1 after this manner, and had left the former || number had been slain by him, those that were legion there, as a garrison, he returned to Antioch. CHAP. VI. ON THE COMPLAINTS OF THE JEWS AGAINST ARCHELAUS, BUT of the greatest left had endured such miseries that they called UT now came another accusation from the Jews against Archelaus at Rome, which he was to answer to. It was made by those ambassadors who, before the revolt, had come, by Varus's permission, to plead for the liberty of their country. Those that came were fifty in number: but there were more than eight thousand of the Jews at Rome who supported them. And when Cæsar had assembled a council of the principal Romans in * Apollo's temple, that was in the palace:dition, by being inured to hardships, that they (this was what he had himself built and submitted to his successor of their own accord, adorned, at a vast expense:) the multitude of though he brought them into bitter slavery. Jews stood with the ambassadors: and on the That accordingly they readily called Archeother side stood Archelaus, with his friends. || laus, though he was the son of so great a tyBut as for the kindred of Archelaus, they rant, king, after the decease of his father; stood on neither side. For to stand on Ar- and joined with him in mourning for the death chelaus's side, their hatred and envy against of Herod, and in wishing him good fortune in him would not permit; while yet they were his succession: while yet this Archelaus, lest afraid to be seen by Caesar with his accusers. he should be in danger of not being thought Besides these, there were present, Archelaus's the genuine son of Herod, began his reign brother, Philip; being sent thither before- with the murder of three thousand citizens: hand, out of kindness, by Varus, for two reaas if he had a mind to offer so many bloody sons: the one was, that he, might be assisting sacrifices to God for his government; and to to Archelaus; and the other was, that in case fill the temple with the like number of dead Cæsar should make a distribution of what He- bodies at that festival. That, however, those rod possessed among his posterity, he might that were left, after so many miseries, had just obtain some share of it.† reason to consider now at last the calamities they had undergone and to oppose themselves, like soldiers in war, to receive those stripes upon their faces, but not upon their backs, as hitherto. Wherefore they prayed that the Romans would have compassion upon the poor remains of Judea, and not expose what was left of them to such as barbarously Now, upon the permission that was given to the accusers to speak, they, in the first place, went over Herod's breaches of their law, and said, that he was not a king, but the most barbarous of all tyrants; and that they had found him to be such by the sufferings they underwent from him. That when a very great * This holding a council in the temple of Apollo, in the emperor's palace at Rome, by Augustus, and even the building of this temple magnificently by himself in that palace, are exactly agreeable to Augustus, in his elder years; as Aldrich and Spanheim observe, and prove from Suetonius, and Propertius.. † Antiq. XVII. 11. Here we have a strong confirmation, that it wás Xerxes, and not Artaxerxes, under whom the main part of the Jews returned out of Babylonian captivity: i. e. in the days of Ezra and Nehemiab. Which is exactly agreeable to Josephus's old Hebrew, but neither to our modern Hebrew, nor Greck copies. See Supplement to Lit. Accompl. of Proph. pag. 59-73. The same thing is in the Antiquities, XI. 5.. tore them to pieces; and that they would join || Salome also, besides what the king had left their country to Syria, and administer the go- her in his testaments, was now made mistress vernment by their own commanders: whereby of Jamnia, Ashdod, and Phasaelis. Cæsar it would soon be demonstrated, that those who did also bestow upon her the royal palace of were now under the calumny of seditious per- Ascalon. By all which she got a revenue of sons, and lovers of war, knew how to bear sixty talents. But he put her under the ethgovernors that were set over them, if they narchy of Archelaus. And for the rest of were but tolerable ones. The Jews having Herod's offspring, they received what was concluded their accusation with this request, bequeathed to them in his testaments. But, Nicolaus rose up, and confuted the accusations besides that, Cæsar granted to Herod's two which were brought against the kings: and virgin daughters five hundred thousand himself accused the Jewish nation, as hard to drachmæ of silver; and gave them in marbe ruled, and as naturally disobedient to kings.riage to the sons of Pheroras. But after this He also reproached all those kinsmen of Archelaus who had left him, and were gone over to his accusers. So Cæsar, after he had heard both sides, dissolved the assembly for that time. But a few days afterward he † gave the one-half of Herod's kingdom to Archelaus, by the name of Ethnarch, and promised to make