when Varus was gone to Antioch, and Arche- || for themselves; and also had considered of laus was sailed to Rome, he immediately went the great burden of the kingdom, and largeon to Jerusalem, and seized upon the palace. ness of the revenues, and withal the number And when he had called for the governors of of the children Herod had left behind him; and the citadels, and the stewards of the king's had moreover read the letters he had received private affairs, he tried to sift out the accounts from Varus and Sabinus on this occasion; he of the money; and to take possession of the assembled the principal persons among the citadels. But the governors of those citadels Romans together, (in which assembly, * Caius, were not unmindful of the commands laid upon the son of Agrippa and his daughter Julias, them by Archelaus: and continued to guard but by himself adopted for his own son, sat in them; and said the custody of them rather the first seat,) and gave the pleaders leave to belonged to Cæsar than to Archelaus. speak. In the mean time Antipas went also to Rome, to strive for the kingdom; and to insist that the former testament, wherein he was named to be king, was valid before the latter. Salome had also promised to assist him; as had many of Archelaus's kindred who sailed along with Archelaus. He also carried along with him his mother, and Ptolemy, the brother of Nicolaus; who seemed one of great weight, on account of the great trust Herod put in him he having been one of his most honored friends. However, Antipas depended chiefly upon Ireneus, the orator: upon whose authority he had rejected such as advised him to yield to Archelaus, because he was his elder brother, and because the second testament gave the kingdom to him. The inclinations also of all Archelaus's kindred, who hated him, were removed to Antipas when they came to Rome: although in the first place every one rather desired to live under their own laws, without a king; and to be under a Roman governor. But if they should fail in that point, these desired that Antipas might be their king. Sabinus did also afford his assistance to the same purpose, by the letters he sent: wherein be accused Archelaus before Cæsar, and highly commended Antipas. Salome also, and those with her, put the crimes which they accused Archelaus of in order, and put them into Cæsar's hands. And after they had done that, Archelaus wrote down the reasons of his claim, and, by Ptolemy, sent in his father's ring, and accounts. And when Cæsar had maturely weighed by himself what both had to allege * Dean Aldrich observes that Caius was at this time but ten years of age. Then stood up Salome's son Antipater, who of all Archelaus's antagonists was the shrewdest pleader; and accused him in a speech to the following effect: He said that Archelaus did in words contend for the kingdom; but that in deed he had long exercised royal authority; and so did but insult Cæsar, in desiring to be now heard on that account. Since he had not staid for his determination about the succession; and since he had suborned certain persons, after Herod's death, to move for putting the diadem upon his head; since he had set himself down in the throne, and given answers as a king, and altered the disposition of the army, and granted to some higher dignities. That he had also complied with the people in the requests they made to him as to their king; and had also dismissed those that had been put into bonds by his father, for most important reasons. Yet that, after all this, he desired the shadow of that royal authority, whose substance he had already seized to himself: and so had made Cæsar lord, not of things, but of words. He also reproached him farther, that his mourning for his father was openly pretended: while he put on a sad countenance in the day time, but drank to great excess in the night; from which behavior he said the late disturbances among the multitude came: while they had an indignation thereat. And, indeed, the purport of his whole discourse was to aggravate Archelaus's crime in slaying such a multitude about the temple: which multitude came to the festival, but were barbarously † slain in the midst of their own sacrifices: and he said + See Luke xiii. 1. there unacquainted with whom he chose for his suc cessor. When Nicolaus had gone through all he had to say, Archelaus came, and fell down before Cæsar's knees; upon which he raised him up, after a very obliging manner: and declared that he was worthy to succeed his father. However, he still made no firm determination in his case. But when he had dismissed those assessors that had been with him that day, he deliberated by himself about the allegations which he had heard; whether it were fit to constitute any of those named in the testaments which he had heard: or whether the government should be divided among all his posterity, and this because of the number of those that seemed to stand in need of support therefrom. there was such a vast number of dead bodies heaped together in the temple, as even a foreign war, that should come upon them suddenly, before it was denounced, could not have heaped together. And he added, it was the