JERUSALEM-continued.

-Martyrdom of Stephen, and flight of some disciples to Antioch, A.D. 25-a prey to intestine factions, 69-taken by Titus, and destroyed, Sept. 8, 70-Hadrian builds Ælia Capitolina out of its ruins, 131 visited by Helena, and churches built, 325. See COUNCILS.Constantine dedicates a church, 335contest between Cyril and Irenæus at Jerusalem, 362-Julian attempts to rebuild the temple, 363. See JULIAN, emperor.-Pilgrimage of the empress Eudoxia, 438-she retires there, 444. See COUNCILS.-Taken by the Persians, 614restored, 628-visited by Heraclius, 629 -taken by the Saracens, 637-the keys sent to Charlemagne by Haroun al Raschid, 800-pilgrimage of the German prelates, 1064. See CRUSADE.-Taken

by Atsiz, Malek Shah's lieutenant, 1076pilgrimage of Peter the Hermit, 1094the Fatimite Aphdal expels the sons of Ortok, 1096-besieged by the crusaders, June 7th; taken, July 15, 1099.

KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM, see events under each name.

Godfrey de Bouillon elected k., 1099d. 1100.

Baldwin I., 1100-1118.

Baldwin II., 1118-1131.

Fulk, count of Anjou, 1131-1142.

Baldwin III., 1142-1162.

Amalrich, or Amaury, 1162-1173.
Baldwin IV., 1173-1183.

Baldwin V., 1183-1186.
Guy de Lusignan, 1186.

Jerusalem taken by Saladin, Oct. 2, 1187, and the kingdom remains only titular.

Isabella conveys it to her husband, Con-
rad of Montferrat, 1190-1191.
Henry of Champagne, 1192-1198.
Henry of Brabant, 1198.

Almeric, or Amalrich, 1198-1206.
Mary, daughter of Conrad and Isabella,
conveys it to John de Brienne, 1203.
Yolanthe, their daughter, marries the
emperor Frederic II., who claims the
title, 1225. See FREDERIC II., emperor
of Germany.

Captured by the sons of Malek el Kamel, 1239-redeemed by the earl of Cornwall, and repaired, 1240-afterwards pillaged by the Carismians, 1243- taken by Bibars, sultan of the Mamelukes, 1260-the last remnant of the kingdom of Jerusalem lost, 1291-the city offered to the Christians by the Mongols, 1299 -the Knights Hospitallers and the Mongols enter it, but establish no permanent occupation, 1301-taken by the Ottomans, 1517-occupied for a short

time by the French, under Bonaparte, 1799. See HOLY PLACES.

JERUSALEM, bishops of.

The times of the first not well known. Simeon, about 70. Narcissus again.

Justus, about 108.
Zacchæus.
Tobias.
Benjamin.
Joannes.
Matthias.

Philippus.
Seneca.

Justus.

Levi.
Ephraim.
Joseph.
Judas.

Marcus, 136.
Cassianus.
Publius.
Maximinus.
Julianus.
Gaius.

Symmachus.

Gaius.
Julianus.

Capito.
Maximus.

Antoninus.

Valens.

Dolichianus.

Narcissus, 190.
Dius.

Germanio.
Gordianus.

Alexander, 214.

Arnulf, first patriarch of the new kingdom, soon displaced by Daimbert, 1099.

Dr. Michael Alexander, Protestant bp., under the protection of Great Britain and Prussia, Nov. 7, 1841-d. 1845. Dr. Samuel Gobat, 1846. "JERUSALEM DELIVERED." See TASSO. JERVIS, John, b. 1734-defeats the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14, 1797 -created earl St. Vincent. March 27; first lord of the admiralty, 1801-resigns, 1804 d. 1823.

JERVIS, sir John, b. 1802-attorney-gen., 1816-chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1850-d. 1856.

JESHUA, the son of Jozadak, Jewish high priest, B.C. 536.

JESHUA killed in an affray in the temple of Jerusalem, B.C. $66. JESUITS originate in a society formed by Ignatius Loyola at Paris, 1534-favourably received at Rome, 1537-organized as the Society of Jesus, and their statutes approved by pope Paul III., 1540invited by John III., k. of Portugal, to undertake missions in his colonies, 1541 -proceed to Japan and Brazil, 1549

JEWS-continued.

