SON, Robert.-Receives the title, 1796-| foreign secretary in the Addington ministry, 1801-holds conferences with M. Otto, March; signs the preliminaries of peace, Oct. 1; concludes the Definitive treaty at Amiens, March 27, 1802-home secretary in W. Pitt's last administration, 1804-resigns, 1806-home secretary in the duke of Portland's ministry, 1807succeeds to his father's title, Dec. 7, 1808. See LIVERPOOL. HAWKSBURG. See HABSBURG. HAWKWOOD, sir John, serves in the wars of Edward III., and is knighted by him, 1346-60-after the peace of Bretigni, takes the command of the disbanded English in the pay of Pisa; they are defeated by the Florentines, 1364-taken into the service of Bernabo Visconte, 1369 of Gregory XI., 1373-of the Florentines, 1375-of Charles, k. of Naples, 1382-assists John Galeazzo Visconte, 1387-sent by the Florentines to oppose him, and assist Francesco Novello da Carrara to recover Padua, 1390-foils the Milanese in their war against Florence and Padua, 1391-d. in the service of Florence, and is interred there with funeral honours, 1394. HAY, lord John, b. 1793--with a British squadron, assists the royal forces on the northern coast of Spain against the Carlists; takes St. Sebastian, Oct. 1; relieves Bilboa, Dec. 24, 1836-d. 1851. HAY, the rev. Mr., chairman of the Manchester magistrates, receives from the archbp. of Canterbury the living of Rochdale, Jan. 19, 1820. HAYDN, Joseph, the musical composer, b. 1732-comes to England, 1791-d. 1809. HAYDN, Joseph, author of the Dictionary of Dates, d. Jan. 17, 1856. HAYDON, B. R., the historical painter, d. 1846. HAYLEY, William, b. 1745-d. 1820. HAYMARKET. See OPERA HOUSE. HAYMARKET THEATRE built, 1702-rebuilt, 1767-many lives lost by the pressure of a crowd in the narrow passage to the pit, Feb. 3, 1794-new theatre opened, July 4, 1821. HAYNAU, Julius von, b. 1786--Austrian fieldmarshal, bombards Brescia, March 30, 1849-takes the command of the Austrian army in Hungary, May 30; occupies Fünfkirchen, June 21; and Raab, June 28; sends count Bathyany and other prisoners to Presburg, July 26; gains a victory at Szegedin, Aug. 2; enters Temeswar, Aug. 9-is assaulted at Barclay's brewery, when on a visit to London, Sept. 4, 1850-d. 1853. HAYRADDIN. See BARBAROSSA. HAYTER, the Rev. John, d. 1818. HAYTI. See HAITI. HAZAEL, K. of Syria, B.C. 889. HAZELRIG, threatened by Charies I., is protected by the people, 1642. HAZLITT, William, b. 1778-d. 1830. HEAD, Sir Francis, b. 1781-governor of Upper Canada, dissolves the House of Assembly, May 28, 1836-repulses the rebels at Toronto, Jan. 5, 1838-d. 1855. HEADFORT, the marquis of, pays damages £10,000 in an action for crim. con, brought by the Rev. C. Massey, 1804. HEALFDENE. See HALFDENE. HEARD, sir Isaac, b. 1726-Garter king at arms; d. 1822. HEARNE, Thomas, the antiquary, b. 1678– d. 1735. HEATH, Charles, the engraver, b. 1784-d. 1848. HEATHCOTE, Sir Gilbert, b. 1774-d. 1851. HEATHFIELD, or Hatfield Chase, battle of; Edwin, k. of Northumberland, defeated and slain by Penda of Mercia and Cadwalla the Briton, Oct. 12, 633. HEATHFIELD, lord. See ELLIOTT, Gilbert. -d. 1790. HEBE, a planet, discovered by Mr. Hencke, at Driessen, July 1, 1847. HEBER, Reginald, b. 1783-appointed bp. of Calcutta; sails from England, June 16, 1823 d. 1826. HEBER, Richard, b. 1773-d. 1833. HEBREW documents on Church History. HEBREW gospel of Matthew. See BIBLE. HEBRIDES, Conquered by Harold Harfagr, k. of Norway, about 900-ceded to Scotland by Magnus VII., 1266-Charles Edward Stuart lands on one of them, 1745. HECATEUS, Milesian historian, fl., B.C. 520 -counsels the Greeks to fortify the isle of Leria, 501. HECLA, Mount, continues in a state of violent eruption during twelve