foresight his father had of his barbarity, which made him never give him any hopes of the kingdom, but when his mind was more infirm than his body, and he was not able to reason soundly, and did not well know what was the character of that son, whom in his second testament he made his successor. And this was done by him at a time when he had no complaints to make of him, whom he had named before when he was sound in body; and when his mind was free from all passions. That, however, if any one should suppose Herod's judgment, when he was sick, was superior to that at another time; yet had Archelaus forfeited his kingdom by his own behavior, and by those actions which were contrary to the law, and to its disadvantage. THE JEWS FIGHT AN OBSTINATE BATTLE WITH SABINUS'S "Or what sort of a king," said he, "will this man be, when he hath obtained the government from Cæsar, who hath slain so many before he hath obtained it ?" When Antipater had spoken largely to this purpose, and had produced a great number of Archelaus's kindred as witnesses, to prove every part of the accusation; Nicolaus stood up to plead for Archelaus. He alleged, that the slaughter in the temple could not be avoided; that those that were slain were become enemies not to Archelaus's kingdom only, but to Cæsar, who was to determine about him. He also demonstrated, that Archelaus's accusers had advised him to perpetrate other things, of which he might have been accused. But he insisted, that the latter testament should, for this reason above all others, be esteemed valid, because Herod had therein appointed Cæsar to be the person who should confirm the succession. For he who shewed such prudence, as to recede from his own power, and yield it up to the lord of the world, could not be supposed mistaken in his judgment about him that was to be his heir. And he that so well knew whom to chuse for arbitrator of the succession, could not be The fiftieth day. SOLDIERS; AND A CHAP. III. GREAT DESTRUCTION IS MADE AT So about these affairs, Malthace, ArcheEFORE Cæsar had determined any thing laus's mother, fell sick and died. Letters also were brought out of Syria from Varus, about a revolt of the Jews. This was foreseen by Varus, who accordingly, after Archelaus was sailed, went up to Jerusalem to restrain the promoters of the sedition: since it was manifest that the nation would not be at rest. he left one of those legions which he brought with him out of Syria, in the city, and went himself to Antioch. But Sabinus came after he was gone, and gave them an occasion of making innovations. For he compelled the keepers of the citadels to deliver them up to him: and made a strict search after the king's money: as depending not only on the soldiers which were left by Varus, but on the multitude of his own servants: all of whom he armed, and used as the instruments of his covetousness. Now when that feast, which was observed after seven weeks, and which the Jews call Pentecost, was at hand: (its name being taken from the number of the days after the Passover;) the people got together: but not on account of the accustomed divine worship, but of the indignation they had at the present state of affairs. An immense multitude, therefore, ran together, out of Galilee, Idumea, Jericho, and Perea, that was beyond Jordan. But the people that naturally belonged to Judea itself were above the rest, both in number, and in the alacrity of the men. So they distributed themselves into three parts, and pitched their camps in three places. One was at the north side of the temple: another at the south side, by the Hippodrome; and the third part were at the palace on the west. So they lay round about the Romans on every side, and besieged them. Now Sabinus was affrighted both at their multitude, and at their courage; and sent messengers to Varus continually, and besought him to come to his succour quickly: for that, if he delayed, his legion would be cut to pieces. As for Sabinus himself, he got up to the highest tower of the fortress, which was called Phasaelus it is of the same name with Herod's brother, who was destroyed by the Parthians and then he made signs to the soldiers of that legion to attack the enemy, for his astonishment was so great, that he durst not go down to his own men. Hereupon the soldiers were prevailed upon, and leaped out into the temple, and fought a terrible battle with the Jews. In which, while there were none over their heads to distress them, they were too hard for them, by their skill, and the others' want of skill in war. But when many of the Jews had gotten up to the top of the cloisters, and threw their darts downwards, upon the heads of the Romans, there were a great many of them destroyed. Nor was it easy to avenge themselves upon those that threw their weapons from on high: nor was it more easy for them to sustain those who came to fight them hand to hand.