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property he had at hand, and sailed away for Athens; and when he had set out from the city of Cardia, he sailed through the Gulf of Melas, and as he was passing by the Chersonese, the Phoenicians fell in with his ships. Now Miltiades himself escaped with four of the ships to Imbrus, but the fifth the Phoenicians pursued and took: of this ship, Metiochus, the eldest of the sons of Miltiades, not by the daughter of Olorus the Thracian, but by another woman, happened to be commander, and him the Phoenicians took, together with the ship. When they heard that he was son of Miltiades, they took him up to the king, thinking that they should obtain great favor for themselves, because Miltiades had given an opinion to the Ionians advising them to comply with the Scythians when the Scythians requested them to loose the bridge and return to their own country; but Darius, when the Phoenicians had taken Metiochus, son of Miltiades, up to him, did him no injury, but many favors; for he gave him a house and estate, and a Persian wife, by whom he had children, who were reckoned among the Persians. But Miltiades arrived at Athens from

Imbros.

42. During this year nothing more was done by the Persians relative to the war with the Ionians; on the contrary, the following things were done in this year which were advantageous to the Ionians. Artaphernes, governor of Sardis, having sent for deputies from the cities, compelled the Ionians to enter into engagements among themselves that they would submit to legal decisions, and not commit depredations one upon another. This he compelled them to do; and having measured their lands by parasangs, which name the Persians give to thirty stades-having measured them into these, he imposed tributes on each, which have continued the same from that time to the present, as they were imposed by Artaphernes; and they were imposed nearly at the same amount as they had been before. These things, then, tended to peace. 43. In the beginning of the spring, the other generals having been dismissed by the king, Mardonius, son of Gobryas, went down to the coast, taking with him a very large land army, and a numerous naval force: he was young in years, and had lately married king Darius's daughter Artazostra. Mardonius, leading this army, when he arrived in Cilicia, having gone in person on board ship, proceeded with the rest of the

fleet, but the other generals led the land army to the Hellespont. When Mardonius, sailing by Asia, reached Ionia, there he did a thing, which, when I mention it, will be a matter of very great astonishment to those Grecians who can not believe that Otanes, one of the seven Persians, gave an opinion that it was right for the Persians to be governed by a democracy; for Mardonius, having deposed the tyrants of the Ionians, established democracies in the cities. Having done this, he hastened to the Hellespont. And when a vast body of ships and a numerous land army was assembled, having crossed the Hellespont in ships, they marched through Europe, and directed their march against Eretria and Athens. 44. These cities, indeed, were the pretext of the expedition; but purposing to subdue as many Grecian cities as they could, in the first place they reduced the Thasians with their fleet, who did not even raise a hand to resist them; and in the next place, with their land forces they enslaved the Macedonians, in addition to those that were before subject to them; for all the nations on this side the Macedonians were already under their power. Then, crossing over from Thasus, they coasted along the continent as far as Acanthus; and proceeding from Acanthus, they endeavored to double Mount Athos, but a violent and irresistible north wind falling upon them as they were sailing round, very roughly dealt with a great number of the ships by driving them against Athos; for it is said that as many as three hundred ships were destroyed, and upward of twenty thousand men; for, as this sea around Athos abounds in monsters, some of them were seized and destroyed by these monsters; and others were dashed against the rocks, others knew not how to swim and so perished, and others from cold. Such, then, was the fate of the naval force. 45. Mardonius and the land forces, while encamped in Macedonia, the Thracian Brygi attacked in the night; and the Brygi slew many of them, and wounded Mardonius himself. Nevertheless, even they did not escape slavery at the hands of the Persians; for Mardonius did not quit those parts before he had reduced them to subjection. However, having subdued them, he led his army back again, having suffered a disaster with his land forces from the Brygi, and with his navy a greater one near Athos. Accordingly, this armament, having met with such disgraceful reverses, retreated into Asia.

46. In the second year after these events, the Thasians having been accused by their neighbors of designing a revolt, Darius sent a messenger and commanded them to demolish their walls, and to transport their ships to Abdera; for the Thasians, having been besieged by Histiæus the Milesian, and having large revenues, applied their wealth in building ships of war, and fortifying their city with a stronger wall. Their revenues arose both from the continent and from their mines. From the gold mines of Scapte-Hyle proceeded in all eighty talents yearly, and from those in Thasus less indeed than that amount, yet so much that, as they were exempt from taxes on the produce of the soil, there came in to the Thasians in all, from the continent and the mines, a revenue of two hundred talents yearly; and when the greatest quantity came in, three hundred talents. 47. I myself have seen these mines; and by far the most wonderful of them are those which the Phonicians discovered, who with Thasus colonized this island, which on that occasion took its name from this Thasus the Phoenician. These Phoenician mines are in that part of Thasus between a place called Ænyra and Conyra, opposite Samothrace: a large mountain has been thrown upside down in the search. This, then, is of such a description. The Thasians, in obedience to the king, both demolished their walls, and transported all their ships to Abdera.

