GEOMETRICAL TRACERY-GEOMETRY. α sides by r, we have rS = ar + ar2 + ...+arn. Subtracting the former of these expressions from the latter, we have (r — 1)S = arr -α. Whence we have S = a. If the series be one whose terms constantly diminish, i. e., if r < 1, and then if we suppose n indefinitely great, " will be indefinitely small, and we shall have S for the sum of the series extended ad infinitum. For example, the sum of the series + + + ad 10 102 103 infinitum is. It is obvious that any three of the four quantities a, r, n, S being given, the equation will enable us to find the fourth. S= = a. 3 3 GEOMETRICAL TRACERY, a 3 -r ... name fre quently used to distinguish a class of tracery where the parts are all more or less like diagrams in geometry. See TRACERY. GEOMETRY, the science of space, discusses and Investigates the properties of definite portions of space under the fourfold division of lines, angles, surfaces, and volumes, without regard to any physical properties which they may have. It has various divisions, e. g., Plane and Solid Geometry, Analytical or Algebraical Geometry, Descriptive Geometry, and the Higher Geometry. Plane and solid geometry are occupied with the consideration of right lines and plane surfaces, and with the solids generated by them, as well as with the properties of the circle, and, it may be said, the sphere; while the higher geometry considers the conic sections and curved lines generally, and the bodies generated by them. In the higher geometry, immense advances have recently been made through improved methods, the application of modern analysis, and the various calculi in algebraical geometry, the nature of which is explained in the article CO-ORDINATES (q. v.). Descriptive geometry, a division of the science so named by Monge (q. v.), is properly an extension or general application of the principle of Projections (q. v.), its object being to represent on two plane surfaces the elements and character of any solid figure. It has many practical applications. When one surface penetrates another, for instance, there often result from their intersection curves of double curvature, the description of which is necessary in some of the arts, as in groined vaultwork, and in cutting arch-stones, &c., and this is supplied by descriptive geometry. The history of geometry is full of interest, but no more can be given here than a very bare sketch of it. The name of the science (Gr. and Lat. geometria) originally signified the art of measuring land. Herodotus, the earliest authority on the subject, assigns the origin of the art to the necessity of measuring lands in Egypt for the purposes of taxation, in the reign of Sesostris, about 14161357 B. C. (Hero, book ii. chap. 109). This is probable, not only as resting on such authority, but also because, à priori, we should expect the necessity of measuring lands to arise with property in land, and to give birth to the art. Of the state of the science, however, among the Chaldeans and Egyptians, we have no record. The story of Herodotus is further confirmed by tradition. Proclus, in his commentary on Euclid's Elements (b. ii. c. 4), says that the art was brought to Greece from Egypt by Thales, who was himself a great discoverer in geometry. The Greeks at once took keenly to the study; various disciples of Thales excelled in it, chief among them Pythagoras, who, according to Proclus, first gave geometry the form of a deductive science, besides discovering some of its most important elementary propositions, among others, it is said, the 47th Prop. Euc. b. i. See article PYTHAGORAS for a notice of his other contributions to the science. Pythagoras had illustrious successors: Anaxagoras of Clazomena; Enopidis, the reputed discoverer of Euc. b. I. 12, 23; Briso and Antipho; Hippocrates of Chios, who doubled the cube,' and quadrated the lunula, which bear his name, and is said to have written a treatise on geometry; Zenodorus; Democritus of Abdera; and Theodorus of Cyrene, who is said to have been one of the instructors of Plato, whose name marks an epoch in the history of the science. Over his Academy at Athens, Plato placed the celebrated inscription, Medeis ageometretos eisito (Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here'), thus recognising it as the first of the sciences, and as the proper introduction to the higher philosophy. He is the reputed inventor of the method of geometrical analysis, and of geometrical loci and the conic sections, called in his time the higher geometry. From his Academy proceeded many who advanced the science, of whom Proclus mentions thirteen, and more than one of them as having written treatises on the subject, that have been lost. We shall mention but two of these: Eudoxus, who is said to have brought into form and order in a treatise the results of the studies