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FLINTSHIRE-FLOATING BATTERY.

of waters, such as may have taken place when the course of our brooks, streams, and rivers, may "the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened," or whether of a more gradual action, similar in character to some of those now in operation along

be matter of dispute. Under any circumstances, this great fact remains indisputable, that at Amiens, land which is now 160 feet above the sea, and 90 feet above the Somme, has, since the existence of

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man, been submerged under fresh water, and an aqueous deposit from 20 to 30 feet in thickness, a portion of which, at all events, must have subsided from tranquil water, has been formed upon it; and this, too, has taken place in a country the level of which is now stationary, and the face of which has been little altered since the days when the Gauls and the Romans constructed their sepulchres in the soil overlying the drift which contains these relics of a far earlier race of men.'

FLINTSHIRE, a maritime county of North Wales, bounded on the E. by Cheshire and the river Dee, on the S. and W. by Denbighshire, and on the N. by the Irish Sea. The main portion of the county is 25 miles long by 10 broad, and the larger of the two outlying portions, which lies toward the south-east of the main part, is 10 miles by 5. F. is the smallest of the Welsh counties, its area being only 184,905 acres, of which 4th is arable. The coast, 20 miles long, is low and sandy, but on the Dee estuary fertile. A hill-range, parallel to the Dee, runs through the length of the county, and rises in Garreg to 825 feet. Another range along the southwest border of the county rises in Moel Famma, 1845 feet. The chief rivers are the Dee, Alyn, and Clwyd. The chief strata are Permian, Carboniferous, and Devonian. Coal, and ores of iron, lead, silver, copper, and zinc are the chief mineral products and exports. F. supplies a fourth of the lead produced in Britain. The soil is fertile in the plains and

vales, and the staple produce is wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, cattle, cheese, and butter. Cotton is the main manufacture. The London, Chester, and Holyhead Railway skirts the east and north shores. F. contains 5 hundreds and 32 parishes. Pop. (1861) 69,870. About 215 places of worship (110 Methodists, 41 Episcopal). F. sends two members to parliament. The chief towns are Flint, formerly the county town; Mold, St Asaph, Holywell, Rhyddlan, and Hawarden. F. has traces of Roman lead-mines, is traversed by Wat and Offa's Dykes, and has some ancient castle and ecclesiastical ruins. In F., in the 7th c., Saxon invaders massacred 1200 Christian monks of the monastery of Bangor. In 796, the Saxons defeated the Welsh here with dreadful slaughter, which event gave rise to the still popular plaintive air of Morfa Rhyddlan.

FLINTY SLATE, of which there are beds in is an impure quartz, assuming a slaty structure. It some parts of Scotland, and in many other countries, contains about 75 per cent. of silica, the remainder being lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, &c. Its fracture is rather splintery than shell-like. It is more or less translucent. It passes by insensible gradations into clay-slate, with which it is often in most intimate geological connection. Lydian Stone (q. v.) is a variety of flinty slate.

FLOATING BATTERY is a hulk, heavily armed, and made as invulnerable as possible, used

FLOATING BATTERY-FLOATING ISLANDS.

Straggling plots, which to and froe doe rome
In the wide waters;

in defending harbours, or in attacks on marine the icebergs of colder latitudes. Imagination has fortresses. The most remarkable instance of their always invested with a peculiar interest the employment was by the French and Spaniards against Gibraltar, in the memorable siege which lasted from July 1779 to February 1783, when ten of these vessels, carrying 212 large guns, were brought to bear on the fortress; they had sides of

and ancient legend did not fail to notice the floating islets of the sacred Vandimonian Lake, which were large enough to bear away cattle that were tempted upon them by their fresh green grass; and the island of the Cutulian waters, which carried on its surface a dark and gloomy grove, and was constantly changing its place. A small lake in Artois, near St Omer, is remarkable for the number of its floating islands, as are also the marshy lakes of Comacchio near the Gulf of Venice. Among the largest in the world are those of the Lake of Gerdau, in Prussia, which furnish pasturage for 100 head of cattle; and that of the Lake of Kolk, in Osnabruck, which is covered with beautiful elms. Loch Lomond was long celebrated for its floating island; it, however, can no longer boast of one, as it has long since subsided and become stationary. Floating islands are found in some lakes of Scotland, and also in Ireland, and consist for the most part of large floating masses of peat. Pennant gives a description of one which he saw in Breadalbane, the surface of which exhibited plenty of coarse grass, small willows, and even a little birch tree. More interesting to the scientific inquirer, as presenting a phenomenon not so easily explained, are those floating islands which from time to time appear and disappear in the same spot, of which there is one in the Lake of Derwentwater in Cumberland, one in the Lake Ralang in the province of

