changed sides; and cultivated a friendship | Hereupon Cæsar encouraged Antipater to with Cæsar. And since Mithridates of Per-undertake other hazardous enterprises for gamus, with the forces he led against Egypt, him: and that by giving him great commenwas excluded from the avenues about Pelu- dations, and hopes of reward. In all which sium, and was forced to stay at Ascalon; he enterprises he readily exposed himself to many persuaded the Arabians, among whom he had dangers: and became a most courageous warlived, to assist him; and came himself to him rior; and had many wounds almost all over at the head of three thousand armed men. his body, as demonstrations of his valor. He also encouraged the men of power in Sy- And when Cæsar had settled the affairs of ria to come to his assistance; as also of the Egypt, and was returning into Syria again, inhabitants of Libanus, Ptolemy, and Jambli- he gave him the privilege of a Roman citizen; cus, and another Ptolemy. By which means and freedom from taxes; and rendered him the cities of that country came readily into an object of admiration, by the honors and this war. Insomuch that Mithridates ventur- marks of friendship he bestowed upon him. ed now, in dependence upon the additional On his account it was also that he confirmed strength he had gotten by Antipater, to march Hyrcanus in the high-priesthood. forward to Pelusium. And when they refused him a passage through it, he besieged the city. In the attack of which place Antipater principally signalized himself. For he brake down that part of the wall which was over against him, and leaped first of all into the city, with the men that were about him.

CHAP. X.

ANTIPATER IS APPOINTED TO BE PROCURATOR OF JUDEA,
PHASAEL TO BE GOVERNOR OF JERUSALEM, AND HEROD
GOVERNOR OF GALILEE. HEROD IS SUMMONED TO AP-
PEAR BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM, BUT IS ACQUITTED.
SEXTUS CÆSAR IS TREACHEROUSLY KILLED BY BASSUS,
AND SUCCEEDED BY MARCUS.

Thus was Pelusium taken. But still, as they were marching on, those Egyptian Jews that inhabited the country, called the country of ABOUT this time + Antigonus, the son of Onias, stopped them. Then did Antipater Aristobulus, came to Cæsar; and benot only persuade them not to stop them; but came, in a surprising manner, the occasion of to afford provisions for their army. On which Antipater's farther advancement. For whereaccount even the people about Memphis would as he ought to have lamented that his father not fight against them; but of their own ac- appeared to have been poisoned, on account cord joined Mithridates. Whereupon he of his quarrels with Pompey; and to have went round about Delta; and fought the rest complained of Scipio's barbarity towards his of the Egyptians, at a place called the Jews' brother, and not to mix any invidious passion Camp. Nay, when he was in danger in the when he was suing for mercy; besides those battle, with all his right wing, Antipater things he came before Cæsar, and accused wheeled about, and came along the bank of Hyrcanus and Antipater of having driven the river to him: for he had beaten those that him and his brethren entirely out of their naopposed him, as he led the left wing. After tive country; and having acted in a great which success he fell upon those that pursued many instances unjustly, and extravagantly, Mithridates; and slew a great many of them; with respect to their nation; and that, as to and pursued the remainder so far, that he took the assistance they had sent him into Egypt, their camp: while he lost no more than four-it was not done out of good will to him, but score of his own men: as Mithridates lost, out of fear they were in from former quarrels; during the pursuit that was made after him, and in order to gain pardon for their friendship about eight hundred. He was also himself to his enemy Pompey. saved unexpectedly and became an unre- Hereupon Antipater threw away his garproachable witness to Cæsar of the great ac-ments, and shewed the multitude of the wounds tions of Antipater. he had; and said, that "As to his good will

This is confirmed by Dio, xxxix. pag. 204,

+ See Antiq. XIV. 8.

by raising new troubles, to get themselves some gain, they should then find him to be their lord, instead of their procurator; and find Hyrcanus to be a tyrant, instead of a king: and both the Romans and Cæsar to be their enemies, instead of rulers. For that they would not suffer him to be removed from the government, whom they had made their

this, he settled the affairs of the country by himself; because he saw that Hyrcanus was inactive, and not fit to manage the affairs of the kingdom. So he constituted his eldest son, Phasaelus, governor of Jerusalem, and of the parts about it: he also sent his next son, Herod, who was † very young, with equal authority into Galilee.

