... COST OF THE SECESSION WAR, 1861-65, TO THE COST TO FRANCE OF THE WAR 1870-2 WITH UNITED STATES. GERMANY AND THE COMMUNE. The financial record of one of the greatest wars of modern times is of decp The following facts with regard to the cost of the War between France and interest. The compilation was made under instruction of Congress, and Germany and the devastation caused by the commune have been published, took three months labour ; and its aggregate result shows that the War and their accuracy is vouched for by M. de Foville. itself and the subsequent expenses paid by the Treasury that were directly I. 1870-2. caused by the War cost the enormous sum of nearly 6190 millions of 1. Payments on account of the war: £ dollars-1240 millions sterling. From July 1, 1861, to July 1, 1879, a period In 1970 46,920,61A of eighteen years, the expenditures for all purposes were 6-14 millions, of In 1871 29,008,SN) 76,481,800 which 654 millions were for ordinary Gozernment purposes, and the In 1672 1,652,950) remainder were War expenses. The items of this War expenditure show 2. Indemnity paid Germany, capital and interest 212 614,363 how money can be used up for such purposes. The Treasury has paid 1764 millions for interest on the public debt during the eighteen years, besides II. 289,096,126 51 millions expenses of issue of nutional loans and currency, and 3. Sums paid by the City of Paris as war contribution, 594 millions premiums in issuing loans. This does not include the interest £8,000,000; cost of the losses from the second siege, on the debt existing before the War, which took over forty-five millions. £946,776, and indemnities for the losses from the ComFor the management of the war itself 124 millions were spent in con- mune, £2,536,358, deducting from this £5,600,000 received ducting the War Otfice, and nearly 24 millions for the other Executive from the State for the City 5,8.3,164 departments. The Army cost 381 millions for subsistence, 381 millions for 4. Indemnities of all descriptions to departments, comthe Quartermaster's Department, 339 millions for transportation, 345 mil- munes, and individuals (including in this the £5,600,000 lions for clothing, 126 millions for horses, 31 millions for barracks, 1145 mentioned under the preceding heads) 34,260,079 millions for pay, 140 millions for bounties to enlisted soldiers, 42 millions 5. Indemnities to railway companies (not including the reimbursed the State Governments for their expenses in enlisting troops, ** Chemin de Fer de l'Est") 280,000 11 millions recruiting and conscription expenses, 57 millions for medical and 6. Revietualling Paris (net) 3. SOON) hospital expenses (including a half-million for artificial limbs), 70 millions 7. Maintenance of German troops 13,000,000 for ordnance and the armament of fortifications, 100 millions for the arma- 8. Repayments of the amount raised by the Germans under ment of troops, 82 millions for the Homes for Disabled Volunteers, 13.) the head of taxes 2,503,200 millions for forts, 29 millions for collecting, drilling, and organising troops, 21 millions for bridge, tool, and siege trains, 84 millions paid for supplies 59,006,413 furnished by loyal citizens and for horses and other property lost in the III. service, and large suins besides for miscellaneous items. 9. Different expenses of the loans 25,250,720 While the Army caused the bulk of the War expenses, the Navy also came 10. Losses on the budget receipts of 1570 and 1871 14,567,500 in for a considerable share. The Navy cost 744 millions for pay, 16 millions 11. Capitalisation of 4 per cent of the net revenues of the for provisions, 14 millions for clothing, 100$ millions for construction, ceded territories (£2,655,600) 18,450.000 repair, and equipment of vessels, 314 millions for ordnance, 2 millions for 12. Capitalisation of military pensions and annuities 60,390,000 surgeons' necessaries, 304 millions for yards and docks, 11} millions for 13. Reconstruction of military and naval material : fuel, nearly 1 million for hemp, 191 millions for machinery, 24 millions for First account 21,759,500 85,759,000 navigation, 7 millions for the marine corps, 24 millions for the Naval Aca. Second do 61.000.000 demy and Asylum, 10 millions for chartering, &c., of vessels for the tem- 14. Re-establishment of the public roads interrupted by the porary increase of the Navy, 