Floating Battery used in the Russian War, 1854-1855. Smalande in Sweden, and one in Ostrogothia. That

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great thickness, and were covered with sloping roofs, to cause the shot striking them to glance off innocuously. But their solidity and strength were unavailing against the courage and adroitness of the defenders, under the gallant General Elliot, who succeeded in destroying them with red-hot cannonballs. Steam floating batteries of iron were constructed for the war with Russia in 1854, both by the British and French governments; but, notwithstanding that they rendered good service before Kinburn, they have since been generally discarded for other than purely defensive purposes, as too cumbrous for navigation, and too suffocating from the smoke that collected between their decks during action. The iron-plated frigates now (1862) made (such as the Warrior) can scarcely be regarded as floating batteries, being rather frigates of splendid build, rendered almost impenetrable by sheets of iron overlying their sides.

in Derwentwater is opposite to the mouth of a stream called the Catgill; and the most probable of the many theories which have been proposed to account for it is that which ascribes it to the waters of the stream, when flooded by rains, getting beneath the interlaced and matted roots of the aquatic plants which there form a close turf on the bottom of the lake. This floating island, when it rises above the water, is most elevated in the centre, and on its

being pierced with a fishing-rod, water has spouted up to the height of two feet.

The marshy ground of the vale of Cashmere, and particularly around the city of Cashmere, containing many lakes, and liable to inundations, exhibits a peculiar form of human industry in its numerous FLOATING GARDENS, employed chiefly for the cultivation of cucumbers, melons, and water-melons. These floating gardens may be described as portions of the marshy ground artificially made to float, by cutting through the roots of the reeds, sedges, and other plants about two feet below the surface, upon which mud is then spread. The floating of the garden secures the soil and crop from destruction by inundations.

FLOATING ISLANDS exist in some lakes, and more rarely in slow and placid rivers. Not unfrequently, they are formed by the detachment of portions of the bank; the interlaced roots of plants Floating gardens existed on the Lake of Mexico forming a fabric sufficiently strong to endure the before the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards. occasional buffeting of waves, and to support soil The Mexicans had made great progress in the art for herbage or even trees to grow in. Floating of gardening, and particularly in the cultivation of islands are often formed by aggregation of drift- flowers, which were much used both in their festiwood in the creeks and bays of tropical rivers, and vities and in their worship. How they were induced being wafted into the channel of the river when it to attempt the formation of floating gardens, and at is flooded or by the wind, are carried down to the what period it was first done, are mere matters of sea, with the soil that has accumulated, and the conjecture. The shallowness of great part of the vegetation that has established itself upon them. lake was favourable to the success of the attempt, They are sometimes seen at a distance of 50 or 100 and perhaps the gradual receding of its waters may miles from the mouth of the Ganges, with living be reckoned among the reasons of the gradual trees standing erect upon them. Portions of the diminution of the number of the floating gardens, alluvial soil from the deltas of rivers, held together which have almost ceased to be reckoned among by the roots of mangroves and other trees, are the wonders of the world. The Abbé Clavigero, in sometimes also carried out to sea after typhoons his History of Mexico, describes them as formed or hurricanes, and ships have, in consequence, of wicker-work, water-plants, and mud; as somebeen involved in unexpected dangers, as amongst times more than 20 poles in extent; the largest

FLOATSTONE-FLOOR-CLOTH.

ones commonly having a small tree in the centre, and sometimes a hut for the cultivator; and as employed for the cultivation both of flowers and culinary plants. Humboldt confirms this description, but states that the real floating gardens, or chinampas, are rapidly diminishing in number. The existing chinampas are in general not floating gardens, but plots of ground with very wide ditches between them, formed by heaping up earth from the ditches in the swamps or shallows at the side of the lake.

Great part of Bangkok, the capital of Siam, consists of floating houses. See BANGKOK.

FLOATSTONE, a variety of quartz, consisting of fibres-delicate crystals-aggregated so that the whole mass is sponge-like, and so light, owing to the air confined in the interstices, as to float for a while on water. It is found in a limestone of the chalk formation near Paris, in imbedded masses, or incrusting flint nodules.