to Cæsar, he had no occasion to say a word; because his body cried aloud, though he said nothing himself. He wondered, however, at Antigonus's boldness; while he was himself no other than the son of an enemy to the Romans, and of a fugitive; and had it by inheritance from his father to be fond of innovations, and seditions, that he should undertake to accuse other men before the Roman go-governor. And at the same time that he said vernor, and endeavor to gain some advantage to himself; when he ought to be contented that he was suffered to live. For that the reason of his desire of governing public affairs was not so much because he was in want of it; but because, if he could once obtain the same, he might stir up a sedition among the Jews; and use what he should gain from the Romans, to the injury of those that gave Now Herod was an active man, and soon it him." found proper materials for his spirit to work When Cæsar heard this, he declared Hyr-upon. As, therefore, he found that Hezekias, canus to be the most worthy of the high-priesthood and gave leave to Antipater to choose what authority he pleased. But he left the determination to him that bestowed the dignity upon him; so he was constituted procurator of all Judea; and obtained leave to * rebuild those walls of his country that had been thrown down. These honorary grants Cæsar sent orders to have engraved in the capitol; that they might stand there, as indications of his own justice, and of the virtue of Antipater.

the head of the robbers, overran the neighboring parts of Syria with a great band of men, he caught him, and slew him, and many more of the robbers with him: which exploit was chiefly grateful to the Syrians. Insomuch that hymns were sung in Herod's commendation, both in the villages and in the cities: as having procured their quietness; and having preserved what they possessed to them. On this occasion he became acquainted with Sextus Cæsar, a kinsman of the great Cæsar, and president of Syria. A just emuBut as soon as Antipater had conducted lation of his glorious actions excited PhasaeCæsar out of Syria, he returned to Judea. lus also to imitate him. Accordingly he proAnd the first thing he did was to rebuild that cured the good will of the inhabitants of Jewall of Jerusalem which Pompey had over-rusalem, by his own management of the city thrown and then to go over the country, and to quiet the tumults that were therein. In doing this he partly threatened, and partly advised, every one; and told them, that in case they would submit to Hyrcanus they would live happily, and peaceably; and enjoy what they possessed; and that with universal peace and quietness. But that in case they hearkened to such as had some frigid hopes,

* What is here noted by Hudson and Spanheim, that this grant of leave to rebuild the walls of the cities of Judea was made by Julius Cæsar, not as here to Antipater, but to Hyrcanus, Antiq. XIV. 8, has hardly an appearance of a contradiction. Antipater being now, perhaps, considered only as Hyrcanus's deputy, and minister.

affairs; and did not abuse his power in any disagreeable manner. Whence it came to pass, that the nation paid Antipater the respects that were due only to a king; and the honors they all yielded him were equal to those due to an absolute lord. Yet did not he abate any part of that good will or fidelity which he owed to Hyrcanus.

However, he found it impossible to escape

Although he afterwards made a cipher of Hyrcanus; and, under great decency of behaviour to him, took the real authority to himself.

+ About twenty-five years of age. See the note on Antiq. XIV. 9, and Poly b. XVII. page 752.

nishment. So he sent some to denounce expressly to Hyrcanus, that he should acquit Herod of the capital charge against him; who acquitted him accordingly as being otherwise inclined also so to do, for he loved Herod.

envy in such prosperity. For the glory of || those young men affected even Hyrcanus himself, privately; though he said nothing of it to any body. But what he was principally grieved at was the great actions of Herod, and that so many messengers came one before another, and informed him of the great reputa- But Herod, supposing that he had escaped tion he got in all his undertakings. There were punishment, without the consent of the king, also many people in the royal palace, who in-retired to Sextus, to Damascus ; and got every flained his envy at him: those, I mean, who thing ready in order not to obey him, if he were obstructed in their designs by the pru- should summon him again. Hereupon those dence either of the young men, or of Antipa- that were evil disposed irritated Hyrcanus, tér. These men said, that by committing the and told him, that Herod had gone away in public affairs to the management of Antipater anger, and was prepared to make war upon and of his sons, he sat down with nothing but him. And as the king believed what they the bare name of a king, without any of its said, he knew not what to do: since he saw authority. And they asked him, how long he his antagonist was stronger than he was himwould so far mistake himself, as to breed up self. And now, since Herod was made genekings against his own interest ? For that they ral of Colesyria, and Samaria, by Sextus Cædid not now conceal the government of af-sar, he was formidable; not only from the fairs any longer; but were plainly lords of the good will which the nation bore him, but by nation; and had thrust him out of his autho-the power he himself had. Insomuch, that rity that this was the case when Herod slew Hyrcanus fell into the utmost degree of terror, so many men without his giving him any andexpected he would presently march against command to do it, either by word of mouth, him with his army. or by his letter: and this in contradiction to the Jews. In case, therefore" said they," he be not a king, but a private man, he ought to come to his trial, and answer it to the laws of his country; which do not permit any one to be killed, till he hath been condemned in judg-canus. ment."

