with it are a news and reading room and a chess room. The Apprentices' Library contains 22,000 volumes; the Friends' Library 7000 volumes; and the Law Association Library 7500 volumes.

The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts possesses a valuable permanent collection of paintings, and holds an annual exhibition of new works. The Artists' Fund Society, the Numismatic Society of Philadelphia, and the School of Design for Women are the other art societies.

The Benevolent and Charitable Institutions number more than 100. We can mention but a few of the most prominent. In respect to her institutions of this kind,

Philadelphia is second to no city in the land. The Pennsylvania Hospital is a noble institution, founded in 1751. It possesses an anatomical museum, and a library of more than 10,000 volumes. The County Alms House is an immense structure, situated in the midst of large grounds in West Philadelphia. Connected with it is a hospital with 600 beds. The Pennsylvania Insane Asylum is in West Philadelphia. It is one of the best institutions of its kind in existence.

Its grounds cover an area of 114 acres. The main building is 430 feet long. The United States Naval Hospital, on the east bank of the Schuylkill, below South street, is for the use of invalid officers and seamen of the U. S. Navy. The Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, the Preston Retreat, the House of Refuge, the House of Correction, and Wills Hospital are noble charities.

The Prisons are well conducted. The Eastern State Penitentiary occupies an area of 11 acres, enclosed by a stone wall, 30 feet high. It is built of stone, and consists of an octagonal building in the centre, from which radiate wings, with rows of cells on each side, and a

passage way extending the entire length of each wing. It is a model institution in every respect. The Philadelphia County Prison is a massive building of stone. It is used for the purposes of a penitentiary as well as a county jail and work-house.

There are about 375 churches in the city. As a rule they are handsome and substantially built. The meeting-houses of the Friends are generally plain brick structures, remarkable for their absence of display. They are 14 in number.

The Cemeteries are, Laurel Hill, Glenwood, Mount Vernon, Monument, Woodlands, Ronaldson's, Odd Fellows', and Mount Moriah. They are noted for their beauty. Laurel Hill is considered by many persons the most beautiful cemetery in the Union. It is located on the banks of the Schuylkill, in a lovely country, and contains many handsome tombs.

Philadelphia is lighted with gas of an excellent quality, which is supplied at a reasonable rate to the citizens. The gas works are conducted by the city, and the consumers are secured the best quality of gas that can be made, and are protected from the extortions of private companies. The total length of street mains is about 500 miles.

alarm telegraph, and a steam fire department, with more than 30 steam engines. It is divided into 24 wards, and is governed by a Mayor and Council elected by the people.

There are 10 daily, and 40 weekly newspapers, and about 50 periodicals, weekly and monthly, published in Philadelphia. A large share of the book publishing trade of the Union is carried on here.

Philadelphia is largely engaged in manufactures. The district of Manayunk is almost wholly engaged in these enterprises, devoting itself principally to cotton and woollen goods, and carpets. Sugar refining is carried on extensively in the city. Large quantities of shoes, chemicals, medicines, paints, umbrellas, parasols, carts, wheel

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barrows, household furniture, jewelry, iron manufactures of every description, steam engines, water and gas pipes, military goods, flour, soap, ale and beer, glass, clothing, candles, hosiery, etc., etc., are manufactured annually.The total capital invested in manufactures in Philadelphia is estimated at nearly $100,000,000. Ship building is also carried on to a limited extent.

The commerce of Philadelphia is large, and is growing rapidly. Its foreign trade passes principally through the port of New York. Efforts are now being made to establish direct communication between Philadelphia and Liverpool. In 1865, there were 541 arrivals from foreign ports. The city carries on an immense coasting trade, and its harbor is usually crowded with vessels. In 1865, there were 31,705 arrivals from American ports. The total value of exports from the port of Philadelphia in 1865 was, $11,278,603. The imports in the same year amounted to $7,164,744. The city also conducts a large trade with all parts of the country, and especially with the West, by means of its railroads. Immense quantities of coal and petroleum annually pass through Philadelphia, thus adding to its wealth.

Philadelphia is at present the fourth city in the Union in commercial importance, but it is making rapid progress towards a higher position.

The U. S. Navy Yard is located on the Delaware River in the southwestern part of the city. It covers an area of 12 acres, and contains 2 large ship-houses, and all the necessary works. Some of the best vessels in the Navy have been constructed here. It also contains a sectional floating dock.

In 1870, the population of Philadelphia was 674,022. In 1684, it had 2500 inhabitants, in 1778, 42,520; in 1820 (up to which time it was the largest city in the Union), 167,325; and in 1860, 565,529.

The city of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn immediately upon taking possession of the grant of a province by Charles II. He sent out a body of colonists in August 1681, and in 1682, came over himself, and superintended the surveys of the new city. During the latter year, a large number of colonists arrived, the majority of whom were Friends or Quakers, and persons of respectability and wealth. Penn's deliberate intention was to found a large city, and the general plan of the present city differs very slightly from his original design. The new settlement was named by him Philadelphia, partly from the city of that name in Asia Minor, but principally because of the significance of the term. Penn's first care was to make an equitable treaty with the Indians, who, on their part, carefully abstained from molesting the new city, which prospered in a marked degree, and became the largest and most important place on the continent, which preëminence it held until about 30 years after the opening of the Revolution. Philadelphia bore its full share in the events of the early wars of the country with the French and Indians, though it was itself never assailed.

"In 1741, the city was divided into 10 wards. In December 1719, a printing press was set up, and Andrew Bradford began to publish the American Weekly Mercury, which was continued until 1746. In 1728, the Gazette was begun, which fell to Franklin to conduct in 1729. In the latter year, the building of a State House was authorized, the site was selected in 1730, and the building begun in 1732, and completed in 1735. The bell tower was not erected till 1750; and on June 7th, 1753, the new 'great bell,' cast here, weighing 2080 pounds, with the motto, 'Proclaim liberty,' etc., was raised to its place; this is the bell celebrated in connection with the Declaration of Independence, and now in Independence Hall. The first Colonial Congress met in Philadelphia at Carpenters' Hall, a building still in