FLOBE CQ, a small town of Belgium, in the province of Hainault, 20 miles north-east of Tournai. It has extensive manufactures of linens, has breweries, salt-works, oil and flour mills, and has two fairs annually. Pop. 5258.

FLO'DDEN, BATTLE OF. On the 24th January 1502, a perpetual peace' was concluded between England and Scotland. In the course of a few years, however, a series of petty quarrels had done much to bring this peaceable arrangement to a termination; and in 1513, on the invasion of France, Scotland's ancient ally, by Henry of England, a war broke out between the two countries. James IV., the chivalrous but rash king of Scotland, summoned the whole array of his kingdom to meet on the Borough or Common Moor of Edinburgh, which extended from the southern walls of the city to the foot of the Braid Hills, and which was then a field spacious, and delightful by the shade of many stately and aged oaks. Here an army, it is

to have left the field. On the Scottish right, the clansmen under Lennox and Argyle, goaded to fury by the English archers, rushed forward, heedless of order, and fell with the greatest violence upon their opponents, who, however, received them with wonderful intrepidity and coolness, and at length put them to flight with great slaughter. Meantime, a desperate resistance was being made by the Scottish centre, where the king fought on foot among his nobles. Scottish history presents no instance in which the national valour burned with a purer flame than in this. Hemmed in by outnumbering enemies, the king among his slender group of lords fought manfully until, when the night was closing on Flodden, he fell pierced by hill was held during the night by the Scots; but at an arrow, and mortally wounded in the head. The dawn, learning the state of matters, they abandoned their position. Their loss amounted to from 8000 to 10,000 men. Scarce a Scottish family of eminence,' says Scott, but had an ancestor killed at Flodden.' Besides the king, the Archbishop of St Andrews and twelve earls were among the slain. The English loss amounted to about 6000 or 7000; but Surrey's victory was so nearly a defeat that he was unable to prosecute the war with any vigour. The sixth canto of Sir Walter Scott's poem of Marmion contains a magnificent, and in the main an accurate, description of the battle.

A man must now be

FLOGGING, ARMY AND NAVY. Corporal punishment has existed from time immemorial in inflicted upon slight occasion, and often with barthe British army and navy; formerly having been barous severity. In deference, however, to public opinion, it has been much less resorted to during recent years, and promises almost to disappear under a regulation of 1860. convicted of one disgraceful offence against discipline before he can be liable to flogging for the next such offence; and even after one such degradation, he may be restored to the non-liable class by a which is generally administered with a whip or cat year's good conduct. The punishment of flogging, of nine tails on the bare back, cannot, under existing rules, exceed fifty lashes.

said, of 100,000 men assembled. With this force James crossed the border on the 22d August 1513; but instead of advancing at once, and achieving a decisive success, he lingered in the neighbourhood of the Tweed until his army had become reduced by desertion to about 30,000 men. Corporal punishment is not recognised in the On the 6th September, James took up his position on French army; but then the soldiers in that country Flodden Hill, the last and lowest eminence of the and have, on an average, a higher moral tone than are drawn by conscription from all ranks of society, Cheviots toward the north-east. On the morning the British recruits, who, attracted by a bounty, of the 9th, the Earl of Surrey, lieutenant-general volunteer usually from the lowest orders. On the of the northern counties of England, at the head other hand, the discipline in the French army, and of an army of about 32,000 men, advanced from the south-east, crossed the Till by a skilful and especially during war on a foreign soil, is universally unexpected movement, and thus cut off all communi- admitted to be inferior to the strict rule preserved cation between King James and Scotland. While among British troops. Soldiers and sailors being men unaccustomed to control their passions, and the English were crossing the Till, the Scots might have attacked them with every chance of success, esprit of a force, unless summarily repressed, it is any breach of insubordination being fatal to the and their not taking advantage of this opportunity considered necessary to retain the power-howwas the first great mistake of the battle. Observing ever rarely exercised-of inflicting the painful and that the English were aiming at a strong posi-humiliating punishment of flogging, tion to the north-west of Flodden Hill, and desirous soldier, though escaping the ignominy of personal of preventing this, James, having ordered his tents to be set on fire, advanced against them in chastisement, is governed by a code harsher than our battle-array. The two armies were drawn up in articles of war as actually administered; and the similar order, each consisting of a centre, a right punishment of death, scarcely known in the British and left wing, and a reserve placed behind the service during peace, is not unfrequently visited in centre. At about four o'clock on Friday, 9th SepFrance upon offenders against discipline. tember, the battle commenced with cannonading on both sides. The Earls of Huntly and Home, who commanded the left wing of the Scottish army, charged the English right, which was led by Sir Edmund Howard, and entirely defeated it. Instead, however, of following up their success, Home's borderers commenced pillaging the baggage of both armies; and Huntly, after his first charge, is said

