was Miles open 1870. 99 ... 692 ... A DECADE OF ENGLISH TRADE AND COMMERCE, It should be observed that since 1850 our merchant shipping service ex perienced a very large increase of trade from somewhat exceptional causes, 1870-1880. as those due to wars in which the country was engaged. In 1880 the industries of Great Britain attained a point never before reached goods carried rising from 518 to 844 millions ; but although the net earnings Railway traffic increased 62 per cent, the total passengers and tons of in the history of the country. On comparing the progress made during the per mile were £176 more in 1880 than in 1870, the net profits for capital past decade it will be found to be, on the whole, less than in that from 1860 to 1870, and again less than in the United States of America during the same (especially the London Metropolitan) having been very costly, thus raising were less, in consequence of the new lines constructed during the ten years interval of time-namely, from 1870 to 1850. In Great Britain, however, no the average capital per mile 184 per cent on all existing lines. The tratfic symptom of actual decline was visible, po diminution of force or energy to cause anxiety. On the contrary, the productive labour of the English people 1870. Increage. year by year exhibited a higher ratio than that of most other European 15,6,37 17,696 14 20 per cent nations. Passengers per mile 22,450 35,540 59 25 10,970 12,150 11:05 26 09 £2,794 £3,356 1986 73.91 £1,290 £1,676 1979 Net earnings £1,504 £1,650 20.36 Profit on capital 4.89 per cent 4:15 per cent Telegraphs showed an extraordinary increase, the number of messages 20 per cent more than that of 1870, whereas the population had risen only having trebled after the Government purchased' the lines and reduced the 10 per cent. The increase in millions sterling was : tariff. The average in 1880 was 77 messages per 100 inhabitants, against 32 in 1870. The natural increase of population, or rather the excess of births over 1870. 1880. deaths, amounted to 4,265,000, 13 76 per cent; but since emigration reached lation of 1870. The return of births and deaths for the decade was as Commerce 547 145 follows: Manufactures 642 Number. Per 1000 Inhab. Mining, 46 11,151,000 33.98 Agriculture 260 6,886,000 20.97 Carrying Trade. 78 43 Sundries 84 Increase 4,265,000 13:10 Banking 80 28 At no previous period did the population rise three millions in ten years, Total 1687 397 but the rate of increase was greater between 1820 and 1830, nearly 15 per cent, Food Supply.-This is intimately connected with population. Every Commerce had not quite kept pace with that of the previous decade, when the increase was 169 millions ; nor did mining show the advance it did year Great Britain will apparently be more and more dependent on foreign countries for its grain and meat supply; not merely the grain for an ever inbetween 1960 and 1870, the increase in this industry being only 24 million, creasing population, but also for much of that needed for our cattle. The against 26 million tons. Manufactures grew less rapidly than other total annual consumption of grain and meat was as follows: branches-pamely, 18 per cent. Banking and shipping exhibited an enor British mous derelopment, so much so that it appeared that the greater part of Imported. Total. Grain, bushels ... 410,000,000 208,000,000 the carrying trade of the sea had passed into British hands. The exact 690,000,000 Meat, tons......... figures in millions sterling were : 1,205,000 603,000 1,805,000 1870. 1880. Indeed, 33 per cent of the meat and 40 per cent of the grain consumed is 305 imported-together, as much as 8,000,000 tons, equal to the total tonnage of Exports... 242 the British merchant navy. The following statement shows the annual consumption per head: 63 British. Imported. Total. Thus the balance of trade against us was 25 per cent in 1870, and 49 per cent Grain, bushels 11'90 20:02 Meat, lb. 78.26 119.10 in 1880. Nevertheless, this must be considered as an indication of prosperity, Beer, gallons 32:18 since it was not until 1840 that our exports were more than our imports. The Spirits... 