† Since, therefore, the Romans were sorely afflicted by both these circumstances, they set fire to the cloisters: which were works to be admired, both on account of their magnitude, and costliness. Whereupon those that were above them were presently encompassed with the flame and many of them perished there *See Book I. chap. 13. in. As many of them also were destroyed by the enemy, who came suddenly upon them. Some of them also threw themselves down from the walls backward; and some there were who, from the desperate condition they were in, prevented the fire by killing themselves with their own swords. But so many of them as crept out from the walls, and came upon the Romans, were easily mastered by them; by reason of the astonishment they were under. Until at last some of the Jews being destroyed, and others dispersed by the terror they were in, the soldiers fell upon the treasure of God, which was now deserted; and plundered about four hundred talents: of which sum Sabinus got together all that was not carried away by the soldiers. However, this destruction of the works about the temple, and of the men, occasioned a much greater number, and those of a more warlike sort, to get together, to oppose the Romans. These encompassed the palace round; and threatened to destroy all that were in it, unless they went their ways quickly. For they promised that Sabinus should come to no harm, if he would go out with his legion. There were also a great many of the king's party who deserted the Romans and assisted the Jews. Yet did the most warlike body of them all, who were three thousand of the men of Sebaste, go over to the Romans. Rufus also, and Gratus, their captains, did the same, (Gratus having the foot of the king's party under him, and Rufus the horse:) each of whom, even without the forces under them, were of great weight on account of their strength and wisdom, which turn the scales in war. Now the Jews persevered in the siege, and tried to break down the walls of the fortress, and cried out to Sabinus and his party, that they should go their ways, and not prove a hindrance to them now they hoped, after a long time, to recover that ancient liberty which their forefathers had enjoyed. Sabinus, indeed, was well contented to get out of the danger he was in: but he distrusted the assurances the Jews gave him; and suspected such gentle treatment was but a bait laid as a snare for them. This considera. + Antiq. XVII, 10. ASSUMPTION ATHRONGEUS. A' AT this time there were great disturbances in the country, and that in many places. And the opportunity that now offered itself induced a great many to set up for kings. And indeed in Idumea two thousand of Herod's veteran soldiers got together, and armed themselves, and fought against those of the king's party. Against whom Achiabus, the king's first cousin, fought; and that out of some of these places that were the most strongly fortified but so as to avoid a direct conflict with them in the plains. In Sepphoris also, a city of Galilee, there was one Judas, the son of that arch-robber* Hezekias, who formerly overran the country, and had been subdued by king Herod: this man got no small multitude together, and brake open the place where the royal armor was laid up, and armed those about him, and attacked those that were so earnest to gain the dominion. In Perea, also, Simon, one of the servants to the king, relying upon the handsome appearance and talness of his body, † put a diadem upon his head. He also went about with a company of robbers that he had gotten together, and burnt down the royal palace that was at Jericho, and many other costly edifices; and procured himself spoils by rapine, as snatching them out of the fire. And he had soon burnt down all the fine edifices, if Gratus, the captain of the foot of the king's party, had not taken the Trachonite archers, and the most warlike of Sebaste, and met the|| NNNNN. * See Book I. chap. 10. + These were two qualities in high esteem in the Eastern nations; and upon account of which many obtained regal power. Dignity of person adds sanction to the office assumed. B. Tacitus says, that this pretended king, Simon, was slain (a Quintilio Varo obtinente Syriam) by Quintilius Varus, then president of Syria. Whereas our somewhat ancient, and, in the affairs of Judea, much more credible man. His footmen were slain in the battle in abundance: Gratus also cut to pieces Simon himself, as he was fleeing along a narrow valley; when he gave him an oblique stroke upon his neck, as he ran away, and brake it. The royal palaces that were near Jordan, at Betharamptha, were also burnt down, by some other of the seditious that came out of Perea.