The French

FLOOR-CLOTH, a coarse canvas coated on both sides, and partly saturated with thick oil-paint, one side having usually a coloured pattern printed upon it in oil-paint. The canvas basis for floorcloth is chiefly manufactured in Dundee. As it is required to be without seam, and of sufficient width to cover considerable spaces of flooring, special looms are required for weaving it. It made

FLOOR-CLOTH-FLOORS.

from 18 to 24 feet in width, and in lengths from 100 to 113 yards.

The first step towards converting this canvas into floor-cloth consists in stretching it on a frame. This is a work of some difficulty, on account of the great size of the pieces. Some of the frames are as much as 100 feet in length by 24 feet in height, and the canvas must be stretched over it as tight as a drum. The back or plain side of the cloth is first operated upon, by priming it with a solution of size, and scouring it with pumice. The object of this is to prevent too much of the paint from penetrating the canvas, and rendering it brittle, and to make an even surface to receive the paint, which is mixed with linseed oil, with very little or no turpentine, and is consequently thicker than common paint. This is thrown or splashed upon the surface with a brush; and then with a long steel trowel the workman spreads the dabs of paint, and produces a tolerably smooth surface. This trowelcolour is left for 12 or 14 days to dry, and then another coat is laid on in a similar manner; and this completes the back or under side of the floor-cloth. While the first coat of the back is drying, the front is primed and pumiced, and a coat of trowelcolour laid on. As more care is required on this side, this coat of colour is scoured quite smooth with pumice, and two more trowel-colours are added, and each scoured like the first. Another coat is now carefully laid on with a brush, and is called a brushcolour. This forms the ground upon which the pattern is to be printed.

The printing is done by means of wood-blocks. The pattern is first drawn and painted, in its complete form and colours, upon a piece of paper; another piece of paper is now laid under this, and the outlines of that portion of the pattern included in one colour are pricked through to the lower paper. In like manner, pricked outlines of each of the other colours are prepared. Each of these pricked sheets is laid upon a block of pear-tree wood, and dusted over with powdered charcoal or lampblack, and thus the pattern is drawn in dots upon the wood; the carver cuts away the wood surrounding the pattern, and leaves it standing in relief.

The pear-tree blocks are backed by gluing them to a piece of deal, and this piece again to another, with the fibres at right angles, to prevent warping.

The colours are spread by boys upon padded cushions covered with floor-cloth, and each printer dabs his block upon that containing the required colour, and then places it upon the floor-cloth, and striking it with the handle of a short heavy hammer, prints his portion of the pattern. He then proceeds with a repetition of this, and as he advances, he is followed in order by the printers of the other colours, who place their blocks accurately over the pattern the first has commenced. The first printer's chief care is to keep the repetitions of the pattern accurately in line.

The quality of floor-cloth depends mainly upon the number of coats of paint, the kind of medium used for the colour, and the time given to drying. For the best qualities, a fortnight must elapse between the laying on of each coat, and finally, several months' exposure in the drying-room is necessary. As the rental of the space thus occupied, and the interest of the capital left stagnant during this time, amount to a considerable sum, there is a strong inducement to manufacturers to hasten the processes, which may easily be done by using gold size or boiled linseed oil, or other rapid dryers,' instead of raw linseed oil; but just in proportion as the drying is hastened by these means, the durability and flexibility of the floor-cloth are deteriorated. In

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order to secure the maximum of durability, floorcloth should still be kept three or four years after it has left the drying-room of the manufacturer, and purchasers should always select those pieces which they have reason to believe have been the longest in stock. Narrow floor-cloth, for stair-carpeting, passages, &c., is made as above, and then cut into the required widths, and printed. It usually has a large pattern in the middle, and a border of a smaller design.