071 0.90 only drawback to our prosperity was agriculture, which showed a decline of Wine 0:51 0:51 8 per cent, the area under grain culture having fallen from 17,142,000 to 15,849,000 acres. Although the aggregate value of crops declined a good The consumption of meat is more than double the European average. It deal, this was partly counterbalanced by an increase of 10 per cent in horded is an ascertained fact that if we never imported a pound of meat our home cattle. supply alone would afford to each member of the community almost as large Comparing the various industries with population, we arrive at the an allowance per head as is actually consumed in Germany or France. following satisfactory state of things : The consumption of tea, coffee, sugar, and tobacco per head increased all round about 20 per cent, being double the increase of net income. The Shillings per Inhabitant. consumption was as follows: 1870. 1879. Rate of Increase 1870. 1880. Ib. 381 4.70 23 per cent. Coffee 0 98 1.00 Commerce 349 47.23 40 Manufactures 408 134 1'41 Mining 29 88 Agriculture 165 Savings Banks, which may be taken as a good gauge of the progress of Carrying trade 49 68 19 wealth among the working-classes, shows an increase of 30 per cent in ten Insurance, &c. 22 years, viz. :Banking 51 63 Amount. Ratio per Inhabitant. Increaso. 2 5 9 25 1880. 1870. 1870. £ £ £ 8. d. £ s. d. factured rose only 18 per cent, the consumption of raw material for England 46,229,000 65,396,000 2 1 1 2 11 textiles increased 23 per cent, and that of iron 42 per cent, the production Scotland 25 per cent 4,132,000 6,863,000 4 9 1 17 50 of steel having, moreover, quadrupled in the decade. Ireland 2,696,000 3,530,000 0 9 11 0 13 3 33 Banking increased 85 per cent, amounting to 108,000,000. viz. :Interest on 1400 millions annual discounts at 3 per cent ... £42,000,000 U. Kingdom 53,057,000 75,809,000 1 14 1 2 3 11 30 per cent Dividends on 1100 millions, in foreign loans, colonies, &c... 66,000,000 £108,000,000 Taxation, including national and local, rose 20 per cent, viz. :As regards our carrying trade, the increase was more than 50 per cent, and the increased efficiency of the Merchant Shipping of England was shown Amount. Ratio per Inhabitant. by the fact that in 1870 196,000 seamen were employed in carrying 59 million tons of merchandise, and in 1879 only 194,000 for 89 million tons; the ratio therefore rose from 302 to 455 tons per seaman, or, in other words, 1870. 1870. 1880. two seamen in 1880 did as much work as three did in 1870. The tonnage at the same time borne by English vessels was as follows: £ £ £ 8. d. £ 8. d. British. 1870. 1879. Increase. 75,434,000 81,265,000 2 8 4 2 7 1 Entries in British ports 10,309,000 15,040,000 39,090,000 1 6 1 56,130,000 47 per cent Local 1 12 6 Entries in foreign ports 19,711,000 36,880,000 86 British coast traffic 28,850,000 87,200,000 28 Total 141,521,000 137,395,000 3 13 5 3 19 7 68,870,000 89,120,000 51 From the above statistics we gather that taxation increased in 1880_six Steamers performed 65 per cent of the carrying trade in 1870, and in 1880 76 shillings per head over 1870—that is, it became 8 per cent heavier. This . of Colonial, as follows: mode of estimating the incidence of taxation must appear fallacious, since Increase. the ability to support the burden depends on the industry and income of the Nominal tonnage 5,560,000 6,250.000 13 per cent nation. Judged in this manner, it was as follows: Carrying power 9,720,000 16,630,000 70 (Continued on page 40.) D. D. OF OT M. W. BUN. PIRATION OF MOONLIGHT. HIGH WATER AT Day Rises. London Bridge. Liverpool Dock. of After Sunset. Sets. Rises. Year. O'Clock. Morn. Aftern. Morn. Aftern. 0 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 12 H. M. . . 1. M. H. M. H.M. H. M. 1 T Cambridge Michaelmas Term 6 1 10 27 5 40 10 49 1 32 ( 6 11 6 41 3 12 3 36 274 2 F Admiral Keppel died, 1786 6 3 10 46 5 38 11 57 2 21 24 7 12 7 47 4 6 4 37 275 3 S Treaty of Limerick, 1691 6 5 11 45 35 Morn. 3 3 25. 