at the Academy, and to have invented the doctrine of proportion, as treated in the 5th book of Euclid's Elements; and the great Aristotle, who assigned geometry as high a place as Plato did, and who wrote a treatise on the subject, as did at least two of his pupils, Theophrastus and Eudemus, from the latter of whom Proclus took most of his facts. Autolycus, a disciple of this Theophrastus, wrote a treatise on the movable sphere, yet extant; while Aristæus, the reputed instructor of Euclid in geometry, is said to have written five books on the conic sections, and five on solid loci, all of which are lost. The name of Euclid marks another epoch in the history of geometry, and the chief interest of the vague sketch above given of the labours of his predecessors lies in its demonstrating the great mass of materials from which he constructed his Elements-the variety of treatises which prepared the way for that great work whose pre-eminence has now for over 2000 years been undisputed. In the Elements, Euclid collected all the theorems which had been invented by his predecessors in Egypt and Greece, and digested them into fifteen books, demonstrating and arranging the whole in a very accurate and perfect manner. See EUCLID. Next to Euclid, of the ancient writers whose works are extant, must be named Apollonius Pergæus, who flourished about 230 B.C., and about 100 years later than Euclid, and was called 'the Great Geometrician,' on account of his work on the Conics, and other ingenious geometrical writings. Much about the same time with Apollonius flourished Archimedes, not less celebrated for his geometrical than for his mechanical inventions. See ARCHIMEDES, and APOLLONIUS OF PERGA. It may be mentioned that Apollonius first gave the names of ellipse and hyperbola to two of the conic sections, the third of which had previously been called the parabola by Archimedes. For a long period after the time of Archimedes, we find few names of note in connection with geometry. We but mention Nicomedes, Hippar chus, and Theodosius of Tripoli. The Greeks, however, never intermitted their attention to the science; they continued it even after their subjuga tion by the Romans, and we find them producing many excellent geometers after the translation of GEOMETRY-GEORGE I. the Roman Empire, and within our era: Ptolemy (q. v.), who died 147 A. D.; Pappus (q. v.), who lived in the time of Theodosius (379-395 A.D.); Proclus, who lived in the 5th, and Eutocius, in the 6th century. The works of all these writers are still extant. Meantime, the Romans, the dominant race, even in the most flourishing time of the republic, were so ignorant of the science, that, according to Tacitus, they gave the name of Mathematicians (q. v.) to those who practised divination and judicial astrology. As may be supposed, their domination was not favourable to the science, and only one Roman name can be mentioned-viz., Boëthius, who lived towards the close of the 5th c., who attained eminence in geometry; and of his writings, it must be said, as of the Roman literature generally, that they were but compilations and reflections of Greek thought. But if the Roman empire was unfavourable, its downfall, and the consequent inundation of ignorance and barbarism, were still more so. The rise of the Mohammedan power in the 7th c., and the rapid and desolating consequences which followed, further hastened the extinction of the Greek sciences. The time now came when those who devoted themselves to science were everywhere branded as magicians, and exposed to popular fury. It was in these times that, fortunately for civilisation, an asylum was found for the spirit of inquiry in Arabia. An acquaintance with the science of the Hindus prepared the Arabians for the reception of the writings of the Greek astronomers and mathematicians; and the dispersion of the scientific coteries of Alexandria gave to Bagdad many preceptors in the learning of the West. In little more than a century after it took place, the Arabians were the most zealous patrons and cultivators of Greek science; from the 9th to the 14th centuries, they produced many astronomers, geometricians, &c.; and through them the mathematical sciences were again restored to Europe towards the close of the 14th c., being first received in Spain and Italy. The revival of ancient literature in Europe, and the discovery of the art of printing about the middle of the 15th c., concurred to diffuse a knowledge of the science of the Greeks, which came into notice with their general literature; and from this date, many names occur of eminent geometricians. During the 16th c., Euclid was held in such estimation, that no attempts were made to advance the science beyond the point at which he left it. Commentaries and translations of the Elements of Euclid were rife; but till the time of