JUDAH, kingdom of-continued. Amon, his son, b. 664-k. 642-assassinated, 640. Josiah, his son, b. 648-succeeds, with a regency, 640-Holophernes slain, 633takes the government into his own hands, and puts a stop to idolatry, 632 -discovers and publishes the book of the law, 622 — defeated by Neco, k. of Egypt, in the battle of Megiddo, and slain, 609. Jehoahaz, second son of Josiah, b. 631— placed on the throne by the people; deposed, at the end of three months, by Neco, 609. Jehoiakim, or Eliakim, eldest son of Zedekiah, youngest son of Josiah, b. 619 -takes the throne, 598-rebels, 589is blinded and led a captive to Babylon; Jerusalem destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, and the kingdom of Judah subverted, 587. See JEWS. JUDAS MACCABEUS, B.C. 168-160. See JEWS. JUDAS the Gaulonite, rebels, 7. See JEWS. JUDGES of Israel. See ISRAELITES. JUDGES of Rome. See PRÆTOR. JUDGES of England. See CHANCERY, COMMON PLEAS, EXCHEQUER, and KING'S BENCH, Courts of.-Circuits first established, 1177. See CIRCUITS.-Itinerant commissioners sent by Edw. I., 1274some judges dismissed and fined by him for corruption, 1289-consultation held with them by Richard II. at Nottingham, 1387-some of them unjustly condemned for treason, 1388-several arbitrarily changed by James II., 1686twelve appointed by Wm. III., 1689— their salaries augmented, 1759-appointed for life, 1761-their number increased; their salaries again augmented; fees and sale of offices abolished, 1825 three more additional judges appointed, 1830. JUDITH, kills Holophernes, B.C. 633. JUDITH, daughter of Guelph, a Bavarian noble, married to Louis I., son of Charlemagne, 819-d. 843. JUDITH, daughter of Charles the Bald, b. 844-married to Ethelwulf, king of England, 856-married to her stepson, Ethelbald, 858-divorced by him, and is allowed to sell her "morgengift" and return to her father, 859-she is carried off by Baldwin, who is pardoned by her father, and made count of Flanders, 862. JUGEUS, K. of Babylon, B.C. 726-721. JUGGERNAUT, the great Hindoo idol; the E. I. Company's allowance to the temple withdrawn, June, 1851. JUGURTHA, nephew of the Numidian king, Micipsa, serves under Scipio in Spain, B.C. 134 on the death of his uncle, murders his cousin, Hiempsal, expels Adherbal, and usurps the throne, 118-shares it with Adherbal, 117-kills him, and provokes the Romans to war, 112-bribes the consul, Calpurnius, to make peace and withdraw his forces, 111-escapes from Rome to Africa; war renewed, 110 -treaties of peace, not ratified by the senate, 109-C. Marius carries on the war vigorously, 107-Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus, 106-a prisoner till his death, 104. JULIA, aunt of Julius Cæsar, the dictator, marries C. Marius, about B.C. 130. JULIA, his sister, marries M. Attius Balbus, and is the grandmother of Augustus, d. B.C. 52. JULIA, his daughter, marries Corn. Cœpio, from whom she is divorced to marry Pompey, B.C. 60-d. 53. JULIA, daughter of Augustus and Scribonia, marries her cousin, M. Claudius Marcellus, who d. B.C. 23-marries her father's friend, Agrippa, 21-again a widow, 12-marries Tiberius, 11-disgusts him by her vices, and is left by him, 6 -banished by her father to Pandataria, 2-starved to death by order of Tiberius, A.D. 14. JULIA, daughter of Marcellus and Julia, b. B.C. 22-banished, A.D. 8-d. 28. JULIA DOMNA, daughter of Bassianus, wife of Sept. Severus, mother of Cara calla, 188-of Geta, 189-wounded while endeavouring to save Geta from his assassins, 202-obtains a professor's chair at Athens for Philiscus, 212-induces Philostratus to write the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, 214-banished by Macrinus to Antioch, starves herself, 217. JULIA MESA, sister of Julia Domna, marries Julius Avitus (consul 209); bribes the legions at Emesa to proclaim her grandson, Elagabalus, emperor, 218. JULIA SOEMIAS BASSIANA, daughter of Mæsa, marries Sextus Varius Marcellus; their son, Elagabalus, b. 201-Julia slain with him, 222. JULIA MAMEA, youngest daughter of Mæsa, marries Gessius Marcianus; their son, Alexianus (Alexander Severus), b. 205-she is created Augusta, and guides him prudently in his government, 223-has an interview with Origen at Antioch, 226-murdered with her son, 235. JULIAN (Fl. Claudius Julianus), emperor of Rome, son of Julius Constantius, and nephew of the emperor Constantine I., b. at Constantinople. 