§ At this time a certain shepherd, named Athrongeus, ventured to set himself up for a king. It was the strength of his body that made him expect such a dignity; as well as his soul, which despised death: and, besides these qualifications, he had four brethren like himself. He put a troop of armed men under each of his brethren; and made use of them as generals and commanders, when he made his incursions: while he himself acted like a king, and meddled only with the more important affairs. And at this time he put a diadem about his head and continued after that to overrun the country for no little time. with his brethren: and became their leader in killing both the Romans, and those of the king's party. Nor did any Jew escape him; if any gain could accrue to him thereby. He once ventured to encompass a whole, troop of Romans at Emmaus, who were carrying corn and weapons to their legion. His men therefore shot their arrows and darts, and thereby slew their centurion Arius, and forty of the stoutest of his men while the rest of them, who were in danger of the same fate, upon the coming of Gratus, with those of Sebaste, to their assistance, escaped. And when these men had thus served both their own countrymen and foreigners, and that through this whole war, three of them were after some time subdued: the eldest by Archelaus; the two next by falling into the hands of Gratus and Ptolemneus. But the fourth delivered himself up to Archelaus, upon his giving him his right hand for his security. However, this author, Josephus, says both here, and Antiq. XVII. 10. that it was done by Gratus, the general of the Roman foot, and not by Varus. Though it was indeed done by Gratus, while Quintilius Varus was president of Syria. Accordingly Dean Aldrich advises us only to blot out the preposition a, or by; and the testimony of Tacitus will then agree with that of Josephus. § Antiq. XVII. 10. their end was not till afterward; while at present they filled all Judea with a piratic war. CHAP. V. VARUS COMPOSES THE TUMULTS IN JUDEA, AND CRUCIFIES UPON slaughter of those that were about Arius. He then marched on to Jerusalem: and as soon as he was but seen by the Jews, he made their camps disperse themselves. They also went away, and fled up and down the country. But the citizens received him, and cleared themselves of having any hand in this revolt; and said, that they had raised no commotions, but had only been forced to admit the multitude because of the festival; and that they were rather besieged together with the Romans, than assisted those that had revolted. There had before this met him Joseph, the first cousin of Archelaus; and Gratus, together with Rufus, who led those of Sebaste, as well as the king's army. There also met him those of the Roman legion, armed after their accustomed manner. For as to Sabinus, he durst not come into Varus's sight; but was gone out of the city before this, to the seaside. But Varus sent a part of his army into the country, against those that had been the authors of this commotion. And as they caught great numbers of them, those that appeared to have been the least concerned in these tumults he put into custody; but such as were the most guilty he crucified, to the number of about two thousand. TPON Varus's reception of the letters that were written by Sabinus, and the captains, he could not avoid being afraid for the whole legion he had left there. So he hastened to their relief; and took with him the other two legions, with the four troops of horsemen to them belonging, and marched to Ptolemais: having given orders for the auxiliaries, that were sent by the kings and governors of cities, to meet him there. Moreover, he received from the people of Berytus, as he passed through their city, fifteen hundred armed men. Now as soon as the other body of auxiliaries were come to Ptolemais, as well as Aretas the Arabian; (who, out of the hatred he bore to Herod, brought a great army of horse and foot) Varus sent a party of his army presently to Galilee, which lay near to Ptolemais and Caius, one of his friends, for their captain. This Caius put those that met him He was also informed that there continued to flight, and took the city Sepphoris, and in Idumea ten thousand men still in arms. burnt it; and made slaves of its inhabitants. But when he found that the Arabians did not But as for Varus himself, he marched to Sa- act like auxiliaries, but managed the war acmaria, with his whole army: where he did cording to their own passions, and did misnot meddle with the city itself, because he chief to the country otherwise than he intendfound that it had made no commotion during ed, and this out of their hatred to Herod, he these troubles, but pitched his camp about a sent them away; but made haste, with his certain village which was called Arus. It own legions, to march against those that had belonged to Ptolemy; and on that account it revolted. But these, by the advice of Achiwas plundered by the Arabians, who were abus, delivered themselves up to him, before very angry even at Herod's friends also. He it came to a battle. Then did Varus forgive then marched on to the village Sampho, the multitude their offences; but sent their another fortified place, which they plundered, captains to Cæsar, to be examined by him. as they had done the other: for they carried Now Cæsar forgave the rest; but gave orders off all the money they found belonging to the that certain of the king's relations, (for some public revenues. them were bloodshed; and nothing could resist the plunders of the Arabians. Emmaus was also burnt, upon the flight of its inhabitants; and this at the command of Varus, out of his rage at the All was now full of fire and of those there were amelations, (for some Herod's kinsmen,) should be put to death, because they had engaged in a war against a king of their own family. When, therefore, Varus had settled matters at Jerusalem * See Chap. 4. after |