The laying of lobbies and passages with encaustic tiles has lately led to the superseding of floor-cloth in such situations, while for some other purposes, such as covering the floors of churches, readingrooms, and waiting-rooms at railway-stations, it is superseded by the newly invented material called kamptulicon, or vulcanised India-rubber cloth, which is impervious to wet, soft and quiet to the tread, and warm to the feet. This new material is made plain or figured to resemble painted floor-cloth.

FLOORS, FLOORING, the horizontal partitions between the stories of a building, the upper part of which forms the floor of the apartments above, and the lower portion the ceiling of those below.

Floors are variously constructed, according to their dimensions, and to the weight they have to sustain. Single-joisted floors are the simplest and most cheaply constructed, and are used for ordinary buildings, where the distance between the bearings does not exceed 20, or at most 24 feet.

The annexed figure represents a section of a singlejoisted floor, in the line of the flooring-boards, and across the joists. These joists are beams laid edge

[blocks in formation]

a, b, c, d, the joists; e, f, the flooring-boards; eg and dh, herring-bone strutting.

upwards, and resting at their ends upon wall-plates built into the walls. Their width should not be less than two inches, for if narrower, they would be liable to split with the nailing of the flooring-boards. They are placed edge upwards, in order to economise timber, as the strength of a beam to bear a transverse strain varies simply with the breadth and with the square of the depth. See STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. When a deep and long joist is used, there is danger of its twisting or turning over; this is prevented by strutting, that is, nailing cross pieces of wood between them, as shewn between the joists c and d of the figure, or less effectually, by driving pieces of planking between them. Strutting is required when the length of the joists exceeds eight feet. The laths for the ceiling of the room below are nailed to the bottom of the joists. In good substantial work, the distance between the joists from centre to centre is about 12 inches, but this is often exceeded in cheaply built houses.

Double-joisted floors are constructed by laying strong timbers, called binding-joists, from wall to wall, at a distance of about six feet apart; and a double set of joists, one above for the floor, and one below for the ceiling, are laid across these, and notched down upon them. These latter, when thus placed, are called bridging-joists, as they bridge over the interval between the larger binding-joists. This is adopted when a more perfect ceiling, free from cracks, produced by the yielding of the floor, is required, or where there is a difficulty in obtaining a sufficient amount of long timber for single joisting the whole of the floor.

The framed floor is one degree more complex

FLORA-FLORENCE.

than the double-joisted. Binding and bridging joists are used in the framed floor, but the bindingjoists cease to be the primary support, as for this purpose strong balks of timbers, called girders, are used. They are laid across, at distances of from eight to ten feet, and the binding-joists are framed into them by a tusk-tenon joint. See CARPENTRY. The bridging-joists are notched to these in the same manner as for double-joisted floors. A bay is the general name for the space between girders: if between a girder and wall, it is called a tail bay; or between two girders, a case bay; and the work between is described as a bay of joisting.

When the space to be spanned is too great for a simple wood-girder, trussed or built up wooden girders or iron girders are used: the latter have of late come into extensive use, even where simple wood-girders are applicable. See GIRDER.

With a given quantity of timber, and a moderate space, the single-joisted floor is the strongest of any. One of its disadvantages is the free communication of sound to the apartment below, unless some additional means of obstructing the sound be adopted.

When first laid, the floor should be rather high in the centre, to allow for settling at the joints; and when settled, it should be perfectly level, for if it rises in the middle, it will exert an outward thrust upon the walls, and if hollow, it will pull inwards; but if level, its whole strain is perpendicular.

The flooring-boards are usually nailed to the joists, and vary from 1 to 1 inch in thickness; for common floors they are from 7 to 9 inches wide, but for better floors a width of only 3 to 5 inches is used. The advantage of the narrow boards is, that the shrinkage and warping have not so much effect on the spaces between. This refers to the ordinary deal-flooring used in modern British domestic buildings. The facing of the floor in many old mansions is formed of small pieces of oak carefully inlaid. See PARQUETERIE. For other kinds of inlaid fancy floors, see MOSAIC, ENCAUSTIC TILES, and CONCRETE. In France, and most of the southern continental countries, where carpets are rarely used, the flooring-boards of the better class of houses are made of hard wood, carefully and closely jointed, and these floors are commonly rubbed with bees-wax, and polished. In humbler dwellings, even the bedrooms are paved with tiles, or strong plaster, or concrete; and considering the prevalence of fleas, &c., in such places, they are certainly better adapted for them than our deal-boards and carpets. They may be freely sprinkled, and even swilled with water in hot weather.

