GEORGE IV.-continued. Feb. 6-capt. Parry's expedition to the Frozen ocean, Apr. 30-payments in specie commence at the bank; the extravagance of the public expenditure exposed by Mr. Hume, June 27-coronation; the qu. excluded, July 19-the k. embarks for Ireland, 31-death of the qu., Aug. 7-the k. at Dublin, 15-funeral of the qu., 19-the k. leaves Ireland, Sept. 5-arrives in London, 15-embarks for Hanover, 24-makes his public entrance there, Oct. 11-returns, Nov. 8. 1822. Failure of potato crop in Ireland, and famine, Apr. 2-complete editions of the ancient Histories of England ordered to be printed, July 24-the k. embarks for Scotland, Aug. 10-suicide of the marquis of Londonderry, 12| -the k. lands at Leith, 15-returns to London, 30-Canning foreign secretary, Sept. 16-panic in the foreign stock market, Nov.-the marquis Wellesley, lord lieutenant of Ireland, insulted by an Orange faction at the Dublin theatre, Dec. 14. 1823. Revived employment of the working classes; tranquillity and prosperity; agriculturists still depressed call for an "equitable adjustment of contracts," Jan. 3-Huskisson president of the Board of Trade, 31-Peel's Currency Act comes into operation, May 2-capt. Parry returns, Oct. 29-the k. presents the library of George III. to the British Museum. 1824. Consuls appointed to the South American republics, Feb. 3-agricul· tural produce advances in price; reduction of the duties on silk, March 8-general abatement of political asperity in England; the k. and qu. of the Sandwich islands arrive in London, July 14 | -war with the Burmese; Rangoon taken; Ashantees attack Sierra Leone. 1825. Speculation in Joint-stock companies and mining shares, Jan. 11-state lotteries abolished, March 1-combination laws repealed, July 6-panic in the money-market; shares depreciated; ruin of thousands; the Bank of England issues one and two pound notes, Dec. 8-the Burmese defeated, and Prome taken, Dec. 25-revolt of Bhurtpore, treaties of commerce with Columbia and Mexico. 1826. Bhurtpore stormed and the revolt quelled, Jan. 18-charter of the London University granted, Feb. 11the treaty of Yandabu closes the Burmese war, 26-commercial distrust and distress continue, March 1-riots of unemployed weavers to destroy power looms, Apr. 24-May 3-discretionary power granted to release corn in bond, 5-defeat of the Ashantees, Aug. 7Feel's Acts to reform the criminal law; a British force sent to Portugal, Dec. 17. 1827. Commercial confidence restored, and prosperity revives; the duke of York d. Jan. 3-Wellington commanderin-chief; illness of the earl of Liverpool, Feb. 17-Canning prime minister, May 1-treaty of London for the pacification of Greece, July 6-the British at Lisbon take no part in the internal affairs of Portugal, but resist all foreign interference; death of Canning, Aug. 8-lord Goderich prime minister; Huskisson colonial secretary; battle of Navarino, Oct. 20. 1828. Resignation of lord Goderich; Wellington minister; Peel home secretary; lord Hill commander-in-chief, Jan. 25-Test and Corporation Acts repealed, Feb. 26-auxiliary force withdrawn from Portugal, March 20-"sliding-scale duties on foreign corn; secession of Huskisson, Palmerston and their friends; King's College, London, originated, June 21-D. O'Connell elected for Clare, July 5-the qu.of Portugal arrives in London, Oct. 6-repairs and improvements of Windsor Castle completed, Dec. 9-the ministers desire to settle the Catholic question; recal the marquis of Anglesea for having encouraged agitation. 1829. Robert Peel resigns his seat for Oxford, Feb. 4- Catholic Relief Act passed, Apr. 13-Catholic lords take their seats, 28-combinations of weavers to obtain higher wages by destroying work on the looms, Aug.-New Post Office opened, Sept. 23. 