of which he is assassinated by Ankar- GUTHRED rules the Danes in Northumber- at Cambridge, 875-embraces Christi- GUTHUNGI, driven by Aurelian over the Danube, 271. See GRUTHUNGI. GUTTENBERG, John, invents cut metal types, and commences printing the first edition of the Bible, 1444-finishes it, 1460 d. 1467-festival at Mentz, in honour of him, Aug. 14, 1837. GUY DE ROY, duke of Athens, receives the GUY II., fifth duke of Athens, succeeds his GUY, duke of Spoleto, contends with Be- GUY DE LUSIGNAN. See LUSIGNAN, Guy de. GUY DE THOUARS. See BRETAGNE. GUYANA explored fruitlessly by sir Walter Raleigh, 1596 and 1617-French settlements formed in, 1626-1643. See CAYEN-. NE.Dutch colonies, 1627-1667. See DEMERARA, ESSEQUIBO, and SURINAM. GUYENNE, or Guienne. See AQUITAINE.Transferred to Henry II. of England, by his wife Eleanor, 1152. See ELEANOR of Guienne. Seized by Philip IV. of France, 1293-reclaimed by Edward I., who sends an army under the earl of Lancaster, 1296-disputes respecting it induce Edward II. to cede the province to his son, who goes over to do homage for it, 1324-defended by the earl of Derby, 1344. See AUBEROCHE, and BERGERAC.-Occupied by the Black Prince, 1355-formed, with the adjoining provinces, into the principality of Aquitaine for him, 1362-he receives Peter of Castile there, when expelled from his throne, 1366-given by Richard II., k. of England, to John of Gaunt, 1390-the transfer causes dissatisfaction; Richard revokes the grant, 1391-invaded by the Count de Dunois, 1450-conquered by him, 1451-last unsuccessful effort of John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, to recover it, 1453. GUYON, Madame, propagates mystic doc- GUZMAN, Eleanora de, the favourite of Al- GYMNASTIC SCHOOLS closed at Berlin and other cities, 1819. GYMNOPÆDIA and Pyrrhic dance, accompanied by the songs of Thaletas, B.C. 665. GYPSIES, supposed to be the descendants of a Hindoo caste, driven from their homes by the ravages of Timour, 1399arrive in Transylvania, 1417-first appear in Italy, 1422-reach England about 1500-an Act of parliament passed against them, 1530-their settlement at Norwood broken up, 1797-murder a gardener at Sydenham, Dec. 20, 1802. H HAARLEM, or HAERLEM, fits out a vessel for the fifth crusade, which leads the way to the storming of Damietta, 1218-taken by the duke of Alva, and its inhabitants put to the sword, 1573. HABAKKUK prophesies, B.C. 612. HABEAS CORPUS ACT, framed by Shaftesbury, receives the royal assent from Charles II., 1679-suspended, in times of danger or alarm in the following years: 1689; July 20, 1715-the suspension expires, 1716 again suspended, Oct. 11, 1722; Oct. 21, 1745; Dec. 11, 1777; May 23, 1794; Dec. 19, 1798; April 14, 1801; Mar. 4 and June 6, 1817; the suspension repealed, Jan. 28, 1818; suspended in Ireland, July 21, 1848. HABERDASHERS' COMPANY, in London, founded, 1447. HABSBURG (Habichtsburg, Hawksburg), a feudal castle, erected within the walls of the ancient Vindonissa, on the banks of the Aar; its lord, Albert the Wise, takes from it the title of count-d. 1260-the rise of the house dates from the election of his son, Rudolf, to the throne of Germany, 1273. See RUDOLF, emperor of Germany.-Austria given by him to his son, Albert; remains in permanent possession of the family, 1278. See AUSTRIA. -The greatness of the house begins when the emperor Albert II. unites the crowns of Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia, 1437. HACKMAN, rev. Henry, executed for the murder of Miss Reay, Apr. 18, 1779. HACKNEY, patriotic meeting at, Aug. 2, 1803. HACKNEY-COACHES, first introduced from France into London, 1634-proclamation against their standing in the streets, 1635-fifty allowed, 1637-four hundred licensed, 1662-regulated by Act of par liament, and increased to seven hundred, 1694-number unlimited, 1833. HACO I., the Good, k. of Norway, son of Harold Harfagr, educated in England, and converted to Christianity, 930-called to the throne on the expulsion of his brother, Erik, 936-endeavours to introduce Christianity in Norway, and is slain by his nephew, Harold, son of Erik, 950. HACO IV., k. of