For warehouses where heavy goods are stored, for ball-rooms, &c., special construction is required to adapt the floor to the strain put upon it.

FLO'RA, among the Romans, was the name of the goddess of flowers and of the spring, and was latterly identified with the Greek Chloris. Her temple was situated in the vicinity of the Circus Maximus. The worship of F. was one of the oldest manifestations of the Roman religious feeling, and is affirmed to have been introduced by Numa. The Floralia, or festivals in honour of the goddess, were first instituted 238 B. C., and were celebrated from the 28th of April to the 1st of May, with much licentious merriment, prostitutes playing an important part on such occasions. On coins, F. is represented with a crown of flowers.-In Botany, the term Flora is a collective name for plants, and is used with regard to the vegetable kingdom in the same way as the term Fauna with regard to the animal. It is common to speak of the Flora of a country or district; and a work devoted to the

botany of a country or district is often entitled a Flora of that region.

In

The

FLORENCE (Ital. formerly Fiorenza, now FIRENZE), the capital of Tuscany, is situated in the valley of the Arno, in lat. 43° 46′ N., and long. 11 15' E. It is about 123 feet above the level of the sea; 60 miles from Leghorn, 45 from Lucca, 40 from Siena, and 44 from Arezzo. Pop. 114,500. The Arno, spanned by four fine bridges, divides the city into two unequal parts, the chief of which stands on the northern bank of the river. shape, an irregular pentagon, F. is enclosed by walls of about 6 miles in extent, and communicates with the exterior by means of eight gates, which conduct to thickly peopled suburbs, and a lovely, fertile, and salubrious neighbourhood, encircled by sloping hills, and studded with picturesque villas and fruitful vineyards and gardens. F. and her environs, viewed from the heights of Fiesole, appear but one vast city. Many causes render this city a most attractive place of residence to foreigners-a lovely country and healthful climate, cheap living, and the universal courteous intelligence of the people, united to the immense sources of interest possessed by the city in her grand historical monuments and collections of art. The massive and austere forms of Florentine architecture impart an air of gloomy grandeur to the streets, for the most part regular and well kept; but in the many feuds and civil convulsions of the city, these domestic fortresses were subjected to severe regular sieges and attacks, which lighter and more elegant structures could have ill withstood. chief monuments of the city are Il Duomo, or the Cathedral, the foundations of which were laid with great solemnity in 1298. The Florentines having ambitiously resolved on erecting a monument which for architectural splendour and proportions should outvie all preceding structures, the honour of preparing the design was intrusted to Arnolfo de Cambio da Colle. On his death, Giotto superintended the works; and many eminent architects were employed before this splendid edifice was completed-Brunelleschi, the last, conceived and erected the grand cupola, so much admired by Michael Angelo as to have served him as model for that of St Peter's. At the side of the cathedral springs up the light and elegant bell-tower, detached, according to the custom of the times. In front is the Baptistery of San Giovanni, in form an octagon, supporting a cupola and lantern; all three edifices being entirely coated with a varied mosaic of black and white marble. Three bronze gates in basso-rilievo are a great additional adornment of the Baptistery; the two by Ghiberti have been immortalised by Michael Angelo with the name of Gates of Paradise. Sgrilli's description. The church of the Santa Croce, the Pantheon of F. (built in 1294-architect, Arnolfo), contains monuments to Galileo, Dante, Machiavelli, Michael Angelo, Alfieri, &c. church of San Lorenzo was consecrated as early as 393 by St Ambrose, and rebuilt by Brunelleschi in 1425, by command of Giovanni and Cosmo de' Medici. It contains an interesting monumental memorial of Cosmo il Vecchio, bearing inscribed the title Pater Patria, which had been conferred on his memory by public suffrage the year following his death. In the Nuova Sagrestia, or New Sacristry, are the two famous monuments of Michael Angelo to Julian and Lorenzo de' Medici. The figures of these two statues are marvels of deep and living expression, and unsurpassable in their mute and eloquent beauty. The Medi cean chapel, gorgeous with the rarest marbles and most costly stones, agate, lapis lazuli, chalcedony, &c., stands behind the choir, and contains the

See

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