1830. The Ministers abandoned by the high-church party, are supported by the whigs, Feb. 4-the colonists of Sydney petition for a legislative assembly and trial by jury, 9-the k. uses a stamp for the sign manual, May 29---d. June 26. GEORGE V., Frederic Alexander, k. of Hanover, son of Ernest Augustus, (duke of Cumberland), b. May 27, 1819-blind from his youth, succeeds his father on the throne, Nov. 18, 1851-visits London, with his qu., June 16-July 4, 1853-by order of the Federal Diet annuls all the liberal institutions of his kingdom, May 20, 1855. GEORGE, duke of Clarence. See CLARENCE, George, duke of. GEORGE VON PODIEBRAD, regent of Bohemia, 1444-k. 1458-1471. See BOHEMIA. GEORGE, natural son of John II., k, of Portugal, pope Alexander V1. refuses to legitimize, 1495. GEORGE, prince of Baden, commanding a GEORGE WILLIAM, elector of Brandenburg, GEORGE, the patrician gen. of the Greek emperor, Leo VI., fails in his attempt on Capua, 892. GEORGE I. and II. See CONSTANTINOPLE, patriarchs of, 42 and 96. GEORGE, the Sicilian admiral. See ANTIOCHENUS. GEORGE of Cappadocia, and GEORGE II. See ALEXANDRIA, bishops of, 21 and 47. GEORGE of Cyprus. See GREGORY II., patriarch of Constantinople. GEORGE of Pisidia, after being present in the campaign, celebrates the success of Heraclius, 622-addresses his poem on the siege of Constantinople to the patriarch Sergius, 626-writes his Heracliad, 628. GEORGE of Trebizond, translator of the Greek Fathers into Latin, d. 1486. GEORGES, arrested on a charge of conspiracy with Pichegru and Moreau, 1804. GEORGIA, the ancient Iberia, conquered by Alp Arslan, 1068-by Batou and the Golden Horde, 1235-by Timour, 1386-by Ismail, sofi of Persia, 1519 - by the Turks, 1590-ceded to Persia, 1618seeks the protection of Russia, 1733incorporated with Russia, 1801. GEORGIA, in America, colonized by James Oglethorpe, 1732-joins the N. American Union, 1783. GEORGIUM SIDUS, or Uranus, discovered by W. Herschel, March 13, 1781 - two satellites discovered, 1787 - four more, 1789. GEPIDE, a Gothic tribe, occupy part of the former possessions of the Huns, north of the Danube, 505-defeated by the Longobardi, 550-apply to Justin II., for assistance against them, which he refuses, 566-conquered by their king, Alboin, 567- succeeded in Pannonia by the Avars, 568. GERACE, in Calabria -see BARLAAM - GERALD, Joseph, one of the persecuted re formers, sentenced to 14 years' transportation, 1794-d. in exile, 1796. GERARD, Count d'Avesnes, first grand master or provost of the Knights Hospitallers, 1099. GERARD, count of Holstein, regent of Denmark for the young k., Waldemar III., 1329-exercises a disputed power, 1334d. 1340. GERARD VII., duke of Holstein and Schleswig, d. 1404. GERARD, duke of Lorraine, 1048-1070. GERARD, Balthazar. See DELFT. GERARD, French general, and afterwards marshal, b. 1773-with a French army invests the citadel of Antwerp, Nov. 15, 1832-takes it, Dec. 23-appointed to the ministry, July 15, 1834-displaced, Oct. 29-d. 1852. GERBEROI, besieged by William I. of England, who is wounded there, 1079. GERBERT of Aurillac, tutor to Robert, son of Hugh Capet, and to Otho III., 984appointed archbp. of Rheims; introduces the use of Arabian numbers, which he learned at Cordova,991-maintained in his see by Hugh Capet against pope John XV., 994-deserted by him, and deposed by the council of Mouson; received in Germany by Otho III., 995appointed archbp. of Ravenna, 998 elected pope, as Silvester II., 999founds a school at Bobbio, cultivates mathematics and astronomy, and endeavours to revive learning, for which he is accused of magic and necromancy, 1002-d. May 11, 1003. GERIZIM, the sacred mount of Samaria, and rival of Jerusalem; the conflicting claims of their temples referred to Ptolemy Philometor, B.C. 150. GERMAINE, lord George. See SACKVILLE, lord George.