months, from June, 174, to May, 1785. "HECLA," the, commanded by Capt. Lyon, proceeds to the Frozen Ocean, in company with the "Fury," Capt. Parry, April 30, 1821. HEDDA, bp. of Winchester, 676-d. 703. HEDGELEY MOOR, battle of; the Lancastrians defeated by lord Montague, April 25, 1463. HEDIN, besieged by the earl of Surrey, 1522. HEDWIG, daughter of Henry the Fowler, emperor of Germany, marries Hugh the Great, count of Paris, about 936. HEDWIG, daughter of Louis I., k. of Poland and Hungary, elected queen by the Poles in the place of her sister, Maria, 1384 at the request of her subjects marries Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania, who takes the name of Ladislas II., 1386 -d. 1399. HEEREN, professor, A. H. L., b. 1761-d. 1842. HEGEL, G. W. F., b. 1770-d. 1831. HEGEMACHUS, Athenian archon, B.C. 300. HEGEMON of Thasos; poet of the old comedy, patronised by Alcibiades, first introduces parodies, B.C. 413. HEGEMON, Athenian archon, B.C. 327 C.one of the orators, put to death by the Athenians, with Phocion, 317. HEGESIAS, Athenian archon, B.C. 324. HEGESINUS, Succeeds Evander in the chair of the Academy, B.C. 185. HEGESIPPUS, orator and friend of Demosthenes, B.C. 343. HEGESIPPUS, poet of the new comedy, B.C. 300. HEGESIPPUS, a converted Jew, goes to Rome and writes a history of the Church from Hebrew and Syriac documents, of which Eusebius has only preserved a few fragments, 152. HEGESTRATUs, Athenian archon, B.C. 560 H. HEGIRA, era of the; flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Yathreb (Medina) commences, July 16, 622-thirty-three of its lunar years are about equal to thirty-two of the vulgar era. HEIDELBERG, first great tun constructed, 1343-university founded, 1346-Catechism introduced by the Elector Palatine, Fred. III., 1562-meeting of the Protestants at, 1603-taken by a Spanish army from the Netherlands under Spinola, 1620-the valuable library transported to Rome and Vienna, 1623-taken by Turenne, 1674-by Louvois; the castle blown up, and the great tun destroyed, 1688-a larger constructed, with a platform, on which court festivities have been often held, 1690-the town occupied by the French, March, 1799-they are expelled by the Austrians after a fierce battle on the bridge over the Neckar, Sept. HEILBRON, the Protestant League in Germany formed at, 1594-treaty of, between Sweden and France, and the German Protestant States, 1633. HEIMBURG taken by Matthias Corvinus, 1482. HEINECCIUS, J. G., b. 1681-d. 1741. HEIN, the Dutch admiral, makes a successful attack on Brazil, and founds Essequibo in Guyana, 1627 - captures a richly-laden Spanish fleet off Cuba, 1628. HEINSIUS, grand pensionary of Holland, governs the States General, 1702-1747. HEJAJ, one of Abdalmelik's generals, b. 670-takes Mecca, and kills Abdallah, son of Zobeir, 692-pulls down and rebuilds the temple at Mecca, 693-provokes the men of Cufa and Bassorah by his cruelty, 695-suppresses a conspiracy and revolt of Shebib, a Karegite, 696d. 714. HEJER, a follower of Ali, beheaded by the caliph Moawiyah at Gadra, a village near Damascus, 666. HELDENBUCH (Heroes' Book), composed about 1227. HELDER, landing of British troops at the, HELDRUNGEN, Hartman von, Teutonic HELENA, island of St., discovered by the Portuguese admiral, Juan de Nova Castella, May 21, 1502-settled by the British E. I. Company, 1651-1673-for the imprisonment of Napoleon, see NAPOLEON I., emperor of France. HELENA, mother of Constantine, b. 248divorced by Constantius Chlorus, 292-visits Palestine and founds churches there, 326-the city of Helenopolis named in honour of her, 327-d. 328. HELENA, youngest daughter of Constantine I., given in marriage to the Cæsar Julian, by her brother Constantius