are active in Austria, 1551-their colleges receive from pope Julius III. the privileges of universities, 1552-educate Sebastian, the young k. of Portugal, and rule the kingdom, 1559-exempted from residence, 1561-lecture in universities, 1571-made censors of books, 1575-plot in England against qu. Elizabeth, 1581expelled from France by Hen. IV., 1594; re-admitted, 1603-excluded from Venice, 1607-settle in Paraguay, 1611-influence the emperor, Ferdinand II., to attempt| the overthrow of Protestantism in Germany, 1620-cause a revolt in Hungary by their intolerance, 1637-accuse the Jansenists of heresy, 1650-controvert the Jansenists of Port Royal, 1656-readmitted into Venice, 1657-are accused by Titus Oates and Dr. Tongue of a conspiracy in England, called the "Popish Plot," 1678-expelled from Holland, 1708 -instigate the massacre of the Protestants at Thorn; their intrigues provoke a general desire for their suppression, 1724-banished from court, in Spain and Portugal, 1755-excluded again from the court of Lisbon, 1757-an attempt to assassinate the k. of Portugal attributed to them, 1758-the whole Order is expelled from Portugal, and their property forfeited, 1759-interference of pope Clement XIII. in their favour resisted in Portugal, 1760 their suppression demanded by Louis XV., 1761-suppressed by several parliaments in France, 1762 -totally suppressed in France by a royal order, 1764-protest of the pope in their favour; those in Spain and Naples are forcibly removed to the papal states, 1767-expelled from Parma, 1768-all the Bourbon princes demand from the pope their total suppression; Clement XIV. appoints a commission to investigate their complaints, 1769-totally abolishes the Order, 1773-they are suspected of having poisoned him, 1774re-established by pope Pius VII., Aug. 7, 1814-banished from Spain by Ferdinand VII., 1820-invited into Switzerland by Lucerne, 1844-expelled, 1847expelled from Rome, March 15, 1848. JESUS, of Nazareth. See CHRIST and CRU

CIFIXION.

JESUS COLLEGE. See CAMBRIDGE, and FREND, William.

JESUS COLLEGE. See Oxford.

JEWEL, Bp., writes his Apology for the Church of England, 1562.

JEWISH DISABILITIES BILL. See JEWS. JEWS, or men of Judah, allowed by Cyrus to return to their country; make Jeshua, the son of Jozadak, their high priest,

B.C. 536-succeeded by Joachim, 480supposed time of their escape from the massacre designed by Haman, and institution of the feast of Purim, 462-Eliashib high priest, 462; Joiada, 441—Jonathan I. obtains the high-priesthood after a fierce contest with his brothers, 397-Jeshua slain during an affray in the temple, 366-Jaddus high priest, 350 -conquered by Alexander the Great, 332 -Onias I. high priest, 324-conquered by Ptolemy Soter, and many thousand of them transplanted to Alexandria and Cyrene, 312-Simon, the Just, high priest, 300; Eleazar, 292-the Jews in Egypt are favoured by Ptolemy Philadelphus; he encourages many voluntary emigrants to join their countrymen; they all prosper greatly, and the Septuagint, or Greek version of their Scriptures, is made, 283.

Manasses high priest, 260; Onias II., 233; Simon II., 219-conquered by Antiochus Magnus, k. of Syria, 218-recovered by Ptolemy Philopater, 217again conquered by Antiochus, 198Onias III. high priest, 195-deposed, and his office sold to his brother, Jason, by Antiochus Epiphanes, 175 - another brother, Menelaus, supplants Jason, 172 -Mattathias and his son, Judas Maccabæus, raise an army to resist the tyranny of Antiochus, 166-defeat his general, Lysias, 165 Judas Maccabæus high priest, 162-falls in battle against Bacchides, 160-the Jews protected by the Romans; Jonathan II., brother of Judas Maccabæus, high priest, supports Alexander Bala in Syria, 152-jealousy of the Samaritans, 150. See JERUSALEM.

Simon III. high priest, 143-murdered, and his son, John Hyrcanus, succeeds as high priest and ruler of the Jews, 135– attacked by Antiochus Sidetes, who is repulsed, and afterwards grants them peace, 133-having no external enemies, divide themselves into sects, 116-conquer Samaria, 109- Aristobulus, son of John Hyrcanus, takes the title of k. of the Jews, 107d., and is succeeded by his brother, Alexander Jannæus, 105— his cruelty irritates the Jews, 97-massacre of 1000 Pharisees, 95-a sedition quelled with great cruelty, 86 d., and is succeeded by his widow, Alexandra, 79 after her death, their son, Aristobulus I., supplants his brother, Hyrcanus, 70-is expelled by Pompey, and Hyrcanus II. placed on the throne, 63Jewish auxiliaries, under Hyrcanus and Antipater, the father of Herod, serve with Cæsar in Egypt, 47-the Parthians overthrow Hyrcanus, and set up Antigonus, who is driven out by the Romans,

JEWS-continued.

and Herod made k., 40. See HEROD.-Refractory Jews overcome by Sossius, 39 -Jewish auxiliaries attend Agrippa to Bosporus, 14-death of Herod, 4 his kingdom divided by Augustus, half given | to Archelaus, with the title of Ethnarch; Herod Antipas and Philip have a fourth each, with that of Tetrarch; dissension and confusion prevail among the people, 3.