Norway, succeeds his father, Sverir, 1202-poisoned by his stepmother, 1204. HACO V., k. of Norway, son of Haco IV., b. 1204-set on the throne by contending factions, 1217-holds the first Norwegian parliament, or storthing, at Bergen, 1223 -suppresses the rebellion of count Skule, 1240 defeated in his invasion of Scotland, he acquires the sovereignty of Iceland and Greenland, 1262—d. 1263. HACO VI., proclaimed k. of Norway by his father, Haco V., 1247-d. before him. HACO VII., k. of Norway, 1299-marries his daughter, Ingiborg, to Erik, a Swedish duke, and appoints him his successor, 1311-d. 1319. HACO VIII., son of Magnus Smek, k. of Sweden. b. 1338-appointed k. of Norway, 1343-betrothed to Margaret, dau. of Waldemar III., k. of Denmark, 1359 -marries her; the Swedes, displeased by this marriage, offer their throne to Albert of Mecklenburg, 1363-invades Sweden, is defeated by Albert at Enkiöping, 1365-agair invades Sweden, and obtains the release of his father, Magnus, 1372-d. 1380. HACO, the Red, k. of Sweden, 1066-1078. HACO, abbot of Fulda, 917. HADDINGTON, taken by the English, 1544 -besieged by a French force, which is driven back by the earl of Shrewsbury, 1548. HADDINGTON, Thomas, earl of, lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1834. HADJI KERAI, separates from the Golden Horde, and establishes the independent khanate of Crim Tartary, or the Crimea, where he has long to contend with the Genoese, 1441. See CRIMEA. HADRIAN, b. Jan. 24, 76-accompanies Trajan against the Dacians as quæstor, 101 -prætor of the Minervian legion, 104archon of Athens, 112-proclaimed emperor at Antioch, 117-gives up all the conquests of Trajan in the East, and makes the Euphrates the limit of his dominions there; retains Dacia, 117comes to Rome; a plot against him discovered, the conspirators put to death; conciliates the people by a large donative, and by remitting arrears of taxes, 118-then proceeds to Mosia, and repels an incursion of Sarmata and Roxolani; calls Epictetus back to Rome; consul II., 118-visits Campania; consul III., 119 begins his personal survey of all the provinces of the empire, and first of Gaul and Germany; orders a fortified barrier between the Neckar and the Danube, 120-spends some months in Britain; builds the wall between Newcastle and Carlisle, 121 - travels in Spain; stays a short time at Rome, goes to Greece, and winters at Athens, 122rebuilds a bridge over the Cephisus, orders other public works, and proceeds to Asia, 123-restores Nicomedia, Cæsarea, and other cities, which had been injured by earthquakes, 124-returns to Athens after a voyage among the Greek islands; is initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries, and adorns the city with the Olympeium, theatre, and other edifices; receives from Quadratus and Aristides an Apology for Christianity; and sends a letter to Minucius Fundanus, which puts a stop to persecution, 125-presides at public games in Athens; after which he sails for Sicily, where he ascends Etna; returns to Rome, 126-takes the title of Pater Patriæ, 128-sets out for the East, and again winters at Athens, where he patronizes the learned, and enlarges the libraries, 129 - after traversing Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and part of Arabia, he inspects Mount Casius, then goes to Egypt; builds Antinopolis, in Thebais, to the memory of Antinous; Appian of Alexandria becomes known to, and follows him to Rome, 130 returns to Syria; builds Elia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem, and a temple of Jupiter, which provokes a rebellion of the Jews, 131-sends reinforcements to Judæa, 132-his coins commemorate the provinces visited by him, 133-again visits Athens, dedicates the temple of Jupiter Olympius, and gives Cephalonia to the Athenians, 135 -gives the title of Cæsar to Ælius Verus; puts several of his family to death, among them his brother-in-law, Servianus, 136 constructs a sepulchre or mausoleum for himself, called the Moles Hadriani, on the bank of the Tiber, and retires to his palace at Tibur, where he is attacked by his last disease, 137-on the death of Verus, makes Antoninus