II., 355-d. 360. HELENA, daughter of Romanus Lecapenus, married to Constantine X., Porphyr., 919. HELENA, daughter of John Cantacuzene, married to John V., emperor of the East, May 21, 1347. HELENA, wife of David, last emperor of Trebizond, d. about 1472. HELENA, princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, marries. Ferdinand Philip, duke of Orleans, eldest son of Louis Philippe, May 30, 1837-proposed to the Chamber of Deputies as regent for her son, Louis Philippe, and rejected, Feb. 24, 1848. HELENA AUGUSTA VICTORIA, princess, third daughter of qu. Victoria, b. May 25, 1846. HELENICUS of Mitylene, historian, b. B.C. 496. HELENOPOLIS, the name given to Drepanum in Bithynia, by Constantine I., in honour of his mother Helena, 327. HELEN'S, Lord St., concludes a treaty at Petersburg, which dissolves the armed neutrality, June 17, 1801. HELGA river, battle of the; Canute defeated by the Swedes and Norwegians, 1025. HFLIGOLAND taken from the Danes by England, 1807-ceded by the treaty of Kiel, 1814. HELIODORUS, the sophist, declaims before See ELAGABALUS. HELIOPOLIS, in Egypt, taken and pillaged by Amalric, k. of Jerusalem, 1168. HELIOPOLIS, in Syria. See BALBEC, HELLADIUS writes his Chrestomathia, 308. HELLEN, K. of Phthiotis, B.C. 1495 (1496 H. 413 C.) HELLESPONT, the southern Strait between Europe and Asia; scene of the romance of Hero and Leander, to which is assigned the date of B.C. 627-crossed by Xerxes on his bridge of boats, 480guarded by Iphicrates with an Athenian fleet, 389-again by Diopithes against Philip of Macedon, 342-crossed by Alexander on his march to Persia, 334-the Goths penetrate through, A.D. 262-naval battle in the; Crispus defeats Licinius, 323-first passage of the Mohammedans through, to besiege Constantinople, 668 -first crossed by them, 716-the emperor Frederic I. and his army conveyed across, 1190-John Ducas Vataces, emperor of Nicæa, extends his conquests to its shore, 1224-crosses it, 1235-crossed by the Ottomans to occupy Gallipoli, 1354. See DARDANELLES. HELMICHIS, lover of Rosamund, Alboin's queen, flies with her to Ravenna, is poisoned by her, and compels her to drain the cup, 573. HELMSTADT, the university of, founded, 1576. HELOTS. See SPARTA. HELSINGBORG, battle of; Frederic IV., k.. of Denmark, defeated by the Swedish general, Steinbock, 1710. HELSINGFORS, the Swedish army surrenders at, to the Russian general, Lascy, 1742. HELVETIAN republic established, April, 1798-adopts a new constitution, 1801. See SWITZERLAND. HELVETII invade Gaul, B.C. 72. HELVETIUS, Claude Adrian, b. 1715-his work, De l'Esprit, prohibited by pope Clement XIII., 1759-d. 1771. HELVIDIUS Priscus, the Stoic, offends Vespasian, and is put to death by him, 74. HELVIDIUS, abused by Jerome for denying the perpetual virginity of Mary, the mother of Jesus, 382. HELVOETSLUYS, William, prince of Orange, sails from, when invited by the English nation to expel James II., Oct. 19, 1688. HEMANS, Mrs., b. 1794-d. 1835. HEMINA, Cassius, writes his History, B.C. 146. HEMINGFORD, Walter, writes English Chronicles, 1242. HEMMING, K. of South Jutland, son of God frey, makes peace with Charlemagne, 811. HEMS. See EMESA. HENCKE, discovers the planet or asteroid Astræa, Dec. 8, 1845-" Hebe," at Driessen, July 1, 1847. HENDERSON, professor Thos., b. 1798-d. 1844. HENGIST assists the Britons against the Picts and Scots, 449-founds the kingdom of Kent, 454-gains a victory over the Britons at Crayford, 457-another at Wippedsfleet, 465-death of, 488. HENGSTON, battle of; Egbert defeats an army of Danes and Cornish Britons, 835. HENLEY, Orator, begins to distinguish himself, 1725-taken into custody, 1746-d. 1756. HENLEY, Joseph Warner, president of the board