few horsemen; and if the attack on his camp had not given him the opportunity of escaping, he would have fallen into Caesar's hands, as the author says. It would have been worth while to postpone the attack on the camp, in order to seize the king, if the author's statement is true; but in the confusion of a battle a general cannot be everywhere nor direct every thing.'

The battle was fought on the 2nd of August of the unreformed Calendar. The booty was given to Caesar's soldiers.' Caesar did not destroy the trophies of Mithridates, but he placed his own near them. Appian states (Mithrid. c. 120) that Pharnaces escaped with a thousand horsemen to Sinope (Sinub), and Caesar not having time to follow sent Cn. Domitius after him. The king it is said, surrendered Sinope to Domitius on condition of being allowed to depart with his cavalry; but he killed all the horses much against the will of the riders, and embarking sailed to the kingdom of the Bosporus, and with the aid of some Scythians and Sauromatae took Theodosia and Panticapaeum. The rebel Asander attacked Pharnaces, whose horsemen for want of horses were useless. Pharnaces lost his life in the battle at the age of fifty having been king of Bosporus fifteen years (Appian, Mithridat. c. 120).

Mithridates of Pergamum was rewarded for his services in Egypt by a part of Gallo-Graecia, the country of the Trocmi, which Caesar took from Deiotarus; and by the gift of the kingdom of Bosporus. But it was necessary for Mithridates to take the kingdom which was held by Asander. To raise money for the war Mithridates plundered the temple of Leucothea in Colchis, which Pharnaces had already robbed;

9 Drumann (Geschichte Roms, Julii, p. 556) has some remarks on Caesar's strategy. The critic has often shown that he believes that he has some military skill. This is the battle which Caesar is said to have announced to a friend at Rome in three words, Veni, Vidi, Vici (Suetonius, Caesar, 35, 37). Davis (Caesar, Oudend. p. 992) has perhaps rightly explained these words. The battle was not very easily won, and it was gained by Caesar's superior military skill.

1 Dion, 42. c. 49; Appian, B. C. ii. 91, whose description of the battle is entirely false. He did not find anything like his description in the author of the Alexandrine War.

but Mithridates lost his life in the attempt to take the kingdom of Bosporus, and Asander remained in possession of it.

Caesar gave to Ariobarzanes the Less Armenia, which Deiotarus lost. The fidelity of Amisus was rewarded by the gift of freedom: it was made what the Romans called a Libera civitas.

Caesar left two legions in Pontus under Caelius Vinicianus, and sent the sixth legion to Italy to receive the rewards which they had well earned by their services. Domitius was commissioned to look after the general administration of the country. Caesar set out with some light cavalry, through Gallo-Graecia and Bithynia to the province Asia; and he heard and settled all matters of controversy in those parts (Bell. Alex. c. 78). It was at this time probably that Caesar, who claimed descent from Iulus and was therefore a kinsman of the people of Ilion, gave to them land, freedom (Libertas) and immunity from taxes, which privileges the place possessed at the time when Strabo wrote his thirteenth book (Strabo, p. 595).

Dion (42. c. 49) says that Caesar carried home with him. a great deal of money. His demands were large, and made on all kinds of pretexts, according to his practice. He exacted all the money which had been promised to Pompeius; and we may assume that Ariobarzanes did not get the Less Armenia for nothing. Dion states that he took all the offerings in the temple of Hercules at Tyre, because the Tyrians had received the wife and child of Pompeius when they fled from Egypt. If this was so, it may have happened when Caesar was in Syria. The plundering of this temple may be true; but the reason, which Dion gives, is probably false. Caesar received also golden crowns for his victories from princes. Dion says that Caesar did not do all this through badness, which probably means "greediness," but his expenditure was great, and he still wanted money for his armies and his future triumph; "and to say all in a few words, Caesar was a moneymaking man, for it was his maxim that there were two things by which power was got and kept, men and money, and these two things supported one another; for armies were kept together by money and money was got by arms; and

that if either of them was deficient, the other would perish with it. About these two things he thought and spoke always to this intent." This is a just remark. Caesar always looked after money as the means of war, and men as the means of getting money."