3 millions for bounties, and also other items. new frontier 3,612,000 The above gives the three chief divisions of the War expenditures--for the Debt, the Army, and the Navy. But to this must be added the millions 214,059,289 spent to pay the cost of raising the extra money required to meet these ex IV. penditures, and which was gathered largely from taxation. The entire Inland 15. Reconstruction of the registers of births, deaths, and Revenue system was made necessary by the War, and the expense of that de marriages (Etat Civil) at Paris, Remiremont, and partment was about 115 millions; while it cost nearly 100 millions to collect Montmedy 71,110 the Custom revenue, of which 42 millions are directly charged to the War 16. Reconstruction of the stock of tobacco 120.6) Any nation that contemplates going to war will do well to ponder these 17. Indemnities to otficers in charge of Belfort 3,051 figures. The American War is fifteen years gone by, and the nation is still 18. Deticiency in the accounts of the ceded territories 1,083,875 paying huge sumas for it. Out of 267 millions of expenditure during the 19. Reconstruction of public buildings burnt or destroyed by last tiscal year (1879-80) that entered into the above computation, it is the Commune 1,844,881 estimated that more than half, or 1404 millions, were expenses for debt, 20. Expenses of trials and transportation of the insurgents of interest, and pensions, the direct legacies of the War. The prodigious the Commune 473.744 exertions to raise money for the support of the War are shown by an 21. Requisitions of the Commune on the Bank of France 667,807 examination of the tables of revenue in those years. In the year before 22. Payments from the State to the City of Paris for urgent the War, 1800, the revenue of the country was about 66 millions of dollars, • wants after the defeat of the Commune 104,000 and its expenditure 63 millions. In the first fiscal year of the War, its 23. Sums seized by the Commune from various agents of the paralysation of business reduced the revenue to 41 millions, all of which Treasury in Paris 413,314 but two millions the country got from the Customs. When the War 24. Expense of marking out the new frontier 7,810 opened it was looked upon as a small affair to be speedily ended, and 25. Diplomatic mission to the German quarters 5,810 in the fiscal year ending July 1, 1861, there were 664 millions spent 26. Commission at Strasburg 5,650) for all purposes. This included the opening three months of the 27. Burial of dead soldiers 91,516 War before the Bull Run defeat showed what earnest work was necessary, and the money not raised from revenue was procured by 4,895,639 about 28 millions increase in the public debt. The war having greatly advanced prices, and the growing premium on gold depre Together 667,638,041 ciated the paper currency, when the third year, 1863-4, opened and the twenty-seven heads as above give solely the charges for witnessed the most desperate struggles and prodigious exertions of the which credits have been voted or proposed. The document rebellion, with Grant's hard-fought progress through the wilderness. New published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs adds and increased taxes in this year were levied, and swelled the revenue to being the difference between £26,313,937 at which the losses 17,865,908 nearly 265 millions, of which the Customs produced 102 millions and the properly resulting from the invasion were charged by the Inland Revenue nearly 110 millions. But there were spent 8653 millions, of Departmental Commission of Revision and the £8,478,029, which which the rapidly-growing debt took nearly 54 millions for interest., Again sum only was set aside for this purpose by the laws of Sept. 6, the debt supplied the deticiency, about 598 millions being raised in this year 1871, and April 7, 1873. from new loans, while at its close the total debt was 17091 millions. The fourth year of the war, 1861-5, witnessed the final defeat of the rebellion and collapse Forming a general total of 585,523,952 of the Confederacy, its back being broken by Sherman's march to the sea. (Converting the franc at 25 to the £.) It also witnessed the heaviest expenditure in any year by the United States- This 600 million sterling, vast as it is, does not exhibit the indirect losses 1297) millions, of which 77 