of trade in the Derby ministry, 1852. HENNEBONNE, Jane de Montfort is besieged in, is relieved by the arrival of English succours, 1342. HENOCHIDES, Athenian archon, B.C. 616. HENOTICON of Zeno, 482-revoked by Justin I., 518. HENRI, Joseph, attempts to assassinate Louis Philippe, k. of the French, in the gardens of the Tuileries, July 29, 1846. HENRIES, war of the three, Henry III., of France; Henry of Navarre, and Henry, duke of Guise, 1584. HENRIETTA MARIA, daughter of Henry IV., k. of France, sister of Louis XIII., b. 1609-treaty of marriage for her with prince Charles of England, 1624-married by proxy, at Paris, May 1; arrives at Dover, June 13, 1625-embarks there for Holland with her daughter, the princess Mary, Feb. 16, 1642-sends a supply of arms and ammunition from Holland, June 2; lands in Yorkshire with money and ammunition, Feb. 22, 1643-retires to Exeter, where the princess Henrietta is born, 1644-embarks at Falmouth for France, July 14; d. Aug. 31 (Sept. 10), 1669-funeral oration by Bossuet, Nov. 7. HENRIETTA, youngest daughter of Charles 1., b. at Exeter, June 16, 1644-married to Philip, duke of Orleans, April 1, 1661 visits her brother Charles II., attended by Louisa Querouaille, May 15, 1670dies suddenly after her return to France, at St. Cloud, June 30. HENRY, brother of Baldwin I., emperor of the East, victorious in Bithynia, 1205elected emperor after his brother's death, 1206-holds the parliament of Ravenika, 1209 takes Lentianes by storm, and puts to death its defenders, the brother and son-in-law of Theodore Lascaris, 1214 d. 1216. HENBY the Fowler, son of the duke of Saxony, b. 876--succeeds his father as duke, 912-elected k. of Germany, 918Lotharingen is given up to him, 923conquers the Slavonians, and establishes the margraviate of Brandenburg, 926besieges Prague, and is acknowledged superior lord of Bohemia; his son, Otho, marries Elizabeth, sister of Athelstan, k. of England, 930-conquers the Hungarians at Merseburg, 934-d. 936. HENRY II., emperor of Germany, succeeds his father as duke of Bavaria, 995— elected k. of Germany, 1002-he transfers the duchy of Bavaria to Henry IV., brother of his qu. Cunegonda; defeats Ardouin, conquers a great part of Italy, and is crowned k. at Pavia, 1004-repels Boleslas of Poland, who had attacked Bohemia, 1005-is opposed by the bp. of Würzburg in his designs to erect a bishopric at Bamberg, 1006-founds the bishopric; restrains the encroachments of Baldwin, count of Flanders, and continues the war against Boleslas, 1007prevents the election of his brother-inlaw, Adalbert to the archbishopric_of Treves, and deposes Henry IV. of Bavaria, 1008-represses, and punishes a revolt in Lotharingen, 1011-deposes Jaromir, and appoints Udalric, duke of Bohemia, 1012-makes peace with Boleslas, and marches into Italy, 1013-conducts pope Benedict VIII. back to Rome, and is crowned emperor of the West, Feb. 24, 1014-the pope visits him, and requests him to stop the progress of the Greeks in Italy, 1020-he enters Italy with an army, 1021-after having gained some advantages in Apulia, he returns to Germany, 1022-d. July 13, 1024. HENRY III., emperor of Germany, son of Conrad II., b. 1017-crowned at Aix-laChapelle, as his father's destined successor, 1028-defeats Udalric, duke of Bohemia, 1034-marries Canute's daughter, Gunhild, 1036-she dies, 1038-becomes k.of Germany and duke of Suabia, on the death of his father, 1039-reconciled to Aribert, archbp. of Milan, 1040. See ARIBERT, archbp. of Milan.