Livy, Epit. 109; Caesar, B. C. i. 1–8; Dion Cassius, 41, c. 1—17;
Appian, B. C. ii. 32, &c.; Suetonius, Caesar; Cicero's Letters.
Caesar's history of the Civil War-His letter to the new consuls deli-
vered on the 1st of January, B.C. 49-The Senate deliberate on the state
of the commonwealth-Caesar's opinion of the behaviour of his enemies at
Rome-On the 7th of January the Senate reject Caesar's demands, and
make preparations for defending the State-The tribunes, M. Antonius
and Q. Cassius, with others, fly from Rome to Caesar, who was at Ravenna
-The Senate assign the provinces to the several governors-Caesar ad-
dresses his soldiers, crosses the boundary of his province of Gallia Cisalpina,
and takes Ariminum-Cicero's opinions of the Pompeian party, and unjust
judgment of Pompeius: his opinion of the designs of Pompeius and Caesar
-Cicero's opinions of Caesar's partisans-Cicero's weakness
Livy, Epit. 109; Caesar, B. C. i. 9-23; Dion Cassius, 41, c. 1-17;
Appian, B. C. ii. 32, &c.; Piutarch, Caesar; Suetonius, Nero, c. 2;
Cicero's Letters.
L. Caesar, the son, sent from Rome on a mission to Caesar at Arimi-
num-L. Caesar delivers also a private message from Pompeius-Caesar's
reply to the Senate, and his demands: the answer of the Senate to
Caesar, which destroys all hope of peace-Caesar occupies Arretium,
Pisaurum, Fanum, and Ancona-Labienus deserts Caesar-Confusion at
Rome when the news comes of Caesar's advance southwards--Pompeius
retreats into Apulia, and afterwards invites Cicero to join him at Luceria,
but Cicero refuses-Cicero thinks most about his own safety-Pompeius
retires to Brundisium-Caesar's message to Cicero, and Cicero's answer-
Cicero plays a double part, deceives Pompeius, and by his behaviour
satisfies Caesar-Caesar advances and takes Auximum, south of Ancona:
his description of the effect produced at Rome by his progress -Caesar
occupies Asculum in Picenum, and marches to Corfinium, where he
besieges L. Domitius-Corfinium is surrendered to Caesar, who treats his
prisoners generously-Caesar's letter to his friends, Balbus and Appius —
Caesar attempts to gain the support of Cicero.
Livy, Epit. 110; Caesar, B. C. i. 32-37; Dion Cassius, 41, c. 18-37;
Appian, B. C. ii. 40, &c.; Plutarch, Caesar, c. 35; Pompeius, c. 62.
Caesar's address to the Senate at Rome: he proposes that commissioners
should be sent to Pompeius about peace, but nothing is done-Caesar
seizes the reserved treasure which was kept in the temple of Saturn—
He leaves M. Aemilius Lepidus at Rome as praefect of the city, and he
gives to M. Antonius the command of the troops in Italy-Caesar sets out
to Spain, and on the road writes a friendly letter to Cicero-On reaching
Gallia Transalpina, Caesar hears that L. Domitius, who was released at
the capture of Corfinium, had gone to take possession of Massilia-The
Massiliots refuse to admit Caesar into their town-He builds ships at
Arelate (Arles), puts them under the command of Decimus Brutus, and
leaves C. Trebonius to conduct the siege of Massilia-C. Fabius, whom
Caesar sends forward to Spain, crosses the Pyrenees and advances rapidly
against L. Afranius
Livy, Epit. 110; Caesar, B. C. i. 38-87; Dion Cassius, 41, c. 18-37.
L. Afranius and M. Petreius, the legati of Pompeius, prepare to defend
Northern Spain; M. Terentius Varro prepares to defend Hispania Ulterior
-Afranius and Petreius place themselves, with their forces, at Ilerda
(Lerida), on the river Sicoris (Segre)—The fight between Afranius and
C. Fabius Caesar arrives at Ilerda, makes his camp, and attempts un-
successfully to seize a hill near the town-A great storm of rain and
snow swells the Sicoris, inundates the country, and Caesar's men suffer
from want of food-Caesar is reduced to great straits, and exaggerated
reports of his difficulties reach Rome-Caesar's ingenious contrivances
-Report of a naval victory by Decimus Brutus before Massilia is brought
to Caesar-Some of the Spanish States declare for Caesar-He attempts
by digging canals to draw off the water of the Sicoris and to make the
river fordable-The enemy resolve to cross the Iberus at Octogesa and
to transfer the war to Celtiberia-Caesar crosses the Sicoris and follows
Afranius and Petreius, who are much harassed in the retreat-Caesar,
against the wishes of his men, resolves to spare his own soldiers, and not
to destroy the enemy-Afranius and Petreius are cut off from the road
to the Iberus, and their men enter into a conference with Caesar's troops
with a view to surrender-The two armies mingle together like friends
-Afranius is ready to yield, but Petreius prevails on his soldiers not to
surrender or to betray the cause of Pompeius-He massacres the men of
Caesar who were in his camp-The generous behaviour of Caesar to the
enemy's soldiers who had visited his camp-The enemy attempt to return
to Ilerda—They are followed by Caesar, and finally offer to surrender—
Caesar's answer, and his apology for being in arms against his countrymen
-He declares that the enemy's troops must be disbanded, must leave
Livy, Epit. 110; Caesar, B. C. ii. 17-21; Dion Cassius, 41, c. 18-37.