Pius his successor; and d. at Baiæ, July 10, 138. HADRIAN I., son of Theodore, a duke and consul, elected pope, 772-asserts the pretended donation of Constantine as a plea for urging Charlemagne still more to aggrandize the see of Rome, 776-continually importunes him for new concessions of land or jurisdiction to the church, 778-forbids the bishops of France to take the field in war, 784orders three days of public thanksgiving for the victories of Charlemagne, 786succeeded by Leo III., 795. HADRIAN II., cardinal of St. Mark, pope, 867-makes vain efforts to secure a share of Lorraine for the emperor Louis; his supremacy is rejected by the Bulgarians, 870-d. 872. HADRIAN III., pope, 884. HADRIAN IV., V., VI. See ADRIAN. HADRIAN, a monk of Campania, refuses to be archbp. of Canterbury, and recommends Theodore of Tarsus, 668-accompanies him to England, and is appointed abbot of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, where he encourages learning among his monks, 670. HADRIANOPLE. See ADRIANOPLE. HADRIATIC. See ADRIATIC.-Frozen, 860 and 1709. HEMUS, Mount, crossed by the emperor Julian, through the pass of Succi, Nov. 361. See BALKAN.-By John Zimisces, to attack the Russians, 771. HAFIZ, the Persian poet, d. about 1389: HAGENAU, taken by prince Louis of Baden, 1705. HAGGAI, the prophet, B.C. 519. HAGGERTY and Holloway hanged for murder, Feb. 22, 1807. HAGISA. See BABYLON. HAGUE, The, an open unfortified town, and hence called a village; long the residence of the counts of Holland; the Seven United Provinces make it their seat of government, and issue their declaration of independence, 1581-Charles II. takes the title of k. of Great Britain there, 1649 treaty of, between Great Britain, France, and Holland, May 21, 1659-a league formed there, against Louis XIV., 1683-a congress held, Jan. 26, 1691-visited by the duke of Marlborough, 1704, 1705-again, to propose the negotiations of Gertruydenburg, March 7, 1710-taken by the French, Jan. 1795 they are expelled, Dec. 1813. HAHNEMANN, Dr., author of Homœopathy, b. 1755 d. 1843. HAGULSTAD, or HEXHAM, church and monastery, built by Wilfrid, 673-bishopric for the northern part of Northumberland, founded by Theodore, archbp. of Canterbury, 678. See ACCA. bp. of.Destroyed by the Danes, about 810-afterwards given to Durham by Guntrum, about 880. Baldwin V., 1171-1195. Baldwin VI., 1195-1206. Margaret, 1244-1280. succeeds as count of Holland, 1299. See HOLLAND. HAINAULT. See PHILIPPA of, queen of Edward III. HAINAULT. See JAQUELINE of, duchess of Brabant. HAINAULT, the marshal of, holds a tourna ment in London, with the earl of Somerset, 1409. HAINAULT FOREST, in Essex. See FAIRLOP OAK.-Disafforested, 1851. HAITHON, Christian prince of Armenia, accompanies the friar Rubruquis on an embassy to Mangou, great khan of the Moguls, 1253. HAITI, or HAYTI. See DOMINGO, St.James I. emperor, 1804-1806. See DESSALINES.-Christophe, president, 1806takes the title of k., as Henry I., 18111820. See CHRISTOPHE.--Petion, president of half the island, 1806-1818. See PETION. - Boyer, president, 1818. See BOYER.-Independence acknowledged by France, 1825.- Soulouque, president, crowned as emperor, Faustin I., Apr. 18, 1852. HAKEM BEAMRILLAH, third Fatimite sultan of Egypt, founds the Druses; ravages Palestine, 1010. HAKEM. See AL HAKEM 1. and II. HALBERSTADT, the bishopric of, created by Charlemagne, 780 Diet of, elects Otho IV. emperor, 1208-acquired by Brandenburg, in the treaty of Munster, 1648. HALE, sir Matthew, b. 1609-recommends limitations to the royal power; overruled, 1660-wishes to mitigate the laws against the non-conformists, 1669-chief justice of the King's Bench, 1671-d. Dec. 25, 1676. HALES, Alexander de, "the Irrefragable Doctor," cultivates theology and Arabic literature, 1244. HALES, Sir James, refuses to sign the pa- HALFORD, Sir Henry, d. 1844. HALIDOWN HILL, battle of; the regent HALIFAX, George Saville, marquis of, b. HALIFAX, George, earl of, first lord of trade, 1754-lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1761home secretary, 1762-suppresses the Irish levellers, April 27; issues the General Warrant