48. After this, Darius made trial of what were the intentions of the Greeks, whether to make war with him, or to deliver themselves up. He therefore dispatched heralds, appointing different persons to go to different parts throughout Greece, with orders to demand earth and water for the king. These, accordingly, he sent to Greece, and dispatched other heralds to the tributary cities on the coast, with orders to build ships of war and transports for horses. 49. They then set about preparing these things; and to the heralds who came to Greece many of the inhabitants of the continent gave what the Persian demanded, as did all the islanders to whom they came and made the demand. Indeed, the other islanders gave earth and water to Darius, and, moreover, the Ægineta; but when they had done so, the Athenians forthwith threatened them, thinking that the Æginetæ had given earth and water out of ill will toward themselves, in order that they might make war on them in conjunction with the Persian; they therefore gladly laid

hand is but half the calamity; but we servants should engage with other servants, and also against a horse, whose tricks do not you fear at all; for I promise you he shall never hereafter rear up against any man." 112. Thus he spoke, and forthwith the forces joined battle by land and sea. Now the Ionians, fighting valiantly on that day, defeated the Phoenicians at sea; and of these the Samians most distinguished themselves; but on land, when the armies met, they engaged in close combat; and the following happened with respect to the two generals: when Artybius, seated on his horse, bore down upon Onesilus, Onesilus, as he had concerted with his shield-bearer, struck Artybius himself as he was bearing down upon him; and as the horse was throwing his feet against the shield of Onesilus, the Carian thereupon struck him with a scythe, and cut off the horse's feet; so that Artybius, the general of the Persians, fell together with his horse on the spot. 113. While the rest were fighting, Stesenor, who was of Curium, deserted with no inconsiderable body of men; these Curians are said to be a colony of Argives; and when the Curians had deserted, the chariots of war belonging to the Salaminians did the same as the Curians: in consequence of this, the Persians became superior to the Cyprians; and the army being put to flight, many others fell, and among them Onesilus, son of Chersis, who had contrived the revolt of the Cyprians, and the king of the Solians, Aristocyprus, son of Philocyprus; of that Philocyprus whom Solon the Athenian, when he visited Cyprus, celebrated in his verses above all tyrants. 114. Now the Amathusians, having cut off the head of Onesilus because he had besieged them, took it to Amathus, and suspended it over the gates; and when the head was suspended, and had become hollow, a swarm of bees entered it, and filled it with honey-comb. When this happened, the Amathusians consulted the oracle respecting it, and an answer was given them "that they should take down the head and bury it, and sacrifice annually to Onesilus as to a hero; and if they did so, it would turn out better for them."

115. The

Amathusians did accordingly, and continued to do so until my time. The Ionians, who had fought by sea at Cyprus, when they heard that the affairs of Onesilus were ruined, and that the rest of the Cyprian cities were besieged except Salamis, but this the Salaminians had restored to their former king

Gorgus; the Ionians, as soon as they learned this, sailed away to Ionia. Of the cities in Cyprus, Soli held out against the siege for the longest time; but the Persians, having undermined the wall all round, took it in the fifth month.

116. Thus the Cyprians, having been free for one year, were again reduced to servitude; but Daurises, who had married a daughter of Darius, and Hymees, and Otanes, and other Persian generals who also had married daughters of Darius, having pursued those of the Ionians who had attacked Sardis, and having driven them to their ships when they had conquered them in battle, next divided the cities among themselves and proceeded to plunder them. 117. Daurises, directing his march toward the cities on the Hellespont, took Dardanus; he also took Abydos, Percote, Lampsacus, and Pæsus these he took each in one day; but as he was advancing from Pæsus against Parium, news was brought him that the Carians, having conspired with the Ionians, had revolted from the Persians; therefore, turning back from the Hellespont, he led his army against Caria. 118. Somehow

news of this was brought to the Carians before Daurises arrived. The Carians, having heard of it, assembled at what are called the White Columns, on the river Marsyas, which, flowing from the territory of Idrias, flows into the Mæander. When the Carians were assembled on this spot, several other propositions were made, of which the best appeared to be that of Pixodarus, son of Mausolus, a Cyndian, who had married the daughter of Syennesis, king of the Cilicians. His opinion was, that the Carians, having crossed the Mæander, and having the river in their rear, should so engage, in order that the Carians, not being able to retreat, and being compelled to remain on their ground, might be made even braver than they naturally were. This opinion, however, did not prevail, but that the Mæander should rather be in the rear of the Persians than of themselves, to the end that if the Persians should be put to flight, and worsted in the engagement, they might have no retreat, and fall into the river. 119. Afterward, the Persians having come up and crossed the Mæander, the Carians thereupon came to an engagement with the Persians on the banks of the river Marsyas, and they fought an obstinate battle, and for a long time, but at last were overpowered by numbers. Of the Persians there fell about two thousand, and

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