-Intimates to the House of Commons that the cabinet had abandoned the idea of subduing the Americans, Dec. 14, 1781. GERMAN LANGUAGE substituted for Latin in the services of the church, by the emperor Joseph II., 1786. GERMAN ART and industry. See BER LIN. GERMAN EMIGRANTS, during the wars of Charlemagne settle in the Eastern empire, 772-802- found Hermanstadt, in Transylvania, 1002-more are invited by Beisa II., k. of Hungary, to join the former colony, 1143-many are driven by distress to Russia and the U. S., 1829. GERMAN LITERATURE excites attention in England, 1796. GERMAN LITURGY, by Luther, published, 1526. For his versions of the Scriptures, see BIBLE. GERMAN PORTS. See BLOCKADE. defeated by gen. Burgoyne, Oct. 3, 1777 GERMANICUS, Cæsar, son of Nero Claudius Drusus, adopted by Tiberius, at the command of Augustus, whose granddaughter, Agrippina, he marries, 4sent into Germany to quell the revolted provinces, 7-again, to assist Tiberius, 11-left by him to continue the war; consul of Rome, 12. See CALIGULA.Quiets the mutinous legions of Germany, and is successful against Arminius, 15-gains still more decisive victories, and is recalled to Rome, 16received with enthusiasm by the people, has a triumph, and is sent to the East, 17 -subdues Armenia, 18-visits Egyptd., supposed to have been poisoned by order of Tiberius, at Antioch, Oct. 9, 19 his ashes brought to Rome by Agrippina, 20. GERMANICUS, Caius Cæsar Augustus, the name under which the emperor Caligula serves the office of consul II. 39; III. 40; IV. 41. See CALIGULA. GERMANICUS, the name assumed by Domitian, 83; and by Caracalla, 213. GERMANO, S., battle of; pope Innocent II. surprised by Roger, duke of Apulia; his army put to flight, and he himself taken prisoner, July 22, 1139. GERMANS, a general name for the Gothic and other tribes between the Rhine and the Danube, supposed to have been first mentioned in the Capitoline record of the battle of Clastidium, B.C. 222; many of them unite in a Teutonic league, and join the Keltic Cumrhi, advance into Illyrium and defeat the Romans, 113invade Gaul, and conquer again, 105penetrate into Spain, 104; are repelled, 103-totally defeated by Marius, 102the Suevi attack Gaul, 71-are driven out by Cæsar, 57-he crosses the Rhine against the Usipeti and Tencteri, 55against the Suevi, 53-Drusus reaches the island of the Batavi, 12. See BATAVI, DRUSUS, and GERMANICUS. — M. Vinicius attacked by the Bructeri, Sicambri, and Cherusci, A.D. 1-Tiberius takes the command, 4-Hermann cuts the legions of Quintilius Varus to pieces, 9his progress checked by Nonius Asprenas, 10-death of Hermann, 17-Marbod surrenders, 19-expedition of Caligula, 40-Paullinus Pompeius embanks the lower Rhine, where the province of Germania Inferior is formed, 55-war be tween the Catti and Hermanduri for some salt springs, 53. See CATTI. Hadrian begins his survey, 120-war with the Marcomanni, 167. See MARCOMANNI. Their encroachments on the northern frontier of the empire checked by M. Aurelius, 178; by Alexander Severus, 234; by Maximin, 236. See ALLEMANNI.-Union of the Franks, 240-See FRANKS and CARPI.-Repelled by Probus, 277. See BURGUNDIANS. All the tribes in an unsettled state, wanting to break into the Roman empire, and quarrelling among themselves; the Saxons begin piratical courses, 294. See SAXONS.Are carefully watched by Constantine, 319-invaded by Julian, 357. See JuLIAN, emperor.-Valentinian penetrates as far as Wisbaden, 371. See QUADI.Great irruption of the tribes into Gaul, 406. See BURGUNDIANS, FRANKS, SUEVI, VANDALS, and ALANI.-These emigrations leave room for other tribes to advance from the East, for whom see GERMANY. GERMANUS, the patrician, nephew of Justinian I., marries Mathasuintha, widow of Vitiges, and grand-daughter of Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 548-appointed to command the army in Italy-d. on his march, at Sardica, 550. GERMANUS, the son, after refusing the imperial diadem, put to death by Phocas, 602. GERMANUS I., patriarch of Constantinople, 715-resists the edict of Leo III, against the worship of images, 727-is deposed by him, 730. GERMANUS II. and III. See CONSTANTIN- GERMANY. See GERMANS.