8 27 9 11 5 12 5 52 276 4 S 18TH SUND. AFT. TRINITY 6 7 11 23 5 32 1 11 3 39 26 9 58 10 39 6 36 7 23 277 5 M John Sheepshanks died, 1863 6 9 11 40 5 29 2 26 4 12 27 11 17 11 50 8 4 8 42 278 6 T Louis Philippe born, 1773 6 10 11 58 5 27 3 44 4 41 28 0 20 9 15 9 45 279 7 W Archbishop Laud born, 1873 6 12 12 15 5 24 4 58 5 8 044 1 7 10 9 10 32 280 8 TH Battle of Torres Vedras, 1810 6 14 12 31 5 22 6 11 5 37 1 31 1 51 10 56 11 16 281 9 F Dr. A. Kippis died, 1795 6 16 12 47 5 20 7 94 6 6 1 2 12 2 32 11 37 11 57 282 10'S Oxford Michaelmas Term begins 6 17 13 3 5 18 8 34 6 38 2 0 16 283 11 S 19TH SUND. AFT. TRINITY 6 19 13 18 5 15 9 40 7 13 3 3 29 3 47 0 36 0 54 284 12 M Dr. A. B. Herapath died, 1868 6 20 13 33 5 13 10 41 7 51 4 7 4 24 1 12 1 32 285 13 Tv Canova (sculptor) died, 1822 6 22 13 47 5 10 11 38 8 35 5 4 41.4 59 1 49 2 6 286 14 W Fire Insurance due 6 24 14 15 8 Aftern. 9 24 6 5 18 5 36 2 24 2 43 287 15 TH Murat executed, 1815 6 25 14 14 5 6 1 10 10 16 7 5 57 6 19 3 1 3 22 288 16 F Lord Palmerston died, 1865 6 27 14 27 5 4 1 49 11 14 6 46 7 15 3 44 4 11 289 17 s Houses of Parliament destroyed, 6 28 14 39 5 2 2 21 Morn. 9 7 48 8 24 4 40 5 13 290 18 S 20th SUND. AFT. TRINITY 6 30 14 50 5 0 2 51 0 13 10 9 6 9 48 5 49 6 31 291 23 M Swift died, 1745 6 31 15 1 4 58 3 18 1 17 11 10 25 11 0 7 13 7 50 292 20 Tu Sir C. Wren born, 1632 6 32 15 11 4 56 3 43 2 22 12 11 32 11 56 8 25 8 57 293 21 W Battle of Trufalgar, 1805 6 34 15 21 4 54' 4 7 3 28 13 0 20 9 21 945 294 22 Ti Lord Holland died, 1840 6 36 15 30 4 52 4 32 4 37 14 0 41 1 0 10 6 10 25 295 23 F Earl of Derby died, 1869 6 38 15 38 4 50 5 1 5 47 o 1 18 1 35 10 43 11 0 296 24 S Chaucer died, 1400 6 40 15 46 4 47 5 32 6 59 16 1 54 2 11 11 19 11 36 297 25 S 21st SUND. AFT. TRINJTY'6 42 15 53 4 45 6 8 8 11 17 298 26 M Hogarth died, 1764 6 44 15 59 4 43 6 51 922 18 3 6 3 24 0 12 0 31 299 27 TV Captain Cook born, 1728 6 46 16 4 4 41 7 43 10 30 19 3 44 4 5 0 49 1 9 300 28 W $t. Simon and St. Jude 6 48 16 9 4 39 8 42 11 30 20 4 26 4 48 1 30 1 51 301 29 TH Allan Cunningham died, 1842 6 50 16 12 4 37 9 47 Aftern. 21 5 10 5 35 2 13 2 35 302 | 30 F Sheridan born, 1761 6 51 16 15 4 36 10 59 1 4 6 1 6 29 3 0 3 26 303 31 s Earl of Rosse died, 1867 6 53 16 18 4 34 Morn. 1 42 7 2 7 39 3 541 4 27 304 996 6 1870. 1980. 825 ... Taxes Compared with 'Industry. Taxes Compared with Earnings. BALANCE-SHEET OF FRANCE FROM 1870 TO 1880. Notwithstanding the disastrous war of 1870-71, ani the loss of two of her 1870. finest provinces, France shows a greater amount of vitality than she did 16). Millions Sterling. Shillings per Inhabitant. 6.73 6 SO 1192 11.89 13 S7 1869. 1880. 1569. 1891). Commerce 219 129 177 Difference 2:41 439 231 202 Mining 9 5 412 If we take the same decade, or the year 1870, by way of comparison, the 400 217 216 33 Carrying Trade 00 17 27 average incidence of taxation for Europe, compared with earnings, was | Banking 30 34 17 per cent heavier than in Great Britain. In 1850 the relative ditference 16 15 Sundries 12 5 6 was 30 per cent. This arose in a great measure from the fact that the military expenditure of England was diminishing, while that of the Con 1191 1325 620 tinent was growing apace. The cost was : 712 The aggregate industrial increase was at the rate of 113 per cent, against 20 ISM-T. 1 SRO British Army and Navy per cent in Great Britain. The ratio per inhabitant was 15 per cent, against £26,400,000 £26,000,000 10 per cent in Great Britain. Every branch exhibited a rise, except agriRatio per Inhabitant 16 s. 8d. culture, which suffered heavily from the Phylloxera, although this loss was Ratio to Earnings 2-75 2 26 partiy repaired by an increase of 75 per cent in the area under beel-root. Europe, ratio per Inhabitant 78. 