against Wilkes, 1763resigns, 1765-cast in £4000 damages, for his arrest of Wilkes and seizure of his papers, Nov. 10, 1769-lord privy | HAMILCAR, sent to Sicily by the Carthaseal in the North ministry, 1770. HALL, Joseph, bp. of Norwich, b. 1574-d. 1656. HALL, Edward, historian of the Wars of the Roses, d. 1547. HALL, capt. Basil, b. 1788-d. 1844. HALL, Robert, Nonconformist divine, b. 1763 d. 1831. HALLAM, Henry, b. 1781-his History of HALLER, Albert, b. 1698-d. 1777. HALLEY, Dr. Edmund, b. 1656-astronomer HALLORAN, Rev. Dr., b. 1766-transported for forging a frank, 1818-d. at Sydney, 1831. HALYCUS, the river. See DIONYSIUS the Elder of Syracuse. HALYS, the river: battle of the, between the Medes and Lydians, interrupted by the eclipse which Thales predicted B.C. 603-Heraclius places his army in winter quarters on its banks, A.D. 622, 625. HAMADAN, the tribe of, acquires independence in Mesopotamia, 892. HAMBACH, anniversary of the Bavarian constitution celebrated at, May 27, 1832. HAMBURG, fortified by Charlemagne, 809made an archbishopric, 834. See ANSGAR. -Made, by Canute, the metropolitan see of the North, 1020-subject to Waldemar II., k. of Denmark, 1218-regains independence, 1225-joins the Hanseatic League, 1245-war with Denmark, 141724-conference at, between the Romanists and the Reformers, 1526-ceases to do homage to the crown of Denmark, 1603 -laid under contribution by the k. of Denmark, 1712-gives up Napper Tandy to the British Government, 1799-occupied by the Danes, 1801-evacuated, May 23; suffers severely by the blockade of the Elbe, 1803-its territory violated by the French, and Sir George Rumbold seized, Oct. 25, 1804-Mortier takes possession and confiscates all British property, Nov. 19, 1806-included in the French empire, Dec. 13, 1810 fortified by Davoust; besieged and taken by Charles John of Sweden, 1813 -restored by the treaty of Vienna to be a free imperial city, 1814-dreadful fire ut, May 5, 1842. ginians, B.C. 247-holds a strong position near Panormus, and his fleet ravages the coast of Italy, 246-retakes Eryx on his return from a foray in Bruttium, 245— besieges the citadel of Eryx still held by the Romans, while he is besieged in the town by the consul Fundanius, 243after quelling the mutineers, is sent into Spain to promote the interest of Carthage, 238-extends the dominions of Carthage in Spain, 233-d. 229. HAMILCAR, a Carthaginian from Spain, disciplines the Keltic forces in Northern Italy, B.C. 196. HAMILTON family wage a feudal war with the Douglases, 1520. HAMILTON of Bothwellhaugh assassinates Murray, regent of Scotland, Jan. 23, 1570. HAMILTON, the marquis of, is sent by Chas. I. with an auxiliary force to assist Gustavus Adolphus in recovering the Palatinate, 1630-treats with the Covenanters, 1637-commands the fleet sent against them, 1639-created a duke, 1645-imprisoned by the k. in Pendennis castle; released by the parliament; collects an army in Scotland against them; enters England, July 5, 1648-surrenders at Uttoxeter to Cromwell, 1648-beheaded, March 2, 1649. HAMILTON, the duke of, opposes Lauderdale's tyranny in Scotland, 1678-presi dent of the Scotch convention, 1689pledges himself to support qu. Anne's government, 1702-suspected of an attachment to the Jacobite party; arrested, but makes his peace with the Whigs, 1707-made lord-lieutenant of Lancashire, 1710-appointed ambassador to France; is challenged by lord Mohun; they fight with swords, and are both killed, Nov. 15, 1712. HAMILTON, the duke of, petitions the House of Lords against the undue influence used in the election of the Scotch representative peers, 1734. HAMILTON, the duke of, b. 1767-d. 1852. HAMILTON, Sir William, b. 1730-ambassador at Naples, 1798 d. 1803. HAMILTON, archbp. of St. Andrew's, persecutes the Protestants, and burns Walter Mill, 1559. HAMILTON, lord Archibald, obtains a committee of the House of Commons, to inquire into the Scotch parliamentary burghs, May 6, 1819. HAMILTON, Gustavus, leader of the movement at Enniskillen, 1689. See ENNIS KILLEN. HAMILTON, lord Basil, interferes without success in favour of the Scotch colony at Darien, 1699. |