Varro's conduct in Further Spain-He lays heavy requisitions on the
provincials Caesar sends forward Q. Cassius Longinus against Varro, and
immediately follows-The people of the province declare against Varro,
whose legatus, Gallonius, is ejected from Gades-Varro submits to Caesar
at Corduba-Caesar leaves Q. Cassius Longinus as governor of Further
Spain, sails from Gades to Tarragona, whence he marches to Massilia, and
there he hears that he was appointed Dictator at Rome.
Liry, Epit. 110; Caesar, B. C. ii. 23-44; Dion Cassius, 41, c. 41, &c. ;
Appian, B. C. ii. 44, &c.; Pellissier, La Régence de Tunis; Shaw's
Travels in Barbary, second edition.
Curio lands at Aquilaria, in the province Africa, and marches towards
Utica The Castra Cornelia, or Corneliana, and the river Bagradas-King
Juba sends a force to aid in the defence of Utica, and Curio makes his camp
before Utica, which is defended by P. Attius Varus-Sextus Quintilius
Varus attempts to seduce some of Curio's men-Alarm in Curio's camp
Curio summons a council of war, and explains why he cannot accept either
of two plans which were proposed to him-He calls his troops together,
and encourages them by the news of Caesar's successful termination of
the Spanish war, and by other reasons-Fight before Utica, and the advice
of Caninius Rebilus to Curio-Defeat of Attius Varus; Curio begins the
blockade of Utica, and the people in the town talk of surrendering-Juba
sends a message that he will come to the relief of Utica, and Curio retires
to the Castra Cornelia-The advantages of the position of the Castra-
Curio trusts to a false report that King Juba was recalled by disturbances
in his kingdom, and that Juba's general, Saburra, was approaching with a
small force-Curio's cavalry attack the enemy by night and kill many of
them-Curio leaves the Castra and confidently advances against the enemy
-Juba sends forward Spanish and Gallic horsemen to support Saburra,
and follows with the rest of his troops-Saburra prepares to meet Curio,
whose men were exhausted by a long march-Curio is completely defeated,
and fights till he is killed—A legion and a half are destroyed by the enemy
-Confusion among the troops who were left to guard the Castra, and the
cowardly behaviour of Flamma, who commanded Curio's fleet at the Castra
-Some of the men at the Castra are taken on board the ships and carried
to Sicily: the rest surrender to Attius Varus-The cruelty and insolence
of King Juba-Curio's incapacity and faults, which Caesar has not dis-
guised, though he spares all reproach of his young friend-Caesar in this
year sustains loss on the east side of the Hadriatic, where C. Antonius, the
brother of M. Antonius, is taken prisoner with some of his men-The
story of this event by Dion Cassius and Florus
Liry, Epit. 110; Caesar, B. C. i. 56-58, ii. 1-22; Dion Cassius, 41,
c. 18-37; Guischardt, Mémoires Militaires, vol. ii.
Decimus Brutus gains a naval victory over the ships of the Massiliots
-C. Trebonius begins the siege of Massilia-The situation of Massilia
and the difficulty of the siege--L. Nasidius comes with sixteen ships to
aid Massilia, which prepares to fight a second naval battle-The courageous
conduct of the Massiliots in the second sea-fight: the cowardice of Nasi-
dius, and the defeat of the Massiliot fleet-The brick tower built by
C. Trebonius, and Caesar's description of the manner of construction, and
of the "musculus "-The defence of the citizens, and the truce-The
treachery of the Massiliots, who destroy the Roman works-Trebonius
repairs his losses, and the Massiliots again obtain a truce--Caesar arrives
at Massilia, and the city surrenders and delivers up everything-
L. Domitius escapes
|