10d. 9s. 2d. Shipping was also believed to have declined; but her carrying power on sea Do, ratio to income 2'53 3 02 increased no less than 22 per cent, which, however, did not keep pace with The Continental armamente absorbed more than 3 per cent of the people's the growth or requirements of trade. earnings, relatively one third more than that of the United Kingdom. Commerce rose 30 per cent, and, if the balance signified anything, it was National Debt was at the same time decreasing in this country, being the prosperity of the country, since the imports rose 56, and the exports remarkable that the increase was apparently one-sided, witbout affecting £24,000,000 less in 1850 than it was in 1870; whereas the aggregate of only 6, per cent :Continental debts rose in the same period 70 per cent : Millions Sterling. Per Inhabitant. 1869. 1850. Imports 126 £5 7 2 131 3 10 7 Great Britain 798 774 £25 7 0 £22 90 Total 249 £6 94 £8 17 9 Continent ..:: 2,142 3,679 Britain), and yet France was accumulating wealth year by year, as shown Europe 2,940 4,453 £9 12 10 £13 11 7 by the rise in legacy returns. There was an increase of 69 per cent in port entries, while there was a comparative decline of French shipping :- 1869. Increase Notwithstanding the gradual decrease of the National Debt, the amount of French flag .. Tons 2,255,000 3,074,000 35 per cent inunicipal and other local debts increased in a much higher degree : Foreign tlags 4,486,000 8,-82,000 84 1870. 180. Local debts £81,000,000 6,773,000 11,356,000 69 per cent Ratio per inhabitant £2 13 4 Steamers form 65 per cent of the entries, against 45 per cent in 1969 ; and The increase in this respect was mainly due to expenses incurred for edu constituted a larger ratio than in Great Britain. The nominal tonnage of Cation and hygiene, which have been bearing good truit in many ways. the French merchant navy was superior to the German in 1869, although the Public education atfords the following remarkable results in ten years : carrying power of the former was 5000 tons over the latter. French shipping was as follows: 1869. 1879. Increase. Nominal tonnage 1,072,000 933,000 1,598,000 1,960,000 22) per cent Carrying trade increased more than one half, especially as regards railways, whose traffic rose 64 per cent :England 1869. 1890. 1,565,000 3,123,000 6 95 12 24 Railways xotland £24,950,000 215,000 £40,960,000 418,000 6 45 12.23 Canals 2,500,000 Ireland 325 0 2,500,000 376,000 6 05 7'02 5,600,000 6,900,000 United Kingdom 2,108,000 3,9 17,000 6 75 1144 Total £50,360,000 The new railways constructed since 1869 represent an outlay of 126 millions Hygiene also made good progress, except in Ireland, where it appeared to sterling, the capital of existing lines being equal to £11 es. per inhabitant, be greatly neglected, so much so that Dublin and Belfast showed the heaviest an increase of £3 138. in the said interval. The traffic of French and death-rates in the United Kingdom; indeed, while the mortality of England English lines compare as follows:and Scotland had declined nearly 10 per cent, the death-rate of Ireland for French. British. 1679 was nearly 20 per cent higher than it was in 1870, the mortality from Receipts per mile £2,701 £3,856 insufficient food being taken at 5 per cent of such increase : Working expenses 1,377 1,676 Net earnings ... 1,324 1,680 4.85 4.15 Construction per mile £27,280 £40,509 1870. 1879. Every passenger or ton of merchandise carried paid 40 pence, as compared 1870. 187). with 38 pence in Germany, and 17 pence in Great Britain. The gross re ceipts for 1880 were £4,300,000 over those of 1879. England 815,329 528,194 22 90 20 70 Manufactures did not show the same increase in value as in the conscotland 74,067 73,329 22 20 20 03 sumption of raw material: Ireland 90,695 105,432 16.78 19'67 1869. 1880. Increase. Manufactures £439,000,000 £485,000,000 United Kingdom 10 per cent 680,091 706,955 2179 20:49 Raw cotton, wool, &c. 1b. 862,000,000 1,022,000,000 19 Tons 1,230,000 1,520,000 24 The saving of life, from this reduction of 13 per 1000 in the death-rate. The consumption of raw cotton rose 80 per cent; of wool 20 per cent. being equal to 455,000 persons annually, and representing a money value of Silk declined one-third, the value of the manufacture having fallen from 109 millions sterling at the ordinary capital worth ( £240) of each inhabitant 38 to 26 sterling, and the exports from 21 to 10 millions. Sugar manu. of the