331-saved from the massacre of the family, 338-kept prisoner in the castle of Macellum, where he is strictly guarded, and has no instructor but Mardonius, an aged slave of his mother's family, 345-is brought to Constantinople, and studies under Nicocles and Ecebolus; his cousin, Constantius II., jealous of his rising reputation,| sends him to Nicomedia, where he meets with Maximus and other philosophers, 350-visits Ephesus, where the conversation of the Ionian philosophers incline him secretly to favour paganism, 351brought to Milan, where he is in great danger, but is saved by the empress Ensebia, and permitted to go to Athens, 354-much esteemed at Athens; visits Edesius at Pergamus, who instructs him in the New Platonism: recalled by Constantius, and appointed Cæsar, Nov. 6, 355, and proceeds to take the command in Gaul, Dec. 1; assembles his army at Rheims, but obtains no decisive success in his first campaign; is surrounded at Sens by the Allemanni, who are discomfited; maintains friendly correspondence with Oribasius; consul of Rome, 356gains a great victory at Strasburg. crosses the Rhine, and invades Germany; captures Chnodomar, chief of the Allemanni; writes an "Encomium" on the empress Eusebia; consul II., 357after passing the winter at Paris, commences his third campaign by defeating the Franks, and pursuing them over the Rhine, 358-again crosses the Rhine, and conquers wherever he is opposed, 359-proclaimed emperor by the army in Gaul, crosses the Rhine, defeats the Allemanni, and takes their chief, Vadomar, prisoner; sends Lupicinus into Britain to repel the Picts and Scots; consul III., 360-his offers of peace rejected by Constantius; after a short, but successful campaign against the Germans, he conveys his army down the Danube to prepare for the expected civil war, which is averted by the death of Constantius, and he is peaceably acknowledged by the whole empire; writes letters to the Athenians and Corinthians; openly professes paganism, 361-proclaims universal toleration, and reinstates the exiled bishops; sets out on his Persian expedition, and winters at Antioch, where he writes his "Cæsars," "Misopogon," &c.; "Epitomes of Ga len" dedicated to him by Oribasius, 362 -attempts to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem; consul IV.; crosses the Tigris, burns his ships, and invades Assyria, where he is slain in battle, June 26; Gregory of Nazianzus composes orations against him; monody of Libanius on his death, 363-and funeral oration, 365. JULIAN, who had assumed the purple at Carthage, is conquered by Maximian, 297. JULIAN, leader of a Jewish and Samaritan revolt, is made prisoner and beheaded, 529. JULIAN, bp. of Capua, embraces and writes in defence of the doctrines of Pelagius, 413. JULIAN, resigns his episcopal office at Bostra, 505. JULIAN, the Sophist, fl. at Athens, 308. JULIAN, count, conspires against Roderic, k. of the Visigoths, and assists the Saracens in invading Spain, 711. JULIAN DE' MEDICI. See MEDICI, Julian de'. JULIAN ERA. See CALENDAR.-Commences Jan. 1, B.C. 45. JULIAN PERIOD commences, B.C. 4714-the use of it discontinued by John I., k. of Portugal, A.D, 1415. JULIANUS revolts, is defeated and slain petual Edict" of the emperor Hadrian, and founds the later system of Roman jurisprudence, 132. JULIANUS, consul of Rome, 148-others, 175, 224 II., and 325. JULIANUS, Anicius, consul of Rome, 322. JULIANUS, M. Aquilus, consul of Rome, 38. JULIANUS. See ALEXANDRIA, bishops of, 10; and ANTIOCH, 46. JULICH, or Juliers, the duchy of, and other German principalities, claimed by the elector of Brandenburg and the count palatine of Neuburg, 1610-the dispute compromised, and in the