66

Hyrcanus was by degrees inflamed with these discourses; and at length could forbear no longer, but summoned Herod to take his trial. Accordingly, by his father's advice, and as soon as the affairs of Galilee would give him leave, he came up to Jerusalem, having previously placed garrisons in Galilee. However, he came with a sufficient body of soldiers; || so many, indeed, that he might not appear to have with him an army able to overthrow Hyrcanus's government; nor yet so few as to expose him to the insults of those that envied him. However, Sextus Caesar was in fear for the young man, lest he should be taken hold of by his enemies, and be brought to pu

* "A man that hath no virtue in himself ever envieth virtue in others: for men's minds will either feed upon their own good, or upon other's evil; and who wanteth the one will prey upon the other; and whoso is out of

Nor was he mistaken in the conjecture he made. For Herod got his army together, out of the anger he bare him for his threatening him with the accusation in a public court, and led it to Jerusalem, in order to dethrone Hyr

And this he had soon done, unless his father and brother had gone out together, and appeased his fury: and this by exhorting him to carry his revenge no farther than to threat. ening and affrighting; but to spare the king, under whom he had been advanced to such a degree of power; and that he ought not to be so much provoked at his being tried, as to forget to be thankful that he was acquitted. Nor so long to think upon what was of a melancholy nature, as to be ungrateful for his deliverance. And if he ought to reckon that God is the arbitrator of success in war, an unjust cause is of more disadvantage than an army can be of advantage. And that, therefore, he ought not to be entirely confident of success, in a case, where he was to fight

hope to attain another's virtue, will seek to come at even hand by depressing another's fortune." Lord Bacon's Essays, p. 21. B.

against his king, his supporter, and one that every one betook himself to that party where had often been his benefactor, and that had they had the greatest hopes of advancing never been severe to him, any otherwise than themselves. Accordingly Cassius came into as he had hearkened to evil counsellors: and Syria, in order to receive the forces that were this no farther than by bringing a shadow of at Apamia; where he effected a reconciliainjustice upon him. So Herod was prevail-tion between Bassus and Marcus, and the leed upon by these arguments and supposedgions which were at difference with him. So that what he had already done was sufficient for his future hopes, and that he had sufficiently shewn his power to the nation,

he raised the siege of Apamia; and took upon him the command of the army; and went about exacting tributes of the cities, and demanding their money to such a degree as they were not able to bear.

In the mean time there was a disturbance among the Romans about Apamia; and a civil war occasioned by the treacherous* So he gave command that the Jews should slaughter of Sextus Cæsar by Cecilius Bassus: bring in seven hundred talents. Whereupon which he perpetrated out of his good will to Antipater, out of his dread of Cassius's threats, Pompey. He also took the authority over his parted the raising of this sum among his sons, forces. But as the rest of Caesar's command- and among others of his acquaintance; that ers attacked Bassus with their whole army, in it might be done immediately and among order to punish him for his murder of Cæsar, them he required Malichus, who was at enAntipater also sent them assistance, by his mity with him, to do his part also which sons, both on account of him that was murder-necessity forced him to do. Now Herod, in ed; and on account of that Cæsar who was the first place, mitigated the passion of Casstill alive: both of whom were their friends.sius, by bringing his share out of Galilee, And as this war proved to be of considerable length, Marcus came out of Italy as successor to Sextus.

quita eid løg hotell so

CHAP. XI.

which was a hundred talents. On which account he was in the highest favor with him. And when he reproached the rest for being tardy, he was angry at the cities themselves. So he made slaves of Gophna and Emmaus, and two others of less note. Nay, he proceeded as if he would kill Malichus, because

HEROD IS MADE PROCURATOR OF ALL SYRIA. MALICRUS he had not made greater haste in exacting his

TAKES OFF ANTIPATER BY POISON; WHEREUPON THE
TRIBUNES OF SOLDIERS ARE PREVAILED WITH TO KILL
HIM.

tribute. But Antipater prevented the ruin of this man, and of the other cities; and got into Cassius's favor, by bringing in a hundred talents immediately.