Archelaus deposed, and the whole kingdom made the province of Judæa by Augustus, A.D. 6-Coponius, Roman governor; insurrection of Judas the Gaulonite, 7-M. Ambivius, 9; Annius Rufus, 13; Valerius Gratus, 14-Jews, resident in Italy, are all expelled, and 4000 of them planted in Sardinia, 19-Pontius Pilatus gov. of Judæa, 25-banished, and Herod Antipas rules, 35-Herod Agrippa receives the tetrarchy of Philip, with the title of k., 37- Herod Antipas deposed, and his dominions added to those of Agrippa, 39-Caligula orders his statue to be placed in the temple; protest and persecution of the Jews; Agrippa and the Roman gov., Petronius, plead for them; discord between those of Alexandria and the Greeks; embassy of Philo-Judæus and Apion to Rome, 40the emperor Claudius I. gives additional territories to Agrippa, and restores the privileges of the Alexandrian Jews, 41 -death of Herod Agrippa; Agrippa the younger succeeds, 44-prevails on the emperor to rescind orders issued by the gov. Cassius Longinus, 45 - his dominions enlarged, 48- Felix, brother of Pallas, made procurator of Judæa, 52— Agrippa receives Trachonitis and the former tetrarchy of Philip, 53-subordinate to Corbulo, gov. of Syria, and retains only a shadow of authority, 60.

Felix replaced by Festus, 61-P. Albinus succeeds, 63-is recalled, and Gessius Florus appointed, 64- the Jews rebel, and defeat Cestius Gallus; Vespasian is sent against them, 66. See VESPASIAN. -They are overcome by Titus, and dispersed, 70-those who had been expelled excite disturbances among their brethren in Cyrene, 73-they refuse to pay a tax for rebuilding the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and are severely punished,95 -the Jews of Cyrene, Egypt, and Cyprus rebel, 115-quelled by Lusius Quietus, 117 -rebellion of Barchochebas against the emperor Hadrian for having built Elia Capitolina out of the ruins of Jerusalem, and dedicated a temple to Jupiter, 131a fierce conflict maintained, 132-the war terminated, andJews are forbidden to approach the site of the former temple, 135.

'Persecuted by Sept. Severns, 202forbidden, by an edict of Constantine I., to persecute converts from their religion to Christianity, Oct. 18, 315-dissensions between them and Christians at Bostra, 362-their synagogue at Callinicum destroyed, 388. See CALLINICUM.- Expelled from Alexandria by Cyril, 415forbidden, by Theodosius II., to build synagogues, 429-numerous in Arabia, and persecute Christians there, 533suffer many indignities from a council held at Orleans, 538-persecuted in Spain by the council of Toledo, 586-attack the Christians at Antioch, 610. See ANTIOCH.-Expelled by Mohammed from Medina, 623-persecuted in Spain, 653696 assist the Mohammedans to conquer the country, 712.

Plundered and murdered in Germany by the first tumultuary bands of Crusaders, 1096 protected by the emperor Henry IV., 1097-expelled from France, 1182-massacred in London and other cities, 1189-persecuted by Edward I. of England, 1275--fined and banished from England, 1287-persecuted in France, 1306 -expelled from Spain, 1492-from Portugal, 1496-from Naples and Sicily, 1510pope Pius V. allows none in his territories, except in Rome and Ancona, 1569return to England, 1650-60-naturalized in England by Act of parliament, May, 1753-the Act repealed, 1754-admitted as citizens in France, 1790--invited by Napoleon I. to hold a Sanhedrim at Paris, Aug. 12, 1806- Mr. Robert Grant's Bill for removing their civil disabilities, rejected by the Lords, Aug. 1, 1833 -another, brought in by Lord John Russell, 1847, passed by the Commons, May 4, 1848- rejected by the Lords, May 25-another, passed by the Commons, May 29, 1851, thrown out by the Lords, July 17; again passed by the Commons, April 15, 1853, and defeated by the Lords, April 29; again passed by the Commons, and rejected by the Lords, July 10, 1857.

JEZEBEL, daughter of the king of Sidon, marries Ahab, king of Israel, B.C. 915put to death by Jehu, 884.

JOACHIM I., elector of Brandenburg, succeeds his father, John Cicero, 1499 founds the university of Francfort on the Oder, 1506-d. 1535.

JOACHIM II., son of Joachim I., elector of Brandenburg, 1535 introduces Protestantism in his States, 1539-secedes from the League, 1547 is associated with Frederic Albert, duke of Prussia, and obtains the reversion of the duchy from the k. of Poland, 1569-d. 1571.