him king also afterward, if he rendered himself worthy of that dignity. But as to the other half, he divided it into two tetrarchies, and gave them to two other sons of Herod: the one of them family distribution, he gave between them what had been bequeathed to him by Herod, which was a thousand talents; reserving to himself only some inconsiderable presents, in honor of the deceased. CHAP. VII. OF THE IMPOSTURE AND DETECTION OF A SPURIOUS ALEX- DEATH OF GLAPHYRA. semblance of their countenances, that he was that Alexander who was slain by Herod. This man came to Rome, in hopes of not being detected. He had one who was his as to Philip, and the other to that Antipas who N the mean time there was a man, who I contested the kingdom with Archelaus. Un- was by birth a Jew, but brought up at der this last was Perea and Galilee, with a Sidon, with one of the Roman freed-men, revenue of two hundred talents. But Bata-who falsely pretended, on account of the renea, Trachonitis, Auranitis, and certain parts of Zeno's house about Jamnia, with a revenue of a hundred talents, were made subject to Philip. While Idumea, and all Judea, and Samaria, were parts of the ethnarchy of Ar-sistant, of his own nation, and who knew all chelaus; although Samaria was ease of one the affairs of the kingdom; and instructed quarter of its taxes, out of regard to their not him to say, how those that were sent to kill having revolted with the rest of the nation. him and Aristobulus had pity upon them, and He also made subject to him the following stole them away, by putting bodies that were cities: viz. Strato's Tower, Sebaste, Joppa, like theirs in their places. This man deceivand Jerusalem. But as to the Grecian cities, ed the Jews that were at Crete, and got a Gaza, Gadara, and Hippos, he cut them off great deal of money from them for travelling from the kingdom, and added them to Syria.in splendor, and thence sailed to Melos; where Now the revenue of the country that was given to Archelaus was four hundred talents. Herod and Archelaus. 220 + Dean Aldrich sets down here those passages of Tacitus and Strabo, which confirm what Josephus says, both here and Antiq. XVII. 13. Tacitus's words are these: Histor. v. 9. "The children of Herod," says he, " governed this nation, now reduced; and parted it into three governments," Strabo's words are as follow: "Of He he was thought so certainly genuine, that he got a great deal more money, and prevailed rod's sons some of them he himself slew, as plotters 765. discover him; and followed Cæsar, and pointed to the Jew who abused the resemblance of his face to get money for that he had received more presents in every city than ever Alexander did while he was alive. Cæsar laughed at the contrivance; and put this spurious Alexander among his rowers, on account of the strength of his body: but ordered him. that persuaded him to be put to death. But for the people of Melos, they had been sufficiently punished for their folly by the expenses they had been at on his ac with those that had treated him to sail along || discover who it was that persuaded thee to with him to Rome. So he landed at * Dice-forge such stories." So he said that he would archia, and got very large presents from the Jews who dwelt there; and was conducted by his father's friends as if he were a king. Nay, the resemblance in his countenance procured him so much credit, that those who had | seen Alexander, and had known him very well, would take their oaths that he was the very same person. Accordingly, the whole body of the Jews, that were at Rome, ran out in crowds to see him; and an innumerable multitude stood in the narrow places, through which he was carried. For those of Melos were so far distracted, that they carried him in a sedan, and maintained a royal attendance for him at their own proper charges. count. Now Archelaus took possession of his ethnarchy; and used not the Jews only, but the Samaritans also, barbarously: and this out of his resentment of their old quarrels with him. Whereupon they both of them sent ambassadors against him to Cæsar; and in the ninth year of his government he was ba But Cæsar, who knew perfectly well the lineaments of Alexander's face, because he had been accused by Herod before him, discerned the fallacy in his countenance, even before he saw the man. However, he suf-nished to Vienna, a city of Gaul: and his effered the agreeable fame that went of him to have some weight with him; and sent Celadus, one who well knew Alexander, and ordered him to bring the young man to him. But when Cæsar saw him, he immediately discerned a difference in his countenance and when he had discovered that his whole body was of a more robust texture, and like that of a slave,, he understood the whole was a contrivance. But the impudence of what he said greatly provoked him to be angry at him. For when he was asked about Aristobulus, he said, that he was also preserved alive, and was left on purpose in Cyprus, for fear of treachery: because it would be harder for plotters to get them both