millions were for debt interest, 1031 millions for arising out of the war-loss of time, health, education, and skill, food the army, and 133 millions for the navy. The country spent more money; and clothing for the whole population; the cost of premature widow, but, in view of the end of the war, it breathed more freely than since 1861. hood and loss of parental aid, and mental and bodily vigour; the land laid The inland revenue at this time, as for several years afterwards, was the waste, gardens and fields thrown out of culture, and all of which may be chief tax-gatherer, producing 209 millions, while the customs yielded fairly estimated at 600 millions. 85 millions, and the total revenues were nearly 331 millions. The deficiency of 965 millions was met by new loans, and the total debt reached nearly 2675 inillions. THE RUSSIAN WAR EXPENDITURE. In the official report of the Comptroller of the Empire upon the Russian COST OF THE AFGHAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN WARS. Budget for 1879, the following statement is given of the extraordinary military expenditure during the years 1876-9 in connection with the war with A Parliamentary return, issued at the close of the Session 1881, shows the num- Turkey and the operations in Turkestan. The amount here set down, it is ber of otficers and men killed and wounded in the Afghan war and in the South to be remembered, is in addition to the ordinary outlay upon the Army, which African wars from 1875 to 1880 inclusive, and of the cost of those wars. In for the four years under review amounted to £75,429,000 :--Extraordinary war the Afghan war the total number killed and died of wounds was 99 officers expenditure in 1876, £5,100,000; 1877, £42,933,000; 1878, £40,814,000; 1879, and 1524 men, wounded, 111 officers and 1252 men, Of these the losses £13,211,000 : total, £102,058,000. To provide for this outlay the following among the British troops were :-Killed, 67 otficers and 461 men ; wounded amounts were made available :- Borrowed from the Bank of Russia, 76 officers and 403 men. In the South African wars, 1875-80, the £9,176,000; foreign loan of 1877, £10,641,000; first Eastern loan (internal), casualties were:-Killed, 12 officers and 167 men; wounded, 15 otticers and £17,461,000; second, £27,609,000; third, £25,552,000; budget, excess over 243 men. In the Zulu war, 58 otticers and 1329 men were killed, and 29 ordinary expenditure, £2,955,000: total, £93,394,000. According to this stateofficers and 272 men wounded. In the war with Secocoeni 2 officers and 9 ment, therefore, there remained at the close of 1879 an increased deficit of men were killed and 7 otficers and 319 men wounded. The total for the £8,661,000. It is impossible, however, to believe that the above is a full account whole of the wars was :- Killed, officers, 172; men. 31:28. Wounded, of the extraordinary expenditure. It makes no mention, for instance, of the officers, 162; men, 2016. The cost of the above wars, so far as the British £47,000,000 of unconvertible paper money issued by the Government through and Indian Exchequers are concerned, was £21,491,4-3 (including £1,321,017 the Bank of Russia for the purpose of defraying war expenses, and little for frontier railways and £1,019,470 for Punjaub Northun Railway); and reliance can be placed upon a statement which leaves out of account an the : et charge ( the country, after deducting receipts, £18,412,223. item of such magnitude. ... 99 .. 9 . TRADE, COMMERCE, AND INDUSTRIES OF now costs £101 per annum, against £98 in 1869; but the burden of military and naval expenditure on each inhabitant or taxpayer in Great Britain is NATIONS. somewhat less than it was in 1870, although for the world the average is A noteworthy improvement has been observed in the financial condition higher, viz. :of mankind. The earnings of nations, it is found, have risen in twice Taxation compared with Income. 1880. the ratio of population. At the same time, the public debt has in Great Britain ... 