United Kingdom, or four times the actual yearly product of his or her facture rose from 273,000 to 475,000 tons, an increase of 75 per cent. labour. Mining rose 83 per cent, the value of minerals being now one-fifth of We are indebted to Mr. Mulhall's “ Balance-Sheet of the World" for what it was in Great Britain, and it was exceeded by only one Continental nation-Germany. these useful statistical tables. Telegraphs showed an increase of 140 per cent in the number of messages, the ratio being 40 per 100 inbabitants, against 15 in 1869. It was only half UNREPRESENTED CONSTITUENCIES. the British average, but slightly ahead of the German. Money was more abundant than in other countries ; 99 per cent compared There are 162 towns and places none of which have direct representation in with commerce, whereas in Great Britain it was 28 per cent; and the various Parliament, or are incorporated, for Parliamentary purposes, with repre. kinds of currency give the following ratio per inhabitant as compared with sented cities, boroughs, or districts. They have an aggregate population of Great Britain :3,347,694, exceeding that of seventy-two boroughs, with 498,332, by 2,849,262; Millions Sterling. Ratio per Inhabitant. they have as yet no active voice in Parliament, whilst the latter send seventytwo members to the House of Commons. This is not the least glaring of France. Great Britain. France. Great Britain. the many gross anomalies of our present representative system; and, if Gold 147 £3 12 0 Silver there is to be any approach to correspondence of theory with practice in con 5 0 11 0 stitutional matters, a sweeping revision is indispensable. Many of the Paper 90 2 9 0 1 60 towns selected for this contrastare municipal boroughs of great importance, though politically non-existent, and amongst the foremost is St. Helen's, Total 322 188 £5 90 which, with its population of 57,234, bas no voice at St. Stephen's, whilst The French Mint coined in ten years over 514 millions sterling, of which Portarlington, with a population of 2426 and 112 electors, may speak there, 61 per ceat was gold, and 39 silver. Much of the gold coin, however, and vote as potentially as Manchester does. disappeared since Germany re-minted 50 million Napoleons. 1880. 00 99 ... ... ... 45 ... 7417 295 282 468 3663 National earnings rose from 788 to 927 millions sterling, and although A BRIEF RETROSPECT OF THE REFORM BILL OF 1832. In connection with the Franchise division of 1884, a brief abstract of the proceedings preceding the passing of the first Reform Bill of 1832 will Income 788 927 £20 14 8 £23 1 0 be of interest. The measure was introduced by Lord John Russell into Taxes and Rates 119 22nd, when the bill was carried by a majority of 302 to 301. The Committee Net income 669 ... £18 12 5 was fixed for April 19, and on the motion for taking up the measure at that holders of “ Rentes" and depositors in savings banks : 1872. 1979. sentatives for England and Wales ought not to be diminished, as had been Number of Rente-holders 2,147,130 4,401,763 proposed in the Ministerial plan. This was carried on a division by 299 to D-positors in saviogs banks 2,021,229 3,050,100 291, Earl Grey's Government determined to abandon that particular scheme, and to make an iminediate appeal to the people, although that Parliament Total ... 4,168,359 7,451,863 was not half a year old. The King went down to announce the decree of The thrifty habits of the people enabled them to support with ease a dissolution on the 23rd, his Majesty's arrival at Westminster having been degree of taxation that to many nations would seem excessive. Sumining preceded by a stormy scene in the House of Lords, where Lord Wharncliffe np all kinds of taxes, Frenchmen pay 93. more than we do in Great Britain, the Sovereign to refuse his assent to the dissolution advised by the finisters, had made an ineffectual attempt to carry an address to the Crown, praying a though their averuge earnings are one-third less than ours. In other The new Parliament assembled on June 14, and a Reform Bill was introduced words, Frenchmen pay 174 per cent taxes on their income, against 12 per cent in Great Britain. on the 24th. un July 7 the bill was read the second time by a majority of Military expenditure was a great burden, having risen from 138. per 136, the numbers having been 367 to 231. The Bill was read the third time on inhabitant in the last year of Napoleon III.'s reiga to 159. 