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If one were to write out duly the names of all the Englishmen that have been described or pointed to in the last paragraph as the risen stars of the new Parliamentary world of 1646, whether for political reasons or for military reasons, there would be nearly five hundred of them. Now, as History refuses to recollect so many names in one chapter, as the eye almost refuses to see so many stars at once in one sky, it becomes interesting to know which were the super-eminent few, the stars of the highest magnitude. Fortunately, to save the trouble of such an inquiry for ourselves, we have a contemporary specification by no less an authority than the Parliament itself. In December 1645, when Parliament was looking forward, with assured certainty, to the extinction of the few last remains of Royalism, and was preparing Propositions to be submitted to the beaten King, it was anxiously considered, among other things, who were the persons whose deserts had been so paramount that supreme rewards should be conferred upon them, and the King should be asked to do his part by admitting some of them, and promoting others, among the English aristocracy. This was the result :—

THE EARL OF ESSEX :-King to be asked to make him a Duke. The Commons had already voted him a pension of £10,000 a year. THE EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND:-To be made a Duke, and provision for him to be considered.

THE EARL OF WARWICK (Parliamentary Lord High Admiral) :-To be made a Duke, with provision; but the dukedom to descend to his grandchild, passing over his eldest son, Lord Rich, who had taken the wrong side.

THE EARL OF PEMBROKE AND MONTGOMERY:-To be made a Duke, and all his debts to the public to be cancelled.

THE EARL OF MANCHESTER-To be made a Marquis, and provision to be considered for him.

THE EARL OF SALISBURY:-To be made a Marquis.
VISCOUNT SAYE AND SELE:-To be made an Earl.

LORD ROBERTS:-To be made an Earl.

LORD WHARTON :-To be made an Earl.

LORD WILLOUGHBY OF PARHAM :--To be made an Earl.

DENZIL HOLLES :-To be made a Viscount.

GENERAL SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX :-To be made an English Baron, and an Estate of £5,000 a year in lands to be settled on him and his heirs for ever: his father LORD FERDINANDO FAIRFAX at the same time to be made an English Baron.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL CROMWELL:-To be made an English Baron, and an Estate of £2,500 a year to be settled on him and his heirs for ever.

SIR WILLIAM WALLER:-To be made an English Baron, with a like Estate of £2,500 a year.

SIR HENRY VANE, SEN. :-To be made an English Baron. As the peerage would descend to his son, SIR HENRY VANE THE YOUNGER, the honour included him.

SIR ARTHUR HASELRIG :-£2,000 a year to him and his heirs for ever.

SIR PHILIP STAPLETON :-£2,000 a year to him and his heirs for ever.

SIR WILLIAM BRERETON :-£1,500 a year to him and his heirs for ever.

MAJOR-GENERAL PHILIP SKIPPON:-£1,000 a year to him and his heirs for ever.1

Had Pym and Hampden been alive, what would have been the honours voted for them? They had been dead for two years, and the sole honour for Pym had been a vote of £10,000 to pay his debts. It mattered the less because these Dukedoms, Earldoms, Viscountcies, and Baronages were all to remain in nubibus. They were contemplated on the supposition of a direct Peace with the King; and such a peace had not been brought to pass, and had been removed farther off in prospect by the King's escape at the last moment to the Scottish Army. It remained to be seen whether Parliament could arrange any treaty whatever with him in his new circumstances, and, if so, whether it would be worth while to make the proposed new creations of peers and promotions in the peerage a feature of the treaty, or whether it would not be enough for the Commons to make good the honours that were in their own power-viz. the voted estates and pensions. For Essex, who was at the head of the list, the suspense (if he cared about the matter at all) was to be very brief. He died at his house in the Strand, September 14, 1646, without his dukedom, and having received little of his pension. Parliament decreed him a splendid

funeral.

1 Commons Journals, Dec. 1, 1645.

CHAPTER II.

WORK IN PARLIAMENT AND THE WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY DURING THE SIXTEEN MONTHS OF THE NEW MODEL-THE TWO CONTINUED CHURCH CONTROVERSIES-INDEPENDENCY AND SECTARIANISM IN THE NEW MODEL: TOLERATION CONTROVERSY CONTINUED: CROMWELL'S PART IN IT: LILBURNE AND OTHER PAMPHLETEERS: SION COLLEGE AND THE CORPORATION OF LONDON: SUCCESS OF THE PRESBYTERIANS IN PARLIAMENT-PRESBYTERIAN FRAME OF CHURCH-GOVERNMENT COMPLETED: DETAILS OF THE ARRANGEMENT-THE RECRUITING OF THE COMMONS: EMINENT RECRUITERS -EFFECTS OF THE RECRUITING: ALLIANCE OF INDEPENDENCY AND ERASTIANISM: CHECK GIVEN TO THE PRESBYTERIANS: WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY REBUKED AND CURBED-NEGOTIATIONS ROUND THE KING AT NEWCASTLE-THREATENED RUPTURE BETWEEN THE SCOTS AND THE ENGLISH: ARGYLE'S VISIT TO LONDON: THE

NINETEEN

CONCILED:

PROPOSITIONS-PARLIAMENT AND THE ASSEMBLY RE-
PRESBYTERIANIZING OF LONDON AND LANCASHIRE :

DEATH OF ALEXANDER HENDERSON.