Kepler, no attempts were made to improve or extend the methods of geometry. Kepler (q. v.) introduced the principle of infinity into geometry. Next, Descartes, seizing the results of Vieta's discoveries in the use of symbols, invented the new or the analytical algebraical geometry, which vastly extended the domains of the science. It then required but the invention of the calculus to give the science that grand sweep and power which it now possesses. For a notice of some of the more recent improvements in geometrical methods, see TRANSVERSALS, POLARS, PROJECTIONS. The reader will also find a very excellent view of the growth of the science in the introduction to Mr Pott's Euclid (London, 1845); also under the various names of those mentioned in this article, will be found fuller notices of their contributions to the science. No full list can be given of the contributors, but it would be unjust not to refer here to Johann Müller (called Regiomontanus), Copernicus, Tartaglia, Vieta, Galileo, Fermat, Roberval, Pascal, Huyghens, Barrow, Newton, the Gregories, Lagrange, Clairaut, Euler, Robert Simson -whose translation of Euclid may be regarded as the standard text in English-Mathew Stewart, Brook Taylor, Maclaurin, Monge, Poncelet, Carnot, Chasles, and Sir William Hamilton of Dublin. See also QUATERNIONS. GEORGE I., king of Great Britain, son of Ernst August, Elector of Brunswick, and of Sophia, a granddaughter of James I. of England, was born on 28th May 1660. According to the theory that the blood of James II. in the direct line was corrupted,' he was the nearest heir to the crown. On the death of Queen Anne, 31st July 1714, he was instantly proclaimed king, and arrived in this country from his electorate of Hanover at the age of 54. To him this country was to the last a foreign country, for which he had no love, and of the language, feelings, and thought of which, he was profoundly ignorant. His affections remained with Hanover, but to Britain his alliances, experience, and fair abilities for business, resolutely exercised, were of considerable value. A king of more brilliant parts might have been an impediment in the way of constitutional government adjusting itself to habits of domestic peace and order after the dethronement of the Stuarts, whose ruined fortunes excited the pity of the people, and afforded a convenient cry for the minority, that declaimed in private, and wrote songs, and plotted against the imported king, whom they called a foreign tyrant.' Being supported by the Whigs, and undisguisedly partial to them, the Tories were adverse to him, as well as the Jacobites, and they associated together to bring about a revolution. In Scotland, in 1715, the Earl of Mar raised the standard of rebellion; and he had collected about 10,000 men, when he engaged the Duke of Argyle with about half that number of men at Sheriffmuir, near Dunblane. It was a drawn battle, the left wing of both armies being victorious; but to the rebels it was not a victory, and it caused delay and checked their progress, and that was equivalent to a defeat, for the Highlanders, seeing little prospect of fighting and plunder, returned home; and in that part of the island the rebellion may be said to have burned out of itself. In England, it did not succeed so well; and it was ended miserably by the unconditional surrender of the insurgents at Preston. For this outbreak the Earl of Derwentwater and Viscount Kenmure were beheaded on Tower Hill, several officers were shot, many persons of distinction were attainted, about thirty of the less conspicuous rebels were executed, and above 1000 were transported to the plantations. The Earl of Mar and the Pretender both escaped to France. The next most notable and calamitous event of this reign was the failure of the South Sea Company (q. v.). A quarrel with the Spaniards commenced in 1726, which issued in a somewhat unsuccessful expedition of Admiral Hosier to their American possessions, and a fruitless attempt on Gibraltar (q. v.) by the Spaniards. In 1727, George I., who had, amid the splendours of British royalty, sighed for his fatherland and his family, set out for Hanover, and died of apoplexy on his way to visit his brother, who was Bishop of Osnaburg, on the night of the 10th or the morning of the 11th of June. His life was not a happy one. His wife, Sophia Dorothea of Zell, to whom he was untrue, had solaced herself by yielding to the attentions of Philip von Koningsmark. On Sunday the 1st July 1694 the latter disappeared for ever in a mysterious way, and on the 28th December Sophia was divorced. The remaining 32 years of her life were spent as a prisoner in the fortress of Ahlden, where she died at the age of 60. There are clear glimpses of George I. in Carlyle's Life of Frederick the Great. Carlyle commends his talent for silence, and thinks him, in spite of appearances, a man of GEORGE II.