-Marries Agnes, daughter of William, duke of Poictiers, 1043-enters Italy with his army, and is crowned emperor at Rome, 1046-restores Capua to Pandulf, confirms the Normans, Drogo and Rainulph, in their titles and possessions; and gives the duchy of Carinthia with the March of Verona to Guelf, third count of that name, 1047-Baldwin V., count of Flanders, and Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine, rebel; the imperial palace at Nimeguen burnt; they submit to Henry, 1049 birth of his son Henry, 1050-pope Leo IX. visits Germany; endeavours to stop the war between the emperor and Andrew, k. of Hungary, and to obtain assistance from him against the Normans, 1052-his son is created duke of Bavaria, and acknowledged k. of Germany, 1053 -Henry confers with Hildebrand, who is deputed to consult him on the choice of a new pope; claims Tuscany as a fief of his empire, and detains Beatrice, one of the guardians of the young duchess Matilda, in captivity, 1055-d. Oct. 5, 1056. HENRY IV., emperor of Germany, son of Henry III., b. 1050-created duke of Bavaria, and acknowledged k. of Germany, 1053-succeeds his father under the regency of the empress Agnes, assisted by pope Victor II., 1056. See AGNES, daughter of Wm. of Poictiers.-Hanno, archbp. of Cologne, seizes him, and makes himself regent, 1062-Adalbert, archbp. of Bremen, insinuates himself into his favour, 1063-Henry enters Italy with an army, which he suddenly withdraws; Adalbert abuses his influence, and is banished from court, 1066-Henry marries Bertha, daughter of Otho, marquis of Susa, 1067-calls a council at Mentz to annul his marriage; the divorce prevented by the papal legate Peter Damiano, 1069-he gives the duchy of Bavaria to Guelf IV., 1071- the Saxons and Thuringians revolt against him, 1073 Gregory VII. sends his legates to admonish him, 1074-he defeats the Saxons at Hohenburg, and begins his resistance to the pretensions of pope Gregory, 1075-holds the Diet of Worms, and deposes the pope; is excommunicated by the council of Rome, and his subjects absolved from their allegiance; gives Lower Lorraine to his son Conrad, and Antwerp to Godfrey of Bouillon, 1076-submits to Gregory at Canossa, 1077-prepares for war against Rudolf of Suabia, who had been elected k. of Germany in opposition to him, 1077 --defeated by Rudolf, and appeals to Gregory, 1078-gives Suabia to Frederic of Hohenstauffen, 1079-defeated at the battle of Fladenheim, Jan. 27; excommunicated and deposed by a council at Rome; calls another council at Brixen, which deposes Gregory, and elects Clement III.; battle of Zeiz, Oct. 15; Rudolf defeated and slain; Henry's party gains strength, 1080-invades Italy, and takes Rome; Hermann of Luxemburg, elected by the German princes, gains a victory at Hochstadt, 1081-Henry again besieges Rome, 1083, which surrenders, March 21, 1084-crowned emperor by HENRY IV.-continued. pope Clement III., March 31; besieges Gregory in the castle of S. Angelo; retires, on the approach of Robert Guiscard, into Lombardy, 1084-defeated by the Saxons and Suabians at Würzburg, 1086-the Diet of Spires makes a fruitless effort to restore peace in Germany, 1087-defeated by Egbert, marquis of Saxony; Guelf, duke of Bavaria, takes Augsburg; death of the empress Bertha, and of the imperial pretender, Hermann, 1088-excommunicated by pope Urban II.; many German princes come over to him; he marries Adelaide, a Russian princess, widow of Otho, marquis of Brandenburg, 1089- he invades Italy, and lays siege to Mantua, 1090-Mantua and Ravenna surrender to him, 1091-he still asserts the title of Clement III. to the papacy, and assists him to hold S. Angelo, 1092-his son, Conrad, rebels, and is crowned k. of Italy at Milan, 1093 -the empress Adelaide leaves him, and accuses him of ill-treatment before the council of Constance, 1094-again excommunicated by the council of Clermont; Guelf IV., duke of Bavaria, and his son Guelf V., join