60. in 1850); that Sept. 22, after a prolonged struggle in Committee, by 345 to 236, a Ministerial is, from 25 to 29 millions sterling. The increase in the land forces, the majority of 109. It tirst came before the House of Lords for second reading nary vote being 21 per cent less than in 1869. on Oct. 20, when Lord Wharncliffe moved its rejection. This was carried by 199 to The National Debt rose almost 300 millions after the fall of the Empire. 58, a Tory majority of 41. Parliament was immediately prorogued, This includes 220 millions paid to Germany. According to the official report. without a division. On the 17th, the second reading was carried by two to and reassembled on Dec. 12, when the bill was read the first time the war cost France 350 millions, without including the value of the two provinces ceded to Germany, sty 280 millions. Nevertheless the capital one-324 to 162. The third reading, following another contest in Committee, value of France in 1830 (according to insurance estimates) was 295 millions did not take place until March 23, 1832, when the bill passed the Commons sterling higher than 1869; so that the increase of wealth exceeded that of by a majority of 116—855 against 239. Three days later it was read the first the National Debt, although the ratio of the latter was higher : time in the Lords on the motion of Earl Grey, and on April 14 the second Millions Sterling. reading was pussed by 184 to 175-a Ministerial majority of nine. In Com mittee, however, Lord Lyndhurst moved as an instruction that the question 1969. Increase. of enfranchisernent should preceded that of disfranchisement. This was 1880. Value of France 7122 carried against Ministers on May 7 by 151 to 116, an adverse majority of 35. National Debt 750 Earl Grey at once resigned, and during the next ten days the kingdom was The increase of wealth dates from 1872: a scene of violent agitation, more particularly the great unrepresented Milliods Sterling. towns. The Duke of Wellington found it impossible to form a Government, and Earl Grey was recalled. On May 17 the Prime Minister and the Lord 1980. Chancellor had an interview with the King at Windsor, and obtained his 3938 270 Majesty's consent to the creation of new Peers in the following historical Land and Uninsured Property 3210 3479 269 document: “The King grants to Earl Grey and to his Chancellor, Lord Brougham, power to create a sufficient number of Peers to ensure the Value of France 6878 passing of the Reform Bill, first calling up Peers’ eldest sons.-William R.The value of uninsured perishable property was supposed to be only Windsor, May 17, 1832.” This practically ended the struggle, which had 835 millions. The increase of insurances in 1879 was 834 millions. The extended over fifteen months. The Committe stage was completed on the ratio of public debt to capital was pow 10-13 per cent, against 6.69 before Ministerial majority of 84–106 against 22; and three days later received the 30th of the same month; the bill was read the third time on June 4 by a the Franco-German War. It is still below the average of European debt. The above was irrespective of local debts, which sum up 131 millions, Royal assent by commission. CIVIL LIST PENSIONS, 1884. Mr. Edward Edwards, £80, in recognition of his valuable services to the Population in 1870 36,554.000 cause of literature. Excess of births over deaths 722,000 Emigration Mr. Matthew Arnold. £250, in recognition of his distinguished literary 110,000 attainments and his eminence as a poet. Population in 1880 37,166,000 On the basis of the Census of 1836, and that of 1876, we can compare the The Rev. Charles C. Southey, £100, in consideration of the great literary precise rate of mortality and of natural increase from the otficial returns of merit of his father, Mr. Robert Bouthey. Barths and deaths in 1867 and 1878, viz. : Mrs. Marie Antoinette Moncrieff, £100, in consideration of the narrow 1857. 