great object. His legions were not complete, for the numbers. had been diminished in the Gallic campaigns, and in the long march from Spain; and the sickly autumn season passed in Apulia and the parts about Brundisium by troops which had come from the healthy parts of Gallia and Spain had tried them severely. (B. C. iii. 2.)

Pompeius after leaving Italy had near a year for making preparation for war, while Caesar was employed in settling the affairs of Italy and carrying on the war in Spain. Caesar has taken pains to enumerate all the forces which Pompeius had collected, and he would easily obtain this information after the defeat of his rival. Pompeius got together a large fleet from Asia, which means the Roman province Asia, the Cyclades, by which Caesar probably means the Aegean islands generally, from Corcyra, Athens, Pontus, Bithynia, Syria, Cilicia, Phoenice and Egypt; and he ordered a large fleet to be built in all parts east of the Hadriatic. He had raised a great sum of money by requisitions on Asia, Syria, and the kings and petty rulers in the continent of Asia, whom Caesar names dynasts and tetrarchs. He had also levied large sums on the free towns of the province of Achaia, and he had got a large amount from the farmers of the taxes (Publicani) in those provinces which he had in his power. Money was coined at Apollonia while Pompeius held the place (Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 29. 4).

Pompeius had formed nine legions of Roman citizens, five of which he took over the sea from Italy. He had one legion from Sicily, which being compounded of two legions he

5 Two of these were the legions which Caesar gave up at the command of the Senate. (Vol. iv. p. 410.)

6 This is the MSS. reading, which Ciacconius (B. C. iii. 88) proposed to alter to Cilicia, or to write "Siciliensis" in B. C. iii. 88. Kraner has accepted this conjecture, and he supposes these two Cilician legions to be the two defective legions which Cicero had in Cilicia (Ad Att. v. 15. 1). But Oudendorp observed against the proposal of Ciacconius that Scipio brought the Cilician legions with him (Lucan, vii. 223), and that he had not yet joined Pompeius. He concluded that this legion from Sicily was brought by M. Cato when he quitted the island, but it is not said by Caesar (B. C. i. 30) that Cato left the island with any troops. Curio had four legions at his disposal in Sicily (B. C. ii. 23. 37), but Caesar sent him to Sicily with only three legions, according to the MSS., and the number iii. (B. C. i. 30) has been changed to iiii., to make the

named Gemella; one from Crete and Macedonia of veteran soldiers, who being disbanded by former commanders had settled in these provinces; and two from the province Asia, which Lentulus the consul of B.C. 49 had raised. Pompeius had also a great number of men from Thessaly, Boeotia, Achaia and Epirus, whom he distributed among the legions to make up deficiencies, and he joined to them the soldiers of C. Antonius who had been taken at Corcyra (p. 96). Besides these forces he was expecting his father-in-law Scipio with two legions from Syria, of which province Scipio was governor (p. 7). He had from Crete, Lacedaemon, Pontus, Syria, and other places, three thousand bowmen, two cohorts of slingers each containing six hundred men, and seven thousand horsemen. Of these horsemen Deiotarus, tetrarch of the eastern part of Galatia, brought six hundred Galli or Galatians; and Ariobarzanes five hundred horsemen from Cappadocia. Cotys from Thrace sent five hundred horsemen with his son Sadalas. Two hundred came from Macedonia under Rhascypolis a commander of ability. Cn. Pompeius, the son, brought with the fleet from Alexandria five hundred of the horsemen of Gabinius, Gauls and Germans, whom Gabinius in B. c. 55 (vol. iv. p. 186) had left in Egypt to protect Ptolemaeus Auletes after his restoration to the throne (B. C. iii. 103). Pompeius had got together eight hundred horsemen from his own slaves and shepherds and those of his friends. Tarcondarius Castor and Donnilaus supplied three hundred horsemen from Galatia: Donnilaus came himself, and Castor sent his son Castor. Two hundred horsemen were sent by Antiochus king of Commagene, who was indebted to Pompeius in B.C. 64 for his kingdom (vol. iv.

passages in the two books agree. If Caesar sent Curio with three legions, which is certainly more probable than four, we may suppose that Curio made up a legion out of the troops which M. Cato left behind. The difficulty cannot be entirely removed in any way. The numerals in the text of the Civil War are sometimes corrupt.