-In the northern part of the country now so called, the Saxons occupy new lands, as far as the river Lippe; their maritime adventurers settle in Britain, 408-449. See SAXONS. --The southern part overrun by the Huns, 433. See HUNS and ATTILA.Frisians form an independent maritime state between the Rhine and Elbe. See FRIESLAND.-Promiscuous bands, called Heervolk or Heruli, are collected from time to time; one of them, under Odoacer, overthrows the Western empire, 476. See HERULI.-The Thuringians tributary to Clovis, 491. See THURINGIANS. -He conquers the Allemanni, 497-after his death, their lands constitute the kingdom of Austrasia, 511. See AusTRASIA. The Gepida settle in part of the lands from which the Huns are GERMANY-continued. expelled, 505. See GEPIDE.-The Longobardi obtain Pannonia and Noricum. See LOMBARDS.-The Slavonians enter the eastern part, 623. See SLAVONIANS.Bavaria becomes independent. See BAVARIA. The Anglo-Saxon missionary, Wilbrord, preaches Christianity, 690the Obotrites first appear, 690.. See OBOTKITES. Boniface preaches, 715-755. See BONIFACE.-Victories of Carloman and Pepin, 745-empire of Charlemagne, 771-814. See CHARLEMAGNE.-Of Louis I., 814-840. At his death, Germany becomes a distinct state, and is given to his son, Louis; a regular succession of sovereigns begins. See the events of their reigns, under their respective Lothaire II., duke of Saxony, 1125-1138. HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN. Conrad III., duke of Franconia, 1138contest with the Guelfs of Bavaria, 1140-d. 1152. Frederic I., Barbarossa, 1152-1190. Philip, duke of Swabia, and Otho of Otho IV., 1208-expelled, 1215-d. 1218. William, count of Holland, 1254-1256. Richard, earl of Cornwall, 1257–1271. See ALFONSO X., k. of Castile. HOUSE OF HABSBURG. Rudolf I., 1273-1292. Adolphus of Nassau, elected in opposition to Albert of Austria, 1292-falls in battle, 1298. Albert I., 1298-1308. Henry VII., count of Luxemburg, 1308 -1314. Louis IV, duke of Bavaria, elected, 1314 opposed by Albert's son, Frederic; gains the ascendancy, 1322-d. 1347. Frederic III., elected, 1314-maintains his title till he is defeated and made prisoner, 1322-d. 1329. Charles IV., marquis of Moravia, 1347— promulgates the Golden Bull, 1356d. 1378. Wenceslas, 1378-deposed, 1400. Frederic of Brunswick, elected, 1400d. in four months. Rupert, count Palatine, 1400-1410. Sigismund, k. of Hungary, 1410-revolt of the Hussites, 1416-d. 1437. Albert II., 1437; the greatness of the house of Habsburg begins-d. 1440. Frederic IV., 1440-1493. Maximilian I., 1493, the imperial title henceforth conferred by the electorscommencement of the Reformation, 1517-d. 1519. Charles V., k. of Spain, 1519-war with the Protestants, 1546-1552 - retires, ' 1556-d. 1558. Ferdinand I., 1558-1564. Matthias, k. of Hungary and Bohemia, 1612commencement of the Thirty Years' war, 1618-d. 1619. Ferdinand II., 1619 the Protestants, supported by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, 1630; and by Louis XIII., of France, 1635-d, 1637. Ferdinand III., 1637 — victories of the Swedes, 1639-1646. See CHRISTINA, qu. of Sweden.-Peace of Westphalia, 1648-d. 1657. Leopold I., 1658- Turkish war, Vienna besieged, 1683 - - Spanish Succession war, 1701-d. 1705. Joseph I., 1705-1711. Charles VII., of Bavaria, 1742-1745. empire, 1804. See AUSTRIA, FRENCH REVOLUTION, and NAPOLEON I. Confederation of the Rhine, 1806. GERMANY, maritime, from Holland to the Elbe, added to the French empire, Dec. 13, 1810-new German confederation, 1815. commercial union, or Zollverein, of the central states, under the guidance of Prussia, 1829. constitutional changes, in Saxony, Brunswick, Hesse Cassel, and elsewhere, 1830-cholera breaks out in northern Germany, 1831 attempt to revive the German empire, 