11.92 per cent 11.88 per cent. creased 43 per cent; but this is counterbalanced by the outlay in making Europe 13 87 15 38 new railways, which has exceeded since 1870 £184,000,000 over the total of United States 13:39 9:21 Dex debts. In like manner, although taxation has grown 225 per cent, The World 14.05 14 34 which is more than the geometrical progression of earnings, the net balance And at present the armaments of Europe absorb 3 per cent of the total per head of population is higher. The account stands, in millions sterling, earnings of nations, and consequently the burden is heavier by 3 per cent as follows: than it was ten years ago. Food Supply. --Of the food consumed, Europe has a great deficit. No less Earnings 5652 6773 1984 per cent a quantity than 330 million bushels of grain and 853,000 tons of meat Taxes 794 yearly. On the contrary, the United States have a surplus of 370 million bushels of grain and 1,076,000 tons of meat. On the whole, the world shows Net earnings 4558 5802 19:42 an over-consumption of 22 million bushels of grain and a surplus of 2,144,00) If we distribute the earnings among the population of Christendom, we find tons of meat. The consumption of food in Great Britain and the United as follows: States is much over the European average per head. It is as follows:- Grain, bushels. Ment. Ib. 2002 119 10 In 1880 ... 411,728,000 5,802,000,000 40.66 120 00 24'02 8188 This shows, as far as money can, how much the condition of mankind has Germany 23 71 84.51 improved in the last ten years. Perhaps the secret of prosperity has been Europe 17.66 57.50 the development of the carrying trade, by land and sea, which has risen The World ... 20 19 68 87 58 per ent, and cheapened all the products of industry by placing the producer and consumer in closer relation than before. Wealth of Nations.-Money in abundance has little to do with national There are six industries of nations which reach in the aggregate a total prosperity: Spain has most money, compared with national industry; of 101 milliards sterling, thus showing an advance of 224 per cent since England the least. Switzerland has most coin per head. The paper money 1870. The average produce of human industry per head is over £25; being of the world has risen from 692 millions in 1870 to 799 millions sterling in a rike of 12 per cent since 1870. The advance in Great Britain is double the 1880, being an increase of 34 per cent. The amount of gold and silver coin European average, the figures being as follows: is 823 millions sterling. With regard to the gold coinage, one fourth dis appears or is transformed in ten years; so that the net increase since 1870 INDUSTRY PER HEAD. has been only 210 millions, or 5 per cent over the yield. In all matters of 1870. 1881). Advance. business cheques take the place of coin-in England to such an extent that, Great Britain £53 13 0 £4 18 0 Enrope on an average, only 10s. of coin are employed for every £100 of business 21 2 0 23 4 0 2 2 0 transacted. If the commerce and money of all nations be compared (India United States 38 9 O 1 12 0 alone excepted), it will be found that the world's trade in 1880 was The World 22 10 0 2 12 0 transacted as follows: The increase observed' between Cotton and Wool is remarkable, and con Aliquot parts. tinges with varying fortunes, as appears from the following summary : Gold coin 19.93 269,000,000 9.61 Ontton Manufactures £240,000,000 Bank notes 773,000,000 2781 Woollen 246,000,000 Cheques, &c. 42 65 Linen, Laces, Silks, &c. 162,000,000 Total 100 00 £648,000,000 £783,000,000 1 The total of new national debts since 1870 is £1,575,000,000 sterling, or A glance at the production of wool and cotton in all countries, shows £184,000,000 less than the cost of new railways in the same period. That is that the Australian clip has more than doubled since 1870 ; and a similar hardly 34 per cent of the increase of wealth. The increase in the wealth of increase has taken place in the cotton crop of the United States. There the United States is most remarkable, and the same may be said with regard is altogether a rise of 330 million pounds, or 22 per cent, in wool, and 994 to Australia. million pounds, or 37 per cent, in cotton since 1870. In the case of iron, The average net earnings of mankind have risen nearly twenty shillings steel, and coal, Great Britain is still by far the largest producer; the since 1870, as the following summary shows:figures being 42 per cent of iron, 36 per cent of steel, and 45 per cent of all Great Britain 1870. 1880. the coal consumed by the world. Earnings £30 10 6 £33 10 4 The Commerce and Shipping-that is, the trading of the world-has risen Taxes 3 13 5 3 19 9 to £776,000,000 sterling, the principal increase being as follows :Great Britain £145,000,000 Net Income £26 17 1 £29 10 7 Upited States 129,000.000 Germany.. 