in Pittsburg aggregated about 4,000,000 tons or nearly forty per cent of the entire output of this country, nearly one-half that of England, equal to the product of Germany, to twice that of France, to five times that of Belgium and Russia and to twentyfour times that of Spain. Among the thirty or forty furnaces of Pittsburg is included the largest in the world. The production of tool steel has reached its highest development here in Pittsburg and English bicycle manufacturers are annually consuming many thousand tons of Pittsburg's drawn steel. The rolling mill industry is more largely represented in Pittsburg than in any other city in the world. Most noteworthy of these products is the armor plate of the Carnegie Company. This great corporation has brought this industry to such a stage of perfection that it not only leads in supplying the plate for our new navy but has filled large orders for the foreign governments. This same concern is now reaching out for the contracts of supplying the Japan government with armor plate and ere long Pittsburg will have assisted that Yankee power of the Orient in putting to sea a formidable fleet.

Without a sketch of the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, the industrial history of Pittsburg would be incomplete. This concern is the greatest iron and steel manufacturing concern in the world and like all other great enterprises is the result of growth engendered by industry and ability. This titanic enterprise is the outgrowth of the firm of Carnegie & Kloman, established in 1861. The marked ability The marked ability of Andrew Carnegie, aided by the practical knowledge of his brother, the late Thomas Carnegie and the well directed efforts of Henry Phipps, Jr., George Lander and others interested in the concern soon put the business on a paying basis. In 1875 the firm was succeeded by that of Carnegie Bros. & Company, Limited, and in 1886 the firm became known as Carnegie, Phipps & Company, Limited. The last reorganization took place in 1892, in which year the firm was consolidated with several others under the name of The Carnegie Steel Company, Limited. The capitalization of the concern is now $160,000,000. The company manufactures steel rails, billets, structural shapes, armor plate, boiler, ship and tank plate and many other forms of steel, and its plants are the finest and most complete in the world. At present the concern

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The

embraces nine great plants, at which are employed nearly 20,000 workmen. H. C. Frick Coke Company with a capitalization of $10,000,000 and controlling 13,000 ovens with a weekly output of 180,000 tons per week supplies the fuel for this great steel manufacturing concern. Besides the ores from Lake Superior and other points in this country ores from Cuba, Chili, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, Greece, France, Spain and other foreign countries are used at the different plants of this corporation. This corporation owns and operates the greatest armor-plate mill, two of the largest rail mills and operates the largest furnace in this country and perhaps in the world. The history of the development of the Carnegie enterprises to their present greatness is a most inspiring illustration of what can be accomplished by well directed enterprise and energy. Andrew Carnegie, the founder and now the principal stockholder in the vast corporation, began life as a messenger boy and has fairly earned all the success that he has gained. His sound judgment and exceptional mastery of the art of organization were primary factors in the early progress of this now great enterprise. To-day he is widely known, not only as a great manufacturer, but also as a publicist and as a philanthropist, and to him New York, Pittsburg and other cities are indebted for free libraries and fine music halls.

But with all its vastness the Carnegie Company does not hold a monopoly of Pittsburg's iron and steel interests, for within her borders are many other concerns engaged in the industry. The Jones & McLaughlin Company employ over 5,000 men, the National Tube Works 5,000, Spang, Chalfant & Company 2,000, and there are numerous iron and steel manufacturing concerns employing less than 2,000 men. The iron and steel interests of Pittsburg give direct employment to upward of 85,000 men. The capitalization of these vast concerns would aggregate upward of half a billion dollars.

The vast interests of the Westinghouse Electric Company and of the Westinghouse Air Brake Company are centered in Pittsburg. This vast combination which includes a number of lesser industries, represents a capitalization of nearly $30,000,000. The various concerns occupy ninety-five acres and employ 15,000 men. This concern has done much to give Pittsburg a world-wide

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fame. In the various branches of the glass industry Pittsburg has $50,000,000 invested.

So far as the production of coal and its distribution is concerned Pittsburg is to the United States what New Castle is to Great Britain; in fact the American coal metropolis is more emphatically the fountain head of the coal trade than is its northern prototype. The great "Pittsburg Seam" Pittsburg Seam" of bituminous coal is of almost unknown extent. Fifteen thousand square miles would be a low estimate for the coal fields within easy reach of Pittsburg. In the mining and coking interests nearly $100,000,000 are invested. The annual shipment of raw coal from Pittsburg by land and water is upward of 15,000,000 tons and of coke 7,500,000 tons. The natural gas region of which Pittsburg is the center was once the greatest in the world, but now its greatness has departed and mammoth artificial gas plants are now supplying light and heat for the great Iron City. The oil fields adjacent to Pittsburg are not far surpassed by the famous Russian fields. During the past ten years the annual production has averaged 50,000,000 barrels, while the production for 1896 exceeded this average yield by twenty per cent.

Pittsburg's lumber interests are vast. There are annually borne to her upon the waters of the Allegheny and Monongahela upward of 400,000,000 feet of lumber. She has one of the largest coffee roasting establishments in the world and likewise the largest pickle factory. Nearby her stands the largest distillery in the country and her interests in flour, leather, chemicals, cigar manufacturing and confectionaries are great. Pittsburg has great locomotive works and in the wide field of industrial activity there are few articles which are not being turned out in the Iron City.