7 This name Tarcondarius appears in the form Tarcondimotus (Cic. ad Fam. xv. 1. 2), and Strabo (p. 676) speaks of a Tarcondimotus as a king in the mountains of Amanus in his time. In another passage (p. 568) Strabo speaks of Castor, son of Saokondarius, and of Saokondarius as the son-in-law of Deiotarus, who was therefore the grandfather of Castor.

p. 170) most of these horsemen were mounted bowmen. Pompeius also had some Dardani and Bessi, mountain tribes. about the range of Haemus, part of whom were hired and part served from compulsion or to please Pompeius. He had some Macedonians also and Thessalians, and others from adjacent parts. All these troops made up the number of seven thousand. Pompeius even sent Lucilius Hirrus to Orodes king of the Parthians to ask for aid, but he had the disgrace of sending and not obtaining what he asked for (B. C. iii. 82). The supplies of Pompeius were derived from Thessaly, the province Asia, Egypt, Crete, Cyrene and other parts. Pompeius had determined to keep his troops in winter quarters at Dyrrhachium (Durazzo), Apollonia, and other maritime towns on the east coast of the Hadriatic for the purpose of preventing Caesar from crossing the sea, and with this object he had placed his fleet all along the coast. His son Cn. Pompeius commanded the Egyptian fleet; D. Laelius and C. Triarius the ships from the province Asia; C. Cassius the Syrian ships; C. Marcellus and C. Coponius the Rhodian ships; and Scribonius Libo and M. Octavius commanded the Liburnian and Achaic fleet. But the admiral commanding in chief was M. Bibulus, Caesar's colleague in his consulship B.C. 59. Plutarch (Cato, c. 54) states that Pompeius at first intended to give M. Cato the command of all the fleet, but perceiving or being reminded by his friends that it was Cato's policy to liberate his country, and that, if Caesar should be defeated, Cato would require Pompeius to lay down his arms and obey the laws, he changed his mind and appointed Bibulus.

Pompeius had gained his reputation as a soldier by his victories over the pirates and Mithridates. He was well-known to the petty kings and peoples of the East, where he had commanded; and he drew soldiers and supplies from all the parts east of the Hadriatic. But, as the enumeration shows, he commanded a mixed body of many nations and languages; he appeared like an oriental king who was threatening Italy with a host of hateful foreigners. Though he was commander-inchief, he was surrounded by Romans who were unwilling to obey him, and whose first thoughts were vengeance on their

political adversaries, proscription and plunder. Caesar's name was great in Gallia, Spain, and Italy; but he was almost unknown in the East. He had however a hardy body of soldiers whom he knew how to command; and his own abilities and energy gave him an immeasurable advantage over a rival of inferior powers though still a skilful general, but weakened by long inactivity. The contest, of which the history and the result are contained in the third book of the Civil War, is the evidence of Caesar's audacity, which approached to rashness, of his talent as a soldier and a writer, and of his generous behaviour to his fellow-citizens who were in arms against him. It is a portion of history, which those, who study it carefully, will find as full of exciting interest as any campaign ancient or modern.

Pompeius passed the winter at Thessalonica, where it was said, as Dion states (41. c. 43), that there were two hundred senators and the consuls of the year B.C. 49. A place was set apart for taking the auspices, that things might appear to be done in regular form, and the people and the city be supposed to be there. The same magistrates were retained and only their titles were changed; the consuls were named proconsuls. the praetors propraetors, and the quaestors proquaestors, for elections could not be held, nor could the Imperium be conferred by a Lex Curiata. Pompeius sent his wife Cornelia with his son Sextus to the island Lesbos to be out of the way of danger.

Where was Cicero now? He had procured a ship at Caieta, and after waiting some time he set sail on the 7th of June B.C. 49 with his son, as he informed his wife Terentia by a letter of the same date (Ad Fam. xiv. 7). He went to join Pompeius, but we are not informed when or how he reached Dyrrhachium. We learn from Caesar that Pompeius did not winter at Thessalonica, as Dion states. He perhaps intended to winter there, but Caesar's landing made him change his plans.

CHAPTER X.

CAESAR IN EPIRUS.

B. C. 48.

WHEN Caesar reached Brundisium, he addressed his soldiers: he told them that as they were now near the end of their toils and dangers, they must be content to leave their slaves and baggage in Italy, and embark free from all incumbrance, which would allow a greater number of soldiers to be put on board the vessels; and they must place their hopes in victory and the liberality of their general. We conclude that Caesar's men had got slaves in their campaigns and a good stock of booty, which for other reasons than those which Caesar has mentioned he would wish them to leave behind. His address was answered by a universal acclamation, that they would do whatever he commanded. He sailed on the 4th of January, B.C. 48, of the unreformed Calendar with six legions. On the next day he reached the coast of Epirus in the territory of the Germinii. He found among the rocks and other dangerous places a safe roadstead, for he avoided all the ports which were supposed to be in the possession of the enemy, and bringing all his ships in safety to the shore, he landed his men at a place named Palaeste. This Palaeste is supposed to be Palása or

1 "On the 14th of October, B.C. 49, according to the present calendar," Goeler. "On the 5th of November, B.C. 49, according to the true calendar," Kraner. The 14th of October is the time fixed by Usher. See the note of Davis, ed. Oudendorp, c. 9.

2 This word rests on the authority of Lucan, v. 460:

"Lapsa Palaestinas uncis confixit arenas."

The reading of all the MSS., says Oudendorp, is " Pharsalia ;" but Paullus Marsus bears evidence that he found in one MS. " Palaeste." Leake states that Caesar's landing-place is now named Strada Bianca, or in modern Greek Aspri Ruga.