114,000,000 Europe- 388,000,000 Earnings £13 14 £14 13 6 Taxes 1 18 7 2 7 £776,000,000 In 1870 the British flag covered 51 per cent, and in 1880 56 per cent of all Net Income £11 15 7 £12 6 6 the carrying power of the merchant shipping of the world. The construction of railways has kept pace with trade and commerce, for since United States- £27 11 8 1970 more than 100,000 miles of railways have been made, at a cost of 1769 £27 18 4 Taxes 3 13 10 2 12 7 millions sterling, and distributed as follows : Miles. Cost. Per mile. Great Britain 2,159 £25 5 9 £187,000,000 £86,600 Net Income £23 17 10 Continent 37,699 20,800 The World- £970,000,000 £14 17 10 £16 2 1 Taxes United States 41,883 13,800 578.000,000 2 2 4 2 6 11 Colonies, &c. 18,747 Net Income £12 15 6 £13 15 2 The World .. 100,487 £1,759,000,000 £17,520 Although the net income has increased, the relative burden of taxation British railways have been the most costly; nevertheless, they have rendered is heavier, as will be seen in the following ratio table:more service for capital expeaded than those of other nations. The 189. 1880. tratfie of the world may be taken, if a passenger and a ton of merchandise Great Britain ... 16s. Bd. per inhabitant 158. Od. be taken as equivalents of each other, as follows: Europe .. 78, 100. 98. 2d. 1870, 1879. United States 11s 0d. 48, 6d. Great Britain 518,000,000 88. 1d. Ss. 5d. Continent 617,000,000 943,000,000 Europe 1,135,000,000 A RETROSPECT OF ENGLAND'S PROSPERITY. 260,000,000 In 1870. In 1880. Colonies, &c. 50,000,000 Exports, in round numbers of millions pounds sterling, show an increase of 1,445,000,000 2,290,000,000 forty-four millions in ten years £244,000,000 £286,000,000 The traffic returns, however, on the whole, show a decline Savings Banks show a very considerable increase The Telegraph Service shows an increase of 280,000 miles. £58,000,000 £78,000,000 In tease of Population is dealt with in another place. It may be re- Pauperism of England and Wales show marked that Europe in 1870 showed a surplus of 254 million births over a decrease of nearly a quarter of a deaths, but emigration reduced the actual increase to 224 millions. Whilst million £1,079,000 £837,000 the Franco-German War cost Europe 819,000 human lives, the French loss Income Tax returns £445,000,000 £578,000,000 being 70 per cent of the total. With regard to the United States of America, In the consumption of tea there was an the increase of population a good deal exceeds the aggregate number of in increase 117,000,0004 1b. 158,000,000 lb. 1 habitants of three European Kingdoms-Holland, Denmark, and Portugal, The last trade returns show that we have reached dimensions never before but our Australian Colonies very much exceeds the ratio of the United attained. The great increase in postage is chiefly due to our commercial States, relations, and the increase in post-cards alone reached the enormous number The Art of War shows that although there are fewer men under arms in of 118,810,800, being an increase of 5,000,000 over that of any former period. Europe, the annual expenditure for both armies and navies has increased Comparing the Imports for the same period, these were £303,000,000 in by about 25 per cent. As to the cost of the material, the British soldier 1870 against £111,000,000 in 1880. 2 0 ... ... ... 99 9 per cent. Day D. OY W. 日,, 14 17 13 19 20 SUN. Souths Rises. before Rises. Sets. Aftern. Morn. H. . 4 33 3 10 7 23 6 52 3 48 3 W Jamaica discovered. 1495 4 31 3 177 24 7 59 4 15 4 1 Dr. Livingstone died, 1873 4 29 3 23 7 26 9 7 4 60 5 F Napoleon I. died, 1821 4 28 3 29 7 27 10 7 5 33 6 S St. John 4 26 3 34 7 29 10 686 25 7 3 4TH SUNDAY AFT. EASTER 4 24 3 387 30 11 42 7 27 8 M Hall-Quarter Day 4 22 3 42 7 32 Morn. 8 37 9 Tv Schiller died, 1805 4 21 3 457 33 0 19 9 53 10 W Indian Mutiny commenced. 1957 4 19 3 48 7 35 0 51 11 11 11 T Sir J. F. W. Herschel died, 1871 4 17 3 50 7 36 1 17 Attorn. 12 F Passage of thu Douro, 1809 4 15 3 52 7 38 1 41 1 49 13 S Pope Pius IX. born, 1792 4 14 3 537 39 2 5 3 9 14. Rogation SUNDAY 4 12 3 537 41 2 30 4 29 16 M Daniel O'Connell died, 1817 4 11 3 537 42 2 57 5 48 16 Tu Vendome Column destroyed, 1871 4 10 3 52 7 44 3 28 7 4 17 W Dr. Jenner born, 1749 4 8 3 50 7 45 4 7 8 13 18 TH Ascens. Day. Holy Thurs. 