JOACHIM FREDERIC, elector of Brandenburg, succeeds his father, John George, 1598-marries Eleanora, daughter of Albert Frederic, duke of Prussia, for whom he becomes administrator and regent, 1605 d. 1606.

JOACHIM, K. of Naples. See MURAT, Joachim.

JOAN, pope, fabulous period of, 853. JOAN, daughter of Henry II. of England, married to William II., k. of Sicily, 1176 -her brother, Richard, claims her dowry after the death of her husband, 1190. JOAN, daughter of Edward III., king of England, affianced to Peter of Castile, d. of the plague, at Bordeaux, on her way to Spain, 1348.

JOAN, the Fair Maid of Kent, daughter of Edmund, earl of Kent, marries sir Thos. Holland, and, after his death, Edward the Black Prince, about 1365 - gives birth to their son, afterwards Richard II., Jan. 6, 1367-protects Wickliffe, 1382d. at Wallingford, 1385.

JOAN of Arc, relieves Orleans and raises the siege, May 4, 1429-is made prisoner at Compiègne by the Burgundians, May 26; sold by them to the English, 1430condemned for sorcery and heresy, and burnt at Rouen, May 30, 1431-her statue, sculptured by Marie Christine, dau. of Louis Philip, raised at Orleans, Sept. 13, 1851.

JOANNA of Acre, daughter of Edward I., b. 1270-married to Gilbert, earl of Gloucester, 1287.

JOANNA I., queen of Navarre, daughter of Henry II., b. 1272-succeeds her father, 1274-affianced to Philip, eldest son of Philip III., k. of France; her territories are occupied and governed by Frenchmen, 1276-d. 1305.

JOANNA II., qu. of Navarre, daughter of Louis X., k. of France, b. 1311-excluded by the Salic law from the throne of France, inherits Navarre, 1316 - Philip V. of France obtains from her the cession of Navarre and Champagne; of the former she regains possession, but the latter remains annexed to France, 1318is married to Philip, count of Evreux, who reigns jointly with her, 1328-the independence of Navarre secured by the convention she and her husband sign at their coronation in Pampeluna, 1329after his death, she reigns alone, 1343d. at Conflans, in France, 1349. JOANNA, daughter of Charles II, king of Navarre, b. 1370--captured by the French, at Breteuil, in Normandy, taken to Paris, and kindly treated by her uncle, Chas. V., k. of France, 1377-marries John V., duke of Britanny, Sept. 11, 1386-on the

death of her husband, governs the duchy for her son, John VI., 1399-married by proxy to Henry IV., k. of England, at Eltham, April 3, 1402-arrives in England, her marriage is celebrated at Winchester, and coronation, at Westminster, Feb. 26, 1403-goes in procession from St. Paul's to Westminster, to return thanks for the victory at Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415-accused of witchcraft, is arrested by the duke of Bedford, imprisoned at Pevensey, and deprived of all her possessions, 1419-Henry V. orders the restitution of her lands, 1422d. at Havering Bower, July 9, 1437. JOANNA I., qu. of Naples, eldest daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria, son of k. Robert, b. 1326-by her father's death, becomes heiress to the throne, 1328affianced to Andrew, son of Chas. Robert, k. of Hungary, 1333-is married to him; on the death of her grandfather, ascends the throne, and is crowned without her husband, for whom she manifests extreme aversion, 1343-is accused of having instigated his murder, at Aversa, Sept. 18, 1345-marries Louis, prince of Tarento, renounces her claims on Sicily, and makes a treaty with Louis, the k. of that island, 1347-Louis of Hungary demands satisfaction for the murder of his brother, and takes Naples; flight of Joanna and her husband to Provence; she sells Avignon to the pope, who gives her husband the title of king; Louis of Hungary leaves Italy; they return to Naples; she appoints Niccolo Acciaiuoli hereditary seneschal of Naples and count of Amalfi, 1348-Louis crowned, 1352d. 1362-she marries James of Aragon, son of the deposed k. of Majorca, but stipulates that he shall not assume the regal title, 1362-he d. 1375 - she marries Otho of Brunswick, but withholds from him the regal title, 1376-pope Urban VI. proclaims a crusade against her, 1379-excommunicates her, and absolves her subjects from their allegi ance, 1380 Charles of Durazzo conquers Naples, and occupies the throne; she remains a captive; her dominions in Provence are given to the duke of Anjou, 1381-put to death by Charles, 1382. JOANNA II., queen of Naples, daughter of k. Charles III., b. 1370-marries Wm., son of Leopold III., duke of Austria, on whose death she returns to Italy, 1406— on the death of her brother, Ladislas, takes the throne of Naples, 1414-marries James of Bourbon, 1415. See BOURBON, Branch of La Marche and Vendôme.-Applies to Alfonso V. of Aragon for protection against Louis of Anjou,