Pittsburg has at her command unequaled transportation facilities. What the circulation is to the human body proper transportation facilities are to the circulation and distribution of industrial products. Without markets products are useless and to reach the area of demand as effectually, rapidly and cheaply as possible is a foremost consideration in any city claiming a standing as a commercial center. The complete utilization and the proper development of the great resources of Pittsburg are in a great measure due to the ample facilities for transportation by land and water with which the city is provided.

The

It is not disputed that the first attempt to propel a water craft by machinery made on this continent was made in Pittsburg in a crude way one hundred and thirty-six years ago. The first actual work in boat building was done in 1777, and in 1794 were running regularly between Pittsburg and Cincinnati. These were the days of flatboating. In 1802 the people of France were startled by the appearance on their shores of a schooner from Pittsburg. Hitherto Pittsburg was practically unknown to the people of Europe who only associated the name with a frontier post. From that time to the present day Pittsburg's river trade has grown apace. tonnage of Pittsburg's steamers, tugs, boats and barges exceeds that of any other port in this country. Her tonnage exceeds 500,000,000 tons annually. She has a dozen passenger boats, more than 100 tugs and 4,000 boats, barges and flats with a registered tonnage of 5,000,000 tons. Pittsburg has $20,000,000 invested in river crafts. Her steam tugs can propel a fleet of boats carrying 100,000 tons of coal, enough to supply a city of 25,000 people for a whole year. In the improvement of the rivers and harbors of Pittsburg many millions of public and private capital have been spent. Only recently the United States government purchased the freedom of the great Monongahela at a cost of $4,000,000.

Pittsburg is connected with the outside world by three great trunk railroad systems under which are operated some twelve lines, and the tonnage coming directly out of Pittsburg is nearly one-fifteenth of that of the entire country. Two thousand freight cars enter the city every day and 1,200 are loaded and sent out. The car service reports show that more cars are handled in Pittsburg than in any other city on the continent. But with all her vast facilities Pittsburg is constantly opening up new highways. The Ohio & Lake Erie Ship Canal is the pearl upon which Pittsburg has long feasted her eye and the realization of this all-important project may not be an event of the far future. In the matter of passenger service Pittsburg is well provided. She has 616 trains daily. She has also 300 miles of street railway.

The crucible test of a city's greatness is in its building activity. Increasing population, industrial growth and an advancing spirit of enterprise all call for more and

better buildings for all purposes. The evolution of Pittsburg's buildings has been as marked as has been her progress along the industrial line, and now her "Sky Scrapers" will compare favorably with those of any other city in the world. In less than ten years the value of her buildings has increased $125,000,000. Pittsburg's real estate transfers exceed $25,000,000 per year. The aggregate of her valuation for taxation is $50,000,000 greater than that of Chicago. Pittsburg's banking interests are great, and throughout the country her financial rating is high. In the ninety years of Pittsburg's banking history there have been but few instances of wildcat speculation and wholesale fraud. Since the close of the rebellion the development of banking interests in the city has been marvelous. Today Pittsburg has seventy-three banks, whose deposits and assets exceed $200,000,000. Since the establishment of the Pittsburg Clearing House thirty years ago its total business has aggregated $15,000,000,000, and in the clearing house system of the country Pittsburg holds fifth rank.

The story of Pittsburg's sociological aspect is fully as interesting as is that of its industrial progress. It is a story of evolution wrought in a century of time; as we now see it the log cabin of the frontiersman has been supplanted by the palatial mansion of the merchant prince or manufacturer, and the flicker of the tallow dip has been succeeded by the blaze of the electric light, while the mirror of fashion reflects silks, satins, jewels and broadcloth, where ten decades ago it shadowed a deer

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skin suit, a linsey-woolsey frock. Pittsburg was largely settled by the Scotch and Irish races and from its earliest days its society has been permeated by a vein of rugged honesty and wholesouled hospitality. It is interesting to know that the "boycott," as we understand it, had its origin here in Pittsburg long before Captain Boycott came to life. In the early days the punishment for lying, dishonesty and idleness was that of "hating out the offender." It was our boycott pure and simple, the public expression of a general sentiment of indignation.

In religion and education Pittsburg has kept steady pace with her giant strides along other lines. The first voice of praise and thanksgiving that ever trembled on the air of the primeval forest whereon Pittsburg now stands was that of that noble Jesuit, La Salle, who visited this spot in the latter part of the seventeenth century, while returning from his explorations and religious labors in the Mississippi Country.

This rapid glance at Pittsburg's growth and development shows plainly that she owes her commanding position in the industrial world to a varied combination of advantages and favorable circumstances. Pittsburg's geographical position, midway between the two great centers of population, her mineralogical advantages and the manufacturing facilities which she so eminently possesses are necessarily homogeneous in the birth and growth and future progress of a great manufacturing and industrial center, and nowhere else in the world is there grouped such a mighty store of diversified industrial advantages.