DURING the sixteen months of those New Model operations in the field which had brought the war so decisively to an end (April 1645-August 1646), there had been a considerable progress in Parliament, in the Westminster Assembly, and in the public mind of England, on the seemingly interminable Church-business and its collaterals.

THE TWO CONTINUED CHURCH CONTROVERSIES,

That the Church of England should be Presbyterian had been formally decided in January 1644-5 (antè, pp. 172— 175). Not even then, however, could the Presbyterians

consider their work over. There were two reasons why they could not. (1) Although the essentials of Presbytery had been adopted, the details remained to be settled. What were to be the powers of the parochial consistories and the other church courts respectively? What discretion, for example, was to be left to each minister and his congregational board of elders in the matter of spiritual censure, and especially in the exclusion of offenders from the communion? Was there to be any discretion; or was the State to regulate what offences should be punished by excommunication? Again, were the various Church-courts, once established, to act independently of the Civil courts and the State; or was there to be an appeal of ecclesiastical questions at any point from Presbytery, or Synod, or the entire National Assembly, to the Civil courts and Parliament? (2) Another great question which remained undetermined was that of Toleration. Should the new Presbyterian State Church of England be established with or without a liberty of dissent from it? A vast mass of the English people, represented by the Army-Independents and some leading Sectaries, demanded an absolute, or at least a very large, freedom of religious belief and practice; the Independent Divines of the Assembly claimed a certain amount of such freedom; nay, Parliament itself, by its Accommodation Order of September 1644, had recognised the necessity of some toleration, and appointed an inquiry on the subject. In the universal belief of the Presbyterians, on the other hand, Toleration was a monster to be attacked and slain. Toleration was a demon, a chimera, the Great Diana of the Independents, the Daughter of the Devil, the Mother and Protectress of blasphemies and heresies, the hideous Procuress of souls for Hell!

Such were the questions for continued controversy between the Presbyterians and their opponents in England in the beginning of 1645, when the New Model took the field. What progress had been made in these questions, and what changes had occurred in the attitudes of the two parties. mainly concerned, during the victorious sixteen months of the New Model?

INDEPENDENCY

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AND

SECTARIANISM IN THE NEW MODEL: TOLERATION CONTROVERSY CONTINUED: CROMWELL'S PART IN IT: LILBURNE AND OTHER PAMPHLETEERS: SION COLLEGE AND THE CORPORATION OF LONDON: SUCCESS OF THE PRESBYTERIANS IN PARLIAMENT.

The New Model itself, as we know, had been a great chagrin to the Presbyterians. Fairfax, indeed, was understood to be Presbyterian enough personally; but the Army was full of Independents and Sectaries, it was largely officered by Independents, and its very soul was the Arch-Independent Cromwell. For a while, accordingly, it was the secret hope of the Presbyterians that this Army might fail. But, when evidently it was not to fail, when NASEBY was won (June 14, 1645), and when all the while the Scottish Presbyterian army in England was doing so ill in comparison, a sense of departing superiority sank on the spirits of the Presbyterians. "Honest men served you faithfully in this action," were Cromwell's words to Speaker Lenthall in his letter from Naseby field: "Sir, they are trusty; I beseech you, in the "name of God, not to discourage them. I wish this action may beget thankfulness and humility in all that are concerned in "it. He that ventures his life for the liberty of his country, "I wish he may trust God for the liberty of his conscience, "and you for the liberty he fights for." This immediate use by Cromwell of the victory of Naseby as an argument for Toleration did not escape the notice of the Presbyterians. "My Lord Fairfax," writes Baillie, June 17, "sent up, the last "week, ane horrible Anti-Triastrian [Anti-Trinitarian]: the "whole Assembly went in a body to the Houses to complain "of his blasphemies. It was the will of Cromwell, in his "letter of his victory, to desire the House not to discourage "those who had ventured their life for them, and to come out 'expressly with their much-desired Liberty of Conscience. "You will see the letter in print, by order, as I think, of the "Houses." "2 The horrible Anti-Trinitarian here mentioned 2 Baillie, II. 280.

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1 Carlyle's Cromwell, I. 176.

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