division, Jülich is assigned to Neuburg, 1664. JULIN, or Wollin, a Slavonian town on one of the islands in the mouth of the Oder, carries on a prosperous trade, 776—receives the people of Wineta, when that place is destroyed, 805-the bishopric founded by Otho, bp. of Bamberg, 1125— destroyed by Waldemar I., k. of Denmark, 1177. JULIO DE' MEDICI. See MEDICI, Julio de'. JULIUS I., bp. of Rome, 337-addresses an epistle to the Arians of the East, 342— -d. 352. JULIUS II., cardinal Julian della Rovere, bp. of Ostia, elected pope, Nov. 1, 1503— 1 grants a dispensation for the marriage of Henry, prince of Wales, to Katharine of Aragon; deprives Cæsar Borgia of his spoils, and imprisons him, 1503-releases him, 1504-leads his army against Perugia and Bologna; lays the first stone of St. Peter's, at Rome, April 18, 1506forms a league against the Venetians, 1508-designs the Holy League against France, 1510-conducts the siege of Mirandola; loses Bologna, and is obliged to retire to Ravenna; excommunicates the members of the council of Tours, 1511opens the Lateran council, May 3, 1512. See COUNCILS, general.-Treacherously imprisons Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, 1512 -d. Feb. 20, 1513. JULIUS III, cardinal John Maria del Monte, elected pope, Feb. 8, 1550-concludes a league with the emperor, Chas. V., 1551-a separate treaty with Henry II., k. of France, 1552-accepts the reconciliation of Mary, qu. of England, 1554-d. March 5, 1555. JULIUS AFRICANUS, hist. ecc., fl., 205-his chronology ends at Olym. 250, 221. JULIUS CAESAR. See CESAR, C. Julius. JULIUS CAPITOLINUS, writes his Augustan history, 310. JULIUS CONSTANTIUS, brother of the emperor Constantine. See CONSTANTIUS, Julius. JULIUS FRONTINUS, the rhetorician, fl., 220. See FRONTINUS, Julius. JULIUS NEPOS, nephew of Marcellinus, appointed emperor of the West, by Leo I., emperor of the East, 474-deposed by Orestes, retires into Dalmatia, 475—assassinated, 480. JULIUS PAULUS, one of the counsellors of Alexander Severus, 223-forms many good laws, 225-their authority confirmed by Constantine I., in an edict issued at Treves, Sept. 27, 327. JUNG, Johann Heinrich, b. 1740-d. 1817. JUNGINGEN, Conrad von, grand.master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 13941407. JUNGINGEN, Ulrich von, grand-master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1407 1410. JUNIUS BRUTUS. See BRUTUS. JUNIUS, Letters of, the first published, 1769 -prosecution of the printers and publishers, June, 1770-the verdict against Woodfall declared not legal, Nov. 20, See FRANCIS, sir Philip, ALMON, BALDWIN and WOODFALL. JUNO, temple of, burnt at Argos, B.C. 423. JUNO, the planet, or asteroid, discovered by professor Harding of Göttingen, Sept. 6, 1804. JUNOT, the French marshal, enters Lisbon, Oct. 30, 1807-and is created duke of Abrantes; defeated at Vimiera, by sir Arthur Wellesley, Aug. 21, 1808-concludes the convention of Cintra, and evacuates Portugal, Sept. 3. JUNQUERA, battle in the valley of; Abderahman III. defeats the Christians of Leon and Castile, 94. JUNTA of Seville, of Cadiz, and royalist of Urgel. See CORTES, and FERDINAND VII., king of Spain. JUPITER, the temple of, erected at Olympia, B.C. 552-Capitolinus, the temple of, rebuilt by Domitian, A.D. 95-Hadrian dedicates his temple in Elia Capitolina, 131-Olympius, the temple of, at Athens, dedicated by Hadrian, 135. JUPITER, the planet; three of its satellites discovered by Simon Marius, 1609-the fourth by Galileo, 1610-occultation of, by the moon, Jau. 31, 1807. JURIJ I., or George Dolgorucki, prince of JURISPRUDENCE of Rome. See LAWS, JUSTINIAN I., and JULIANUS, Salvius. JURY, trial by, said to have been established in England by Alfred the Great, 886-established in France, Aug. 16, 1790 -introduced in Prussia, 1850-and at Vienna, Jan. 15, 1851. JUSTIN I. (Fl. Anicius Justinus), emperor of the East, b. 450-serves in the Persian war, 503-commander of the guards; is called to the throne on account of his orthodoxy, on the death of Anastasius I.; puts Amantius to death for