into their power while they were separate. Then did Cæsar take him by himself privately, and said to him, "I will give thee thy life, if thou wilt * Puteoli. +Such is the inconceivable variety of the human countenance, that but few instances of such similarity as confound the distinction of two different persons have ever occurred. It may, indeed, be justly questioned, whether an exact comparison would not, in all instances, discover some diversity. B. Father Hardiun pretends, that this Archelaus, the son of Herod the Great, was by Augustus made at first not barely an ethnarch, but a king: contrary to the tes fects were put into Cæsar's treasury. But the report goes, that before he was sent for by Caesar, he seemed to see nine § ears of corn, full and large; but devoured by oxen. When, therefore, he had sent for the diviners, and some of the Chaldeans, and inquired of them what they thought it portended; and when one of them had one interpretation, and another had another, Simon, one of the sect of the Essenes, said, that he thought the ears of corn denoted years: and the oxen denoted a mutation of things; because by their plowing they made an alteration of the country. That, therefore, he should reign as many years as there were ears of corn: aud, after he had passed through various alterations of fortune, should die. Now five days after Archelaus had heard this interpretation, he was called to his trial. § Gen. xii. 1-7. I cannot also but think it worthy to be recorded, what dream Glaphyra, the daughter Cappadocia, had, who of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, had, who had at first been wife to Alexander, who was the brother of Archelaus, concerning whom we have been discoursing. This Alexander was the son of Herod, the king, by whom he was put to death, as we have already related. This Glaphyra was married, after his death, to Juba, king of Libya; and after his death was returned home, and lived a widow with her father. Then it was that Archelaus, the ethnarch, saw her, and fell so deeply in love with her, that he divorced Mariamne, who was then his wife, and married her. When, therefore, she was come into Judea, and had been there for a little while, she thought she saw Alexander stand by her; and that he said to her, 66 Thy marriage with the king of Libya might have been sufficient for thee: but thou wast not contented with him, but art returned again to my family, to a third husband: and him, thou impudent woman! hast thou chosen for thine husband, who is my brother. However, I shall not overlook the injury thou bast offered me. I shall soon have thee again, whether thou wilt or no." Now Glaphyra hardly survived the narration of this dream of hers two days. CHAP. VIII. power of life and death put into his hands by Cæsar. Under his administration it was, that a certain Galilean, whose name was Judas, prevailed with his countrymen to revolt; and said they were cowards, if they would endure to pay a tax to the Romans; and would, after God, submit to mortal men as their lords. This man was a teacher of a peculiar sect of his own; and was not at all like the rest of those their leaders. For there are three * philosophical sects among the Jews. The followers of the first, of which are the Pharisees; of the second, the Sadducees; and the third sect, which pretends to a severer discipline, are called Essenes. These last are Jews by birth; and seem to have a greater affection for one another than the other sects have. These Essenes reject pleasures, as an evil; but esteem continence, and the conquest over our passions, to be virtuous. They neglect wedlock; but choose out other persons' children, while they are pliable, and fit for learning; and esteem them to be of their kindred, and form them according to their own manners. They do not absolutely deny the fitness of marriage, and the succession of mankind thereby continued. But they guard against the lascivious. behaviour of women; and are persuaded that none of them preserve their fidelity to one man. These men are despisers of riches; and so very communicative, as to excite general adROMAN PROVINCE; THE SEDITION OF JUDAS OF GALILEE; miration. Nor is there any one to be found OF THE REDUCTION OF ARCHELAUS'S ETHNARCHY INTO A AND OF THE THREE SECTS OF THE JEWS. among them who has more than another. For it is a law among them, that those who come to them must let what they have be common to the whole order: insomuch that among them all there is no appearance of poverty, or excess of riches; but every one's possessions * Take Dean Aldrich's note here entire. "What is therefore, read these original authors; and not suffer said of the Essenes in this chapter, Porphyry has tran. themselves to be perplexed with other accounts." The scribed De Abst. IV. 11, 12, 13, and Eusebius out of Por. same learned person adds presently, "The rules of the phyry, in his Preparation IX. 2. Concerning them Jo- Essenes do generally agree with those of the Pythagosephus writes elsewhere, Antiq. XIII. 5, XV. 10, and reans. For it is well known that the Daci, who were XVIII. 