1848-9. See FRANCFORT ON THE MAINE. GERONA. See GIRONA. GERONTIUS revolts in Spain; proclaims Maximus, and advances into Gaul to attack Constantine, 409-makes Constans prisoner, and puts him to death; besieges Constantine in Arles, where he is put to flight by Constantius; deserted by his soldiers, commits suicide, 411. GERSON, chancellor of the university of París, proposes a general council to terminate the schism of the church, 1406; and to reform its abuses, 1412-d. 1429his proposed reforms laid before the council of Basle, 1431. GERTRUYDENBURG, conferences held at, for peace with France, March 11-July 20, 1710-without effect. GERUNDENSIS. See BICLARENSIS. GESENIUS, Wm., oriental professor in Göttingen, b. 1786-d. 1842. GESNER, Solomon, b. 1730-d. 1788. GESSLER, the bailiff of Albert I., of Germany, oppresses the Swiss, 1304-killed by William Tell, 1307. GESSNER, Conrad, the naturalist of Zürich, b. 1516-d. 1565. GESSORI ACUM. See Boulogne. GETA, Cn. Hosidius, quells a revolt in Mauritania, 42. GETA, a Roman knight of Leptis in Africa, father of the emperor Sept. Severus, 146. GETA, P. Septimius, son of Sept. Severus. b. 189-created Cæsar, 198-instructed by the sophist, Antipater, 199-made consul, 205-accompanies his father to Britain; consul II., 208-Augustus, 209 -becomes emperor, 211-murdered by his brother, Caracalla, 212. GETA, C. Licinius, consul of Rome, B.C. 116. GETES, the, or DESHT-JITTEH, an Asiatic people north of lake Aral, manifest their jealousy of Timour, 1362-his first campaign against them in Maveralnaher, 1363-defeated by him, 1368 - invade Maveralnaher, but retire on his approach, 1370. GEUSEN (from Gueux, beggars), a name given to the Protestants in the Netherlands when they first take up arms, 1566. See WATERGEUSEN. GHENT, plundered by the Danes, 851. See ARTEVELDE, James Van. Receives privileges from Edward III. of England, as vicar of the empire, 1338. See FLANDERS and GAUNT.--Revolts againt Chas. V., 1539-suppressed, and the citizens deprived of their privileges, 1540-resists the duke of Parma, viceroy of Spain, 1579- surprised by the French, July 5, 1708-recovered by the allies, Dec. 30-peace concluded at, between Great Britain and the U.S., Dec. 24, 1814Louis XVIII. retires to, from Paris, Mar. 19, 1815-the archbp. claims for the Belgian prelates the general direction of education; is deposed by the king, and retires into France, 1817-railway to Ostend opened, Sept. 2, 1838. GHERARDESCHI, count Ugolino de, is deposed at Pisa, and starved to death in a dungeon, with two of his sons and three grandsons, 1282. GHIBELINS, the imperial party, opposed to the papal or Guelfs, originate in the resistance of Henry V. to pope Pascal II.'s claim of investing the German bishops, and in his appointment of the antipope, Gregory VIII., 1118-the strife becomes more vehement from the opposition of Henry Guelf, duke of Bavaria, to the election of the emperor Conrad III, whose partisans take the name of Ghibelins (Wibelinger), from his castle of Wiblingen, 1138. See GUELFS.-Their quarrel extends to Italy, when ages of discord follow; they support Philip of Swabia against Otho of Brunswick, 1198 -they expel the Guelfs from Ferrara, 1209-make peace in Florence with the Guelfs, 1250-supported in Lombardy by Eccelino da Romano and Uberto Pelavicino, 1251-1259-with the assistance of Manfred, gain possession of Florence, 1260-Lucca joins their league in Tuscany, 1262-invite Conradin, who enters Italy with an army, 1267--they are supported in Genoa by the families Doria and Spinola, 1270. See FOBLI.-Expelled from Gubbio by Cardinal Napoleone Orsino, 300. See FERRARA.-Maintain their struggle at Pisa, Lucca, and other places, 1314. See GENOA.-Defeat an army sent against them by Robert, k. of Naples, at Andoria, 1321-conference of their leaders and Louis of Bavaria at Trent, 1327death of two of their leaders, Sciarra |