However, when Cassius was gone, Malichus forgot the kindness that Antipater had done him; and laid frequent plots against him that bad saved him: as making haste to get him out of the way, who was an obstacle to his wicked practices. But Antipater was so much afraid of the power and cunning of

It appears evidently by Josephus's accounts, both here, and in his Antiquities, XIV. 11, that this Cassius, one of Cæsar's murderers, was a bitter oppressor and exactor of tribute in Judea. These 700 talents amount to about 300,0001. sterling: and are about half the yearly revenues of king Herod afterwards. See the note on Antiq. XVII. 11. It also appears, that Galilee then paid no more than 100 talents; or the 7th part of the entire sum to be levied in all the country,

of Malichus's apology, and professed that he cleared him of that suspicion; he also made a pompous funeral for his father.

the man, that he went beyond Jordan, in or der to guard himself against his treacherous designs. But when Malichus was caught in his plot, he put upon Antipater's sons by his impudence; for he thoroughly deluded Phasaelus, who was the guardian of Jerusalem, and Herod, who was intrusted with the weapons of war: and this by a great many excuses and oaths and persuaded them to procure his reconciliation to his father. Thus was he preserved again by Antipater, who dissuaded Marcus, the then president of Syria, from his resolution of killing Malichus, on account of his attempts, for inno-mand, and came in by night. Upon which vation.

*

Upon the war between Cassius and Brutus on one side, against the younger Cæsar and Antony on the other, Cassius and Marcus got together an army out of Syria. And because Herod was likely to have a great share in providing necessaries, they then made him procurator of all Syria, and gave him an army of foot and horse. Cassius promised him also that, after the war was over, he would make him king of Judea. But it so happened, that the power and hopes of his son became the cause of his perdition. For as Malichus was afraid of this, he corrupted one of the king's cup-bearers † with money, to give a poisoned potion to Antipater. So he became a sacrifice to Malichus's wickedness; and died at a feast. He was a man in other respects active in the management of affairs; and one that recovered the government to Hyrcanus, and preserved it in his hands.

So Herod went to Samaria, which was then in a tumult, and settled the city in peace. After which, at the festival, he returned to Jerusalem; having his armed men with him. Hereupon Hyrcanus, at the request of Malichus, who feared his approach, forbade them to introduce foreigners to mix themselves with the people of the country, while they were § purifying themselves, But Herod despised the pretence, and him that gave that com

Malichus came to him, and bewailed Antipater. Herod also made him believe he admitted of his lamentations as real although he had much ado to restrain his passion at him. However, he did himself bewail the murder of his father, in his letter to Cassius: who, on other accounts also, bated Malichus. Cassius sent him word back, that he should avenge his father's death upon him; and privately gave order to the tribunes, that were under him, that they should assist Herod in a righteous actionhe was about.

And because, upon the taking of Laodicea by Cassius, the men of power were gotten together from all quarters, with presents, and crowns in their hands, Herod allotted this time for the punishment of Malichus. When Malichus suspected that, and was at Tyre, he resolved to withdraw his son privately from among the Tyrians, who was a hostage there, while he got ready to flee away into Judea. However, Malichus, when he was suspect- The despair he was in of escaping excited ed of poisoning Antipater, and when the mul- him to think of greater things. For he hoped titude were angry at him for it, denied it; to a revolt from that he should raise the nation and made the people believe he was not guilty. the Romans, while Cassius was busy about the He also prepared to make a great figure, and war against Antony; and that he should raised soldiers. For he did not suppose that easily depose Hyrcanus, and get the crown Herod would be quiet; who, indeed, came for himself. upon him with an army presently, in order to revenge his father's upon heardeath. But ing the advice of his brother Phasaelus, not to punish him in an open manner, lest the multitude should fall into a sedition, he admitted

But Fate laughed at the hopes he had. For Herod foresaw what he was so zealous about; and invited both Hyrcanus and him to supper. But calling one of the principal servants that stood by him, to him, he sent