According to Dion, Caesar sailed from Bithynia to Greece and thence to Italy. Drumann observes that M. Brutus wrote that Caesar sailed past Lesbos, at which time M. Marcellus (consul, B.c. 51) was residing at Mitylene after the battle of Pharsalia (Seneca, Consol. ad Helviam, c. 9).

2 Machiavelli, Discorsi ii. 10, has an essay entitled "I danari non sono il nervo della guerra, secondo che è la comune opinione."

CHAPTER XXIII.

CAESAR IN ROME.

B.C. 47.

No news of Caesar reached Italy from the 13th of December B.C. 48 to the middle of June in the next year. Cicero was living at Brundisium in anxious expectation. On the 4th of July (B.c. 47) he informs Atticus that there was a report that Caesar had left Alexandria; but he adds that he did not know whether he wished the news to be true or false, for it did not concern him at all. On the 12th of August Cicero informs his wife that he had received a satisfactory letter from Caesar, who was expected soon, and that he would let her know as soon as he had determined, whether he would go to meet him or wait for him. Near the end of the month he tells Atticus that Caesar was detained in Asia by Pharnaces, and it was expected that he would return by way of Patrae in the Peloponnesus, and pass over to Sicily for the purpose of sailing thence to Africa, where his enemies had rallied. Quintus, the son of Cicero's brother, had already seen Caesar at Antioch, and he and Hirtius had easily obtained the pardon of Quintus the father,' but nothing was said about Cicero himself (Ad Att. xi. 21. 3).

Dolabella, Cicero's son-in-law, who was a Tribune of the Plebs, a profligate man, loaded with debt, attempted to repeal Caesar's arrangements between debtors and creditors (p. 113), and he also proposed to relieve tenants from payment of a year's rent to their landlords, as M. Caelius had proposed the year before (Dion Cassius, 42. c. 32). Cicero was much disturbed by the behaviour of Dolabella (Ad Attic. xi. 12. 4,

1 Quintus left Italy with his brother (p. 121) in B.C. 49.

and 23), and he corresponded with Atticus about Dolabella's misconduct in other matters also, and the propriety of his daughter Tullia being divorced from him. But in this as in all other things at this time he was irresolute: he wished to obtain Caesar's pardon, and did not venture to do anything that might displease the conqueror or his adherents. There is a letter extant from Cicero to his wife (Ad Fam. xiv. 13)2 about the divorce of Tullia, in which he says that it will be better not to proceed in the matter, if it is likely to irritate Dolabella, and that perhaps Dolabella may do the thing himself. Dolabella's attempts were resisted by those, who would have been losers if he succeeded, and they secured the support of the tribune L. Trebellius. The opposite factions took up arms, and M. Antonius, the master of the horse (magister equitum) and Caesar's representative, was prevented by a mutiny of the legions in Campania from immediately stopping the tumults in the city.

.

Antonius had brought these legions from Pharsalia, and they now refused further service until they had received the lands and the money which had been promised to them. The twelfth legion was most active in the mutiny, and it was joined by the tenth, Caesar's favourite legion. The military tribunes through fear had neglected to stop the mutiny at first, and Antonius after appointing his uncle L. Caesar (consul B.C. 64) superintendent of Rome went to visit the legions. L. Caesar, now an old man, was treated with contempt by the factions in Rome and the tumults continued until it was reported that Caesar had settled the affairs of Egypt and was returning home; but when it was known that he had gone into Asia, the factions renewed their quarrels. Antonius could not pacify the legions; and it appears that Caesar, when he was at Antioch, heard of the mutiny, for he sent M. Gallius to conduct the men to Sicily (Cicero ad Att. xi. 20). In the meantime P. Sulla, the nephew of the Dictator Sulla and Valerius Messala went to the mutineers, but the twelfth legion pelted Sulla with stones, as it was said.

Antonius being unable to stop the factions in the city and

2 P. Manutius has incorrectly referred this letter to the matter of Cicero's own divorce from his wife, which event belongs to a later time.