CENSUS OF SCOTLAND. shows an increase of 194,449 males and 179,974 females, or a total increase of 374,423 persons in ten years. Hence there has been in the course of the The Census of 1881 shows the population of all Scotland, including the last ten years an increase of 11'1 per cent in the amount of the population of Scotland, or a male increase of 12 1 per cent, and a female increase of seamen belonging to the mercantile shipping in Scottish ports or on 10.2 per cent. Consequently, it appears that during the last decennium the Scottish waters, amounted to 3,734,441 persons, of whom 1,797,592 were population of all Scotland has been augmented in a ratio exceeding that males, and 1,936,849 females. Comparison with the Census numbers of 1871 | observed in any decennial period since 1821-31. POPULATION of SCOTLAND in 1871 and 1881, arranged in Five Groups of Districts (including Shipping). HOUSES and POPULATION in the DIVISIONS and CIVIL COUNTIES in 1881, together with the Number of Families, and the Number of Rooms with Windows. (Including Shipping.) mean time, the Free Trade Colony, contrariwise, has added 106,000 to the number of her inhabitants by excess of immigration over emigration. Leaving Sydney and Melbourne out of the question, the increase in New South Wales is from 366,000 in 1871 to 520,000 in 1881, or over 42 per cent; while in Victoria the increase is only 9 per cent. In other words, Melbourne has been growing at the expense of the country districts-the producing industries of Victoria have been paying tribute to the manufacturing. A more remarkable verification of the doctrines of political economy would be hard to discover. Yet the advance of Melbourne is proportionately much less than that of New South Wales as a whole, and very much less than the growth of Sydney. During the decade the population of Melbourne grew from 206,000 to 281,000-a very notable and gratifying progression, only it swallows up three firths of the increase for the whole of Victoria. The advance of sydney, however, was from 136,000 to 222,000-an increase of 86,000, but not inuch over one third of the increase for the whole of New South Wales. The growth of the Free-trade capital was therefore much larger than the growth of the Protection capital, notwithstanding that the process in the latter instance was accelerated by a fiscal policy which impelled the people to forsake the plough and the shovel and flock to the city of manufacturers. We have seen that the actual population of Victoria is smaller by about 75,000 than the official estimate, and that the Census indicates a net loss by emigration of 22,000. But the figures tell an even more dolorous tale. In round numbers the estimate stood thus: 18:05 THE CENSUS OF AUSTRALIA. In 1871 the population of Victoria was 731,000. It is now 855,000. The increase in the ten years is, therefore, 124,000, or 17 per cent. In 1871 the population of New South Wales was 503,000; it is now 750,000-an increase of 247,000, or nearly 50 per cent. The estimated population of Victoria at the time of the present Census was 930,000, so that 75,000 people have departed from that colony in the decade without being registered at the Custom House. But the worst feature of the data in regard to Victoria is that the actual increment is less than it would be if immigration and emigration had exactly balanced each other. The excess of births over deaths during the ten years is computed at 146,000; in reality, therefore, so far from the Colony of Protection having gained by immigration, she has lost no fewer than 22,000 souls by excess of departures over arrivals. In the Attention in Victoria has been directed to the paucity of marriages in that community, and various causes have been assigned for the condition. The marriage rate there for several years past has been 1 per thousand smaller than in New South Wales; and the birth rate has been nearly 4 per thousand smaller. Accordingly we find in the latter colony, with a population averaging about 200,000 less than the former during the ten years, the excess of births over deaths aggregates fully 140,000-only 6000 short of the gross increase from the same source in Victoria. Of course there is still difference of opinion as to how much of the disparity in the growth of the two colonies is due to the disparity of fiscal systems. The Protectionist organs in Melbourne argue that the arrest of progress in Victoria is to be accounted for by the