec. 25-the king of Prussia negotiates for peace, 27.

1795. Amsterdam taken, and Holland conquered by Pichegru, Jan. 29-peace with Tuscany, Feb. 9-submission of Charette and part of La Vendée, 17-the Jacobins endeavour to regain power, Apr. 1 treaty of Basle with Prussia, 5-the British army embarks at Bremen, 14-alliance with the Batavian Republic, May 16-the Jacobins put down by the National Guard, 20-revolutionary tribunal abolished, 31-death of the dauphin in the Temple, June 8-liberation of his sister, 30-Luxemburg surrenders, July 12-Bilbao, 17-emigrants attempt to land at Quiberon, 21-treaty of Basle with Spain, 22--the constitution of year III. approved by the Convention, and submitted to the nation, Aug. 22-peace with Hesse Cassel, 28-Dusseldorf taken, Sept. 6--and Manheim, 20-peace with Hanover, 23-the constitution accepted by the people; clubs suppressed, 30the Austrian Netherlands united to France, and form nine new departments, Oct. 1-a rising of some of the sections of Paris put down, 4 and 5-Wurmser recovers Manheim; Clairfait defeats Jourdan at Höchst, 11-at Mentz, 29victory of Scherer over the Austrians at Loano, Nov. 23-armistice for three months; the new constitution inaugurated, Oct. 28-a Legislative Chamber of 500; a council of Ancients of 250; and an Executive Directory of five, of whom Barras and Carnot take the lead.

1796. Campaign in Italy. See BONAPARTE, Napoleon.- Assignats superseded by "mandats territoriaux," Mar. 18-Vendean war terminated, 29-conspiracy of Babeuf, May 10-peace with