4 6 3 48 7 47 4 62 9 13 19 F| Dunstan, Archbishop 4 5 3 467 48 5 47 10 3 20 S Columbus died, 1608 4 4 3 43 7 49 6 47 10 45 21 S SUNDAY AFTER ASCENSION 4 3 3 397 60 7 49 11 18 22 M Length of night, sh. 10m. 4 2 3 367 52 8 55 11 44 23 TG Battle of Ramilles, 1706 4 0 3 307 5310 1 Morn. 24 W Queen Victoria bom, 1819 3 69 3 25 7 55 11 6 0 8 25 TH Princess Helena born, 1846. 3 58 3 20 7 66 Attorn. 0 29 26 F Easter Law Sittings end. Oxford 3 57 3 14 7 68 1 15 0 49 27 | S | Oxford Trinity Term begins 3 56 3 7 7 59 2 2017 28 3 Whit SUNDAY. Pentecost 3 55 3 0 8 0 3 27 1 27 29 M Bank Holiday 3 54 2 538 1 4 35 1 49 30 TU Earl Spencer born, 1798 3 63 2 458 2 5 44 2 16 31 W Chalmers died, 1947 13 52 2 368 31 6 50 2 46 124 23 28 127 128 HIGH WATER AT Year. 124 2 57 3 15 0 5 0 22 126 3 35 3 53 0 40 1 0 126 4 13 4 35 1 18 1 38 127 4 55 5 15 2 0 2 20 128 5 40 6 7 2 40 3 5 129 6 35 7 5 3 32 4 0 130 7 40 8 12 4 30 6 51 131 8 50 9 30 5 37 6 15) 132 10 6 10 38 6 55 7 30 133 11 11 11 42 8 3 8 36 134 0 10 9 7 9 35 135 0 35 1 2 10 0 10 27 136 1 28 1 50 10 53 11 15 137 2 10 2 33 11 25 11 68 138 2 55 3 17 0 20 139 3 38 4 0 0 42 1 3 140 4 20 4 40 1 25 1 461 141 5 0 5 18 2 6 2 25 142 5 40 6 2 2 43 3 6 143 6 25 6 50 3 27 3 50 144 7 15 7 40 4 15 4 40 145 8 10 8 40 5 5 5 35 146 9 15 9 50 6 6 6 40 147 10 20 10 62 7 15 7 45 148 11.20 11 47| 8 17 8 45 149 0 10 9 12 9 35 160 0 33 0 53 9 58 10 18 161 ASTRONOMICAL OCCURRENCES. 10h. 13m. p.m., or 2h. 10m. after sunset. She is near Jupiter on the 6th,. The Moon is near Saturn on the 16th. She is near Jupiter on the day of near the Moon on the 19th, and at her least distance from the Sun on New Moon; she is near Mercury during the evening hours of the 18th ; is the 30th. near Venus during the evening hours of the 19th; and very near Mars Mars sets on the 2nd at 1h. 28m. a.m., on the 12th at 1h. 3m. a.m., on during the evening hours of the 22nd. Her phases or times of change are :- the 22nd at Oh. 36m. a.m., and on the last day at 0h. 14m. a.m. ' He is due Full Moon on the 3rd at 31 minutes after sh. in the morning. south on the 1st at 5h, 18m. p.m., on the 15th at 4h. 63m. p.m., and on the 0 last day of the month at 4h. 26m. p.m. He is at his greatest distance from New Moon » 17th , 33 7 the Sun on the 5th, and near the Moon on the 22nd. JUPITER sets on the 1st at 9h. 16m. p.m., or 1h. 55m. after sunset; on the She is nearest the Earth on the morning of the 13th, and most distant on 11th at 8h. 50m. p.m., or 1h. 14m. after sunset ; on the 21st at 8h. 23m. p.m., the morning of the 25th. or 33 minutes after sunset; and on the 29th the planet and Sun set Mercury rises nearly at the same time as the Sun on the 1st, and from together ; and from this day till Dec. 19 the planet sets in daylight. He this day till July 3 he rises in daylight. He sets at sunset on the 2nd; on rises on the last day at sunrise. He is due south on the 1st at 1h. 23m. p.m., the 6th at 7h. 69m. p.m., or 30 minutes after sunset; on the 11th at 8h. 45m. on the 15th at Oh. 42m. p.m., and on the last day at 11h. 54m. a.m. He is p.m., or 1h. 9m. after sunset; on the 21st at 9h. 50m. p.m., or 2 hours after near Venus on the 5th, near Mercury on the 13th, and near the Moon on sunset ; on the 26th at 10h. 5m. p.m., or 2h. 7m. after sunset; and on the 18th, and in conjunction with the Sun on the 30th. last day at 10h. 8m. p.m., or 2h. 5m. after sunset. He is in superior con Saturs sets on the 5th at about the time of sunset, and from this day till junction with the Sun on the 2nd, in his ascending node on the 3rd, near Nov. 16 he sets in daylight. He rises on the 12th at nearly the same time as Saturn on the 4th, at his least distance from the Sun on the 7th, near the Sun; on the 21st at 3h. 43m. a m., or 20 minutes before sunrise; and on Jupiter on the 13th, and near the Moon on the 18th. the last day at 3h. 7m. a.m., or 45 minutes before the Sun. He is due south Venus is an evening star, setting on the 1st at 9h. 1m. p.m., or 1h. 40m. on the 1st at 0h. 16m. p.m., on the 15th at 11h. 28m. a.m and on the last after sunset ; on the 11th at 9h. 30m. p.m., or 1h. 54m. after sunset ; on the day at 10h. 33m. a.m. He is near Mercury on the 4th, in conjunction with 21st at Sh. 56m. p.m., or 2h. 6m. after sunset ; and on the last day at the Sun on the 6th, and near the Moon on the 16th. |
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