decadence of the mining industry, which they say is in no way traceable to the high tariff, and by the comparative smallness of her territory. But this theory is evidently wrong. The Victorian mines are not worked out, and to contend that a fertile tract as extensive as Great Britain is fully populated with 850,000 people is simply absurd. The truth is, that the cost of mining has been increased in an enormous ratio by the efforts of the Government to establish manufactures by artificial means; and the same remark applies to the agricultural industry. The energies of the people have been diverted from the natural channels of industry into the purely adventitious openings formed by the erection of a Customs barrier. Manufactures have been started, but at the expense of checking the development of the indigenous resources of the land, and, since Victorian manufacturers have no market No returns are yet to hand from Queensland. The enormous growth of New Zealand and the small increase in the population of Tasmania require some explanation. The first-named, as is well known, has been following a "progressive policy" with unparalleled energy and perseverance. She has borrowed immense sums, and spent the money in importing people and providing them with remunerative employment. So far, she seems to have retained the immigrants; but lately there has been quite a large influx of navvies and other labourers into New South Wales from her shores. Tasmania has not advanced much during the decade, but this is because she has suffered several years of extreme depression. EMIGRATION FROM IRELAND, 1880. There was very much said during the discussion on the Irish Land Bill upon the question of emigration But the emigration clause of the Bill limits the sum to be spent, which is far too small to be of any value, considering that the normal emigration from Ireland often approaches 100,000 a year. The number of emigrants who left Irish ports in 1880 was 95,857, an increase of 48,493 as compared with 1879; the number of males being 50,189, or 24,174 more than in the previous year; and of females, 45,668, an increase of 24,319. Of the 95,857 emigrants in 1880, 95,517 were natives of Ireland, and 340 were persons belonging to other countries. The total number of emigrants-natives of Ireland-who left the Irish ports from May 1, 1851, the date at which the collection of returns commenced, to Dec. 31, 1880, is 2,637,187-1,406,476, males and 1,230,711 females. The following table shows the number for each year, from May 1, 1851, to Dec. 31, 1880. Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi 705,606 1,538,983 1,184,109 266,566 187,748 1,262,344 996,992 6,641,215 ... 2,084,679 1,648,599 1,542,463 2,169,091 1,321,011 1,258,520 1,721,295 802,561 484,471 940,263 726,915 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. The Census of the population of the United States taken on June 1, 1880, gives an approximate total of 50,152,559. This is subject to a few minor corrections that may slightly change the figures, but practically this is the population of the country-showing an increase of 11,594,188 in the ten years since the Census of 1870, or about 30 per cent. Of this increase not quite one fourth is said to be made by immigration, the remaining three fourths being the natural growth of the population. In considering the different sections of the country, it is found that, while all portions show a steady growth, by far the greatest growth has been west of the Mississippi. The unexpected fact is also demonstrated that the country south-east of the Mississippi has made a greater proportionate increase of population than that north-east of the Mississippi. The great growth of all has, however, been in the Northern States, west of the Mississippi, in the Pacific States, and in the territories. Nebraska and Colorado have quadrupled their populations in the decade; Kansas has grown almost threefold; and Oregon and Minnesota have nearly doubled. In the south-west Arkansas and Texas have also nearly doubled. The greatest growth of all has been in some of the territories, and there are five of them that have each a greater population than the State of Nevada. The smallest proportion in growth is shown in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Delaware. The following shows the population of the country by sections, according to the two Censuses : The growth of the United States since the first Census was taken, in 1790, is shown by the following statement of the aggregate population given by each Census: Year. 