conspiracy, 518-consul of Rome, 519-being unable to read or write, yields to the influence of his nephew Justinian; Vitalianus and his friends assassinated; violence of the Circus factions, 520-negociates with Cabades, 521-treats the Arians with great severity, 523 - Theodoric sends ambassadors to intercede for them; consul II., 524-war in Armenia conducted by Belisarius, 526--proclaims Justinian joint Augustus; d. August 1, 527. JUSTIN II., emperor of the East, son of Vigilantia, sister of Justinian I. and Dulcissimus, succeeds his uncle, 565receives an embassy from the Avars, 565-consul; restores the office for one year, from which succeeding years are dated, 566-refuses to assist the Gepidæ against the Longobardi, 566-Thrace invaded by the Avars; Venantius Fortunatus addresses poems to him, 570-Armenians, being persecuted by Chosroes See place themselves under the protection of Justin; war with Persia 571-the Persians take Dara and plunder Syria, 573-Tiberius created Cæsar; makes a truce with them, 574-another truce for three years, 575-the Persians occupy Armenia; Justin sends an embassy to the Turks, 576-d. October 5, 578. JUSTIN, Flavius, Junior, son of Germanus, serves with his father in the Persian war; consul of Rome, 540-defeats Nachoragan at Phasis, 555-commander-inchief of the army in Colchis. 557-slain in a tumult at Alexandria, 566. JUSTIN, M. Junianus, epitomizes the History of Trogus Pompeius, 149. JUSTIN MARTYR, a Platonic philosopher, converted to Christianity, defends it by his writings, 141-addresses his "Apology," to the emperor Autoninus Pius, 151-suffers martyrdom, 164. JUSTINIAN I. (Fl. Anicius Justinianus), emperor of the East, nephew of Justin I., b. 482-rises to greatness in the court of his uncle, 520-consul of Rome, with unusual pomp, 521-marries the actress Theodora, 522-first associated with his uncle, then succeeds him on the throne, 527-war continued with Persia. BELISARIUS.-Appoints Tribonian the jurist, with eleven assistants, to prepare his code of laws, 528-issues edicts against philosophers, heretics, and pagans; his code is promulgated, April 7, to be in force on the 16th, 529-leagues with the Abyssinians and Homerites, 531-prepares for war against Gelimer, the Vandal k. of Africa, and gives the command to Belisarius, 531-employs the architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isodorus of Miletus to build the new church of St. Sophia; truce for three months with Persia, followed by a treaty of peace; Nike contest of the Circus factions, 532-ratifies the treaty with Persia; conquest of Africa. See BELISARIUS -His Pandects and Institutes published, 533 -sends Peter of Thessalonica to Italy, 534 his first Novelle published, 535grants the demand of the council of Carthage, for the restitution of the church property which had been seized by the Vandals, 535-Rome taken, 536. See BELISARIUS-Chosroes invades Syria and takes Antioch, 540-Belisarius recalled from Italy; drives back the Persians, 542-Justinian, perplexed by his numerous enemies, and his want of means to resist them, issues an edict against the "Three Chapters," and the Origenists, 544-concludes a truce for five years with Chosroes; his general, Areobindus, defeated by the Moors, 545 -summons Vigilius to C.P., and prevails on him to condemn the Three Chapters, 547-death of Theodora, 548 -war in Colchis and first siege of Petra, 549-urged by Vigilius to restore Italy from the dominion of the Arians; sends an army under Germanus; treats for peace with Chosroes, 550-sends Narses to command in Italy. See NARSES, the eunuch.