1. Besides these Philo has written about the instructed by Zamolxis, the Pythagorean, as well as PyEssenes, in his book, "That every good man is free," thagoras himself, borrowed the greatest part of their inpage 600. Eusebius produces an elegant place out of his stitutions from the Jews. It were easy to compare the Apology for the Jews, not now extant, in his Preparation, doctrines and practices of both sects together: but we VIII. 10. Lastly, Pliny treats of the Essenes in Nat. Hist. need not take that trouble, while every body is acquaintV. 17. Whatsoever we meet with that is authentic in othered with the Pythagorean institutions." authors is derived from these fountains. Let young men, " are And are intermingled with every other's posses- semble together into one place; and when sions; and so there is, as it were, one patri- they have clothed themselves in white veils, mony among all the brethren. They think they bathe their bodies in cold water. that oil is a defilement: and if any one of after this purification is over, they every one them be anointed, without his own approba-meet in an apartment of their own, into which tion, it is wiped off his body. For they think it is not permitted to any one of another sect it is a good thing to be in a state of perspira- to enter. While they go, after a pure mantion, as also to be always clothed in whitener, into the dining room, as into a certain garments. They also have stewards ap- holy temple; and quietly set themselves down. pointed, to take care of their common affairs: Upon which the baker lays them loaves in who every one of them have no separate bu-order: the cook also brings a single plate of siness for any, but what is for the uses of them all. one sort of food, and sets it before every one of them. But a priest says grace. before meat. And it is unlawful for any one to taste of the food before grace be said. The same priest, when he has dined, says grace again They have no certain city: but many of them dwell in every city: and if any of their sect come from other places, what they have lies open for them, just as if it were their own:after meat. And when they begin, and when and they go in to such as they never knew they end, they praise God, as he that bestows before, as if they had been never so long ac- their food upon them. After which they lay quainted with them. For which reason they aside their white garments, and betake themcarry nothing with them when they travel selves to their labors again till the evening. into remote parts: though still they take their Then they return home to supper, after the weapons for fear of thieves. Accordingly same manner: and if there be any strangers there is, in every city where they live, one ap- there they sit down with them. Nor is there pointed particularly to take care of strangers; ever any clamor or disturbance to pollute their and to provide garments, and other ne-house: but they give every one leave to speak cessaries, for them. But the habit and ma-in their turn. Which silence thus kept in their nagement of their bodies is such as children house appears to foreigners like some tremen. use who are in fear of their masters. Nor do dous mystery. The cause of which is that they allow of the change of garments, or of perpetual sobriety they exercise; and the same shoes, till they be first entirely torn to pieces, settled measure of meat and drink that is allotor worn out by time. Nor do they either bayted them; and that such as is abundantly sufor sell any thing to one another: but every ficient for them. one of them gives what he has to him that wants it, and receives from him again in lieu of it what may be convenient for himself. And although there be no requital made, they are fully allowed to take what they want of whom soever they please. As for their piety towards God, it is very extraordinary. For before sun-rising they speak not a word about profane matters; but put up certain prayers, which they have received from their forefathers, as if they made supplication for its rising. After this every one of them are sent away by their curators to exercise some of those arts wherein they are skilled; in which they labor with great diligence till the fifth hour. After this they as This practice of the Essenes, in refusing to swear, And as for other things, they do nothing but according to the injunctions of their curators. Only these two things are done among them at every one's own free will: which are to assist those that want, and to shew mercy. For they are permitted of their own accord to afford succor to such as deserve it, when they stand in need: and to bestow food on those that are in distress. But they cannot give any thing to their kindred, without the curators. They dispense their anger after a just manner, and restrain their passion, They are eminent for fidelity, and are the ministers of peace. Whatsoever they say also is firmer than an oath. But swearing is avoided by them; and they esteem it * worse than per |