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 Per cent increase. Population. 3,929,827 5,305,925 35:02 The chief cities of the United States and all having over 30,000 population on June 1, 1880, are the following: New York, 1,206,590; Philadelphia, 846,984; Brooklyn, 566,689; Chicago, 503,304; Boston, 362,535; St. Louis, 350,522; Baltimore, 332,190; Cincinnati, 255,708; San Francisco, 233,956; New Orleans, 216,140; Cleveland. O., 160,142; Pittsburg, Pa., 156,381; Buffalo, N.Y, 155,137; Washington, 147,307; Louisville, Newark, N.J., 136,400; Ky., 116,342; Milwaukee, 123,645; Jersey City, 120,728; Detroit, Mich Wis., 115,578; Providence, R.I., 104,850; Albany, N Y., 90,903; Rochester, NY., 89.363; Alleghany, Pa., 78,681; Indianopolis, 75,074; Richmond, 63,803; New Haven, 62,882; Lowell, Mass., 59,485; Worcester, Mass., 58,295; Troy, N.Y., 56,747; Kansas City, Mo., 55,813; Cambridge, Mass., 52,740; Syracuse, N.Y., 51,791; Columbus, Ohio, 51,665; Paterson, N.J., 50,887; Toledo, Ohio, 50,143; Charleston, 8.C.. 49,999; Fall River, Mass., 49,006; Minneapolis, Minn, 46.987; Scranton, Pa., 45,850; Nashville, 43,461; Reading, Pa., 48,280; Hartford, 42,553; Wilmington, Del., 42,499; Camden, N.J., 41,658; St. Paul, Minn., 41,496; Lawrence, Mass., 39,178; Dayton, Ohio, 38,677; Lynn, Mass, 38,284; Denver, 35.630; Oakland, Cal, 34.556; Atlanta, 34,398; Utica. N.Y., 33.913; Portland, Me., 33,810; Memphis. 33,593; Springfield, Mass., 33,310; Manchester, N.H., 32,630, St. Joseph, Mo., 32,484 Grand Rapids, 32,015; Wheeling, 31,266; Mobile. 31,205; Hoboken, N.J., 30,999; Harrisburg, 30,760; Savannah, 30,681; Omaha, 30,510. The recent Census has shown that the numbers of Chinese throughout the States are very much less than was commonly believed to be the case. Taking a few of the principal States, we find that the numbers have increased as follows: In the Eastern States, the Chinese element is really very small, and altogether inappreciable among the foreign admixture of population. New York contains but 942; Massachusetts, 256; Illinois, 214, &c. So that all the anticipations as to the displacement of native by Chinese labour are shown to be utterly without foundation. Last Quarter New Moon 15th, First Quarter 23rd 18 Full Moon ,, 30th,, 2 She is nearest the Earth on the morning of the 4th, and again at midnight of the 21st, and furthest from it on the evening of the 19th. 99 MERCURY is a morning star, rising on the 3rd at about sunrise, on the 10th at 3h. 8m. a.m., or 49 minutes before sunrise; on the 15th at 2h. 50m. a.m, or 1h. 12m. before sunrise; on the 20th at 2h. 40m. a.m., or 1h. 27m. before sunrise; on the 25th at 2h. 42m. a.m., or 1h. 32m. before the Sun; and on the 30th at 2h. 55m. a.m., or 1h. 28m. before sunrise. He is stationary among the stars on the 9th, near the Moon on the 13th, at his greatest western elongation (20 deg. 5 min.) on the 20th, and in his ascending node on the 30th. 9 25 10 5 10 42 11 20 11 52 0 25 0 50 5 38 206 6 12 6 50 207 6 50 207 7 30 8 7 208 8 45 9 17 209 9 45 10 15 210 10 40 11 5 211 2 66 VENUS is an evening star, setting on the 1st at 10h. 9m. p.m., or 1h. 51m. after sunset; on the 10th at 9h. 56m. p.m., or 1h. 43m. after sunset; on the 20th at 9h. 36m. p.m., or 1h. 32m. after sunset; on the last day at 9h. 13m. p.m., or 1h. 26m. after sunset. She is near the Moon on the 19th. MARS is an evening star, setting on the 1st at 10h. 41m. p.m., or 2h. 23m. after sunset; on the 10th at 10h. 16m. p.m., or 2h. 3m. after sunset; on the 20th at 9h. 46m. p.m., or 1h. 42m. after the Sun; and on the last day at 9h. 14m. p.m. He is due south on the 1st at 3h. 34m. p m, on the 15th at 3h. 10m. p.m., and on the last day at 2h. 43m. p.m. He is near the Moon on the 19th. JUPITER is a morning star, rising on the 1st at 2h. 16m. a.m., or 1h. 32m. before sunrise; on the 10th at 1h. 47m. a.m., or 2h. 10m. a.m.; on the 20th at 1h. 15m. a m.; and on the last day at Oh. 42m. a.m. He is due south on the 1st at 10h. 23m. a.m., on the 15th at 9h. 41m. a.m., and on the last day at 8h. 52m. a.m. He is near the Moon on the 12th. SATURN rises on the 1st at 1h. 14m. a m., on the 10th at Oh. 42m. a.m., of the 20th at Oh. 5m. a.m., and on the 29th at 11h. 28m. p.m. He is due south on the 1st at 8h. 45m. a.m., on the 15th at 7h. 55m. a.m., and on the last day at 6h. 57m. a.m. He is near the Moon on the 11th. |