his party, and abandon that of the pope, 1095-he protects the German Jews, 1097-his son, Henry, is appointed his father's successor by the Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1099-death of his son Conrad, 1101-again excommunicated by pope Pascal II., 1102-his son, Henry, invited by the papal party, rebels against him, 1104-interview between them at Elbingen, a Diet is called at Mentz for a settlement of their dispute, 1105- Henry IV. resigns his crown, soon after which he d. at Liege, Aug. 7, 1106. HENRY V., emperor of Germany, son of Henry IV., b. 1081-appointed his father's successor, 1099. See HENRY IV. -On his accession asserts his right to appoint bishops, 1106-the question angrily discussed at the council of Troyes, 1107-contracted to Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, 1109-the princess is sent into Germany with her dowry; he marches into Italy with a powerful army, 1110-enters Rome; bloody contests between his soldiers and the people, and is crowned emperor by pope Pascal II.; visits the countess Matilda, and appoints her his viceregent in Italy, 1111-solemnizes his marriage with the princess Matilda at Mentz, 1114 -he disputes with the pope the possession of the States of the countess Matilda, 1115-takes possession of them, and is excommunicated by another council held in the Lateran, 1116-marches VOL. I. to Rome, the pope retires to Monte Casino, and then to Beneventum; Henry is crowned a second time by the archbp. of Braga, 1117-and makes him pope under the name of Gregory VIII., 1118. See BRAGA, archbp. of; and GREGORY, antipope. The people of Saxony revolt, 1121 -the dispute with the pope respecting the right of investiture, compromised by the Diet of Worms, 1122-d. at Utrecht, May 22nd, 1125. HENRY VI., emperor of Germany, son of Frederic I., b. 1165-elected k. of the Romans, 1169-marries Constance, heiress of the throne of Sicily, 1186-opposed by Tancred, who is invited by the Sicilians, and supported by pope Clement III., 1189-succeeds in Germany on the death of his father; the count of Andria, his general, defeated and slain at Ascoli, 1190-is crowned emperor at Rome; besieges Naples; loses his army by sickness, and withdraws; Constance is made prisoner at Salerno, released by Tancred, 1191-Henry imprisons Richard I. of England, 1192- releases him for a ransom; conquers Apulia and Sicily, 1194-gives to his brother Philip Tuscany and all the territories vacant by the death of duke Guelf, 1195-obtains the election of his son Frederic to be k. of the Romans, 1196-d. at Messina, Sept. 28. 1197. HENRY VII., of Luxemburg, emperor of Germany, b. 1264-chosen by the electors, 1308-obtains the throne of Bohemia for his son John; proceeds with a large army to Italy; restores Matteo Visconte at Milan, and tries to allay the violence of the two factions; Robert, k. of Naples, and chief of the Guelf party, secretly opposes him, 1310-he and his queen, Margaret, are crowned at Milan; he makes many fruitless efforts to restore peace among the Italian cities; the plague breaks out in his army; his qu. falls a victim to it, 1311-crowned emperor in the Lateran church by three cardinals, 1312-makes an alliance with Frederic of Sicily, and gives one of his daughters in marriage to his son Peter, 1312-prepares, in conjunction with the Genoese and Sicilians, to attack Robert of Naples, but d. suddenly at Buonconvento, near Sienna, Aug. 24, 1313. HENRY I., k. of Castile, son of Alfonso VIII., b. 1203-succeeds his father, 1214 -d. 1217. HENRY II., de Trastamare, k. of Castile, son of Alfonso XI. and Eleanora dé Guzman, b. 1331-persecuted by Peter the Cruel, 1351-claims the crown of Castile, and is supported by Pedro IV. of D D |