-Petra surrenders; another truce for five years with Persia, 551-the conquest of Italy completed, 553-war renewed with the Persians; they are defeated on the Phasis, 555-punishes the assassin of Gubazes, 556-truce with Persia; embassy of the Avars, 557 -the church of St. Sophia restored, 558 -repulse of the Bulgarians, 559-Justinian jealous of the services of Belisarius, 561-makes peace with Persia: threatened by the conspiracy of Marcellus and Sergius, 562 - accused of heresy, 564-d. Nov. 13, 565-his laws revised and put into Greek by the emperor Basil I., 877-a copy of his Pandects said to have been discovered at Amalfi, 1135. JUSTINIAN II., emperor of the East, son of Constantine IV., b. 669-receives the title of Augustus, 681-locks of his hair sent to Rome, in token of his adoption by the church, 684-succeeds his father on the throne, 685-makes a treaty with Abdalmelik and agrees to suppress the rebellion of the Mardaites, 686-removes a large part of them into Armenia, 687 -unsuccessful expedition against the Bulgarians, 688-campaign in Syria, 689 -attempts to transplant the whole population of Cyprus, 691-defeated by the Mohammedans at Sebastopolis, 692-summons pope Sergius I. to C.P., and is resisted by him, 692-his two ministers Stephen and Theodotus provoke his subjects by their oppressions and imprison Leontius,694-Leontius released; is proclaimed emperor; Justinian suffers amputation of his nose, from which he receives the name of Rhinotmetus, and is banished to Cherson in the Crimea, 695-having escaped and passed through many adventures among the Chozars, takes refuge with the Bulgarians, 704-restored to his throne by Terbelis, 705-avenges himself on his adversaries; beheads Leontius and Absimar; deposes banishes the patriarch Callinicus, 705requires pope John VII. to adopt the Acts of the council of C.P. (691)-which he refuses, 706-he attacks the Bulgarians, and is defeated by them at Anchialus, 708-by his order Theodorus plunders Ravenna; sends the principal and citizens prisoners to C.P., 709-where they are cruelly murdered; summons pope Constantine to C.P., 710-sends him back to Rome; his cruelties provoke a revolt at Ravenna; he dispatches a fleet and army to destroy Cherson and massacre the people, 711-they revolt, proceed to C.P.; put him to death and elect another emperor, 711. JUSTINIAN, son of Germanus, defeats the Persians and advances to the Araxes, 575. JUSTINIANUS, bp. of Valentia, 534. JUSTINA, Flavia, widow of Magnentius, 353 -marries the emperor Valentinian I.,370 -governs the West, as regent for her son, Valentinian II., 383-fails in her efforts to obtain from Ambrose, bp. of Milan, one church for Arian worship, 385-driven from Italy by Maximus; retires, with her son and her daughter Galla, to Thessalonica, and obtains the assistance of Theodosius, 387-restored by him, but not allowed, on account of his Arianism, to influence her son's government, 388-d. 390. JUST, ST., monastery of, near Placentia, in Spain. See CHARLES V., emperor. JUSTUS, Consul of Rome, 328. JUSTUS, bp. of Alexandria, 120-131. JUSTUS, bp. of Jerusalem or Pella, 108and another of the same name, time unknown. JUSTUS, first bp. of Rochester, 604-leaves England, but is recalled by Laurentius, 616-becomes arch bp. of Canterbury after the death of Mellitus, 624. JUTLAND, or Gothland, the northern part of the Cimbrian Chersonesus. See CHERSONESUS CIMBRICA. - South Jutland a separate State under Sigfried, 777. See CHLESWIG.-North Jutland little known before its conquest by Gorm, k, of Denmark, 863-invaded by the Wends of North Germany, 1045-joins the revolt against Christian II.,1523-conquered by count Wallenstein, the imperial general, 1627-restored to Denmark by the peace of Lubeck, 1630-attacked by the Swedish general Torstenson, who is followed by the imperialist Gallas, and returns into Germany, 1644-invaded by Charles Gustavus X., k. of Sweden, 1657. JUVENAL DECIUS JUNIUS, b. 59-is sent to Egypt, supposed by some to have been the first exile to the Oasis, 94-his 13th satire written, 118--d. 128. JUVENALIS, bp. of Jerusalem, 425-458. JUVENCUS, a Spanish presbyter, writes a sacred poem explanatory of Christian doctrines, 329. JUVENTIUS, CELSUS. See CELSUS, P. Juventins. JUVENTIUS P., prætor of Rome, defeated and slain by Andriscus, B.C. 148. See ANDRISCUS. JuxON, William, b. 1584-bp. of London, 1633-attends Charles I. at his death, 1649-archbp. of Canterbury, 1660-d. 1663. J. BILLING, PRINTER AND STEREOTYPER, GUILDFORD, SURREY |