1878. circumstances in which she has been left on the death of her husband, ComPopulation 38,037,000 37,010,000 mander L. N. Moncrieff, R.N., who was killed in the discharge of his Births 1,007,600 937,211 duties as her Majesty's Consul at Bouakim. Deaths 866,900 839,036 Mr. Fred James Furnivall, £150, in recognition of his services to English Surplus births 140,600 98,175 philology and literature. Births per 1000 inhabitants 26.47 25:33 Deaths Bir Richard Owen, K.C.B., £100, in addition to the pension of £200 a year 22 78 22 67 Increase granted to him in 1842, in recognition of his eminent services to science. 3.69 2 66 It is remarkable that the birth-rate declined relatively 44 per cent after the for the promotion of his valuable services to philology, especially in con Mr. James Augustus Henry Murray, LL.D., £250, in consideration and war, while it rose à per cent in Germany. In the ten years after Waterloo nection with his work as Editor of the New English Dictionary. it was 40 per cent above par in Great Britain, from which it may be inferred that it increases oniy after victorious wars. In the above figures it will be Mr. William Neilson Hancock, Q.C., LL.D., £170, in recognition of his observed that there was a trifling decline of death-rate, due probably to valuable services as a statistician. sanitary, improvements in towns. During the years 1870-1 the deaths exceeded births by 548,280, the former being much above, and the latter much below, the normal rate. The loss in population by the war was shown THE COST OF PAUPERISM, 1883-4. to be :Excess of deaths 589,290 By the Poor-Law Act of Queen Elizabeth the relief and chargeability of Deficit of births 127,200 the poor were limited to the area of the parish. In the reign of Charles II. Population of Alsace and Lorraine 1,550,000 a law passed by which parishes, often of an unwieldy size, might be sub divided. The Poor-Law Commissioners (1834) introduced the system of Total loss 2,266.480 unions, by means of which, while each parish supported its own poor, the Food supply assumed the same phase as in England, the country importing workhouse has been maintained by the parishes in union; each parish congrain and meat more largely every year, although the increase of population tributing its quota towards its cost. was trifling. The French people probably find it cheaper to import what- It appears from the seventy-sixth annual return that the aggregate amount ever they require beyond a certain quantity than to increase production by raised by Poor Rates in England and Wales during the year ended Lady scientific farming. The annual consumption of grain and meat was as Day, 1883, was £14,091,519; and that the receipts in aid, inclusive of follows: £647,508 from Treasury subventions, amounted to £1,146,592 ; making a 740 910 Meat (tons) An analysis of the expenditure shows that £6,090,927, or about three. 1,002,000 226,000 1,228,000 sevenths of the amount levied by Poor Rates during the year, was expended Taking the consumption per inhabitant, and comparing it with Great for purposes wholly unconnected with the relief of the poor. The expendiBritain, we find the French use 20 per cent more grain and 30 per cent less ture out of the Poor Rates, and out of the receipts in aid thereof, was as meat than we do. follows:France no longer grows wine enough for her own population, the net Relief to the Poor £9,353,292 imports in 1880 amounting to 3 millions sterling, say 30 million gallons. 612.960 The importation of wine, as the vintage, which averaged 1250 million Purposes partly connected with relief 6,090,927 gallons for the ten years 1868-77, fell to 670 million gallons in 1850, and is Purposes wholly unconnected with relief likely to decline further rather than recover. Total £15,057,179 ... 99 ... ... |
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