-GEORGE III. more human faculty, chiefly of an inarticulate Revolution of 1789. His life was attempted by kind,' than he generally gets credit for. GEORGE II. succeeded his father as king of England in the 45th year of his age. He was born at Hanover on the 30th October 1683, and married Carolina Wilhelmina, daughter of the markgraf of Anspach. She is said to have been a woman of uncommon attainments in literature, theology, and politics, and her death in 1737 was reckoned a public loss. The king himself did not aspire to a. code of morals different from his fathers, nor to any intel-sipation of his eldest son, who became George IV., lectual accomplishments except those of a soldier. He was present at the battle of Dettingen in 1743, and with the assistance of the Earl of Stair he gained it: the French being entirely defeated, and very efficient service rendered to Maria Theresa of Hungary, who had besought it to prevent the partition of her dominions. His second son, the Duke of Cumberland, was not so fortunate, for the English forces under him were defeated with great loss in 1745 at Fontenoy by the French under the famous Marshal Saxe. In the same year (1745) Prince Charles Stuart, son of the old Pretender, landed in Scotland with seven officers, and arms for 2000 men. After some transient successes, he was completely defeated at Culloden, 16th April 1746, and what is known as the Second Rebellion was brought to an end. (See STUART, CHARLES EDWARD.) The Duke of Cumberland, whose barbarities in the suppression of the insurrection earned him the name of the 'Bloody Butcher,' returned to the command of the English forces on the continent, and was repeatedly beaten by Marshal Saxe and the French; much that Marlborough had gained being lost. In India, Colonel, afterwards Lord Clive, gained various victories, the chief of them being the victory at Plassey in 1756, which laid the foundations of the British East Indian Empire; and during the next three years the British dominion in North America was extended and strengthened by the victory of Wolfe on the heights of Abraham, and by the subsequent surrender of Quebec. British allied troops contributed to the Hanoverian victory at Minden in 1739. G. died 25th October 1760, in the 77th year of his age, and the 34th of his reign. Generally, the reign of George II. was a prosperous one: according to Hallam, 'the most prosperous period that England had ever known;' and it was this not less from the acquisition of new territory, than from the conquest of new fields of thought effected by Pope, Hume, Samuel Johnson, Fielding, Smollett, Reynolds, Hogarth, and many others. GEORGE III., son of Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, succeeded his grandfather, George II. He was born on the 4th June 1738, and died at Windsor Castle, on the 29th January 1820, in the 60th year of his reign, which was eventful as well as long. On 8th September 1761, he married the Princess Charlotte Sophia, daughter of Charles Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and was by her the father of fifteen children. His intellect was not of the strongest, but, like his two predecessors, he had firmness of purpose, and, in addition, a conscientiousness and sense of decorum unknown to them, while both friends and enemies could rely upon him-the one for favours, and the other for the reverse. His mind gave way several times -in 1764, in 1788, in 1801, in 1804; and in 1810, when the British were fighting behind the lines of Torres Vedras, his final insanity supervened. He had an abundance of cares, like most sovereigns. The Letters of Junius and the invectives of Wilkes annoyed him; so did the proposals to emancipate the Roman Catholics, and the terrible French the maniacs Margaret Nicolson and a man named with the widows of subjects displeased him, and Hatfield. The marriages of two of his brothers Geo. III. c. 11, prohibiting the members of the royal led to the passing of the Royal Marriage Bill, 12 family from contracting marriage without the consent of the king, if under twenty-five years of age, and the consent of parliament if above that age; and afterwards the undoubted debts and disthe Roman Catholic widow of two husbands, and his hardly doubtful marriage with Mrs Fitzherbert, the scandals of his public marriage with his cousin, Caroline of Brunswick, must have led the 'good old king' to reflect that not even a 'marriage-bill' could cure all the domestic miseries of monarchs. Nor were matters of national excitement and magnitude awanting. A bill, imposing certain stampduties upon the American colonies, which had been resolved to be inexpedient in 1764, was passed in March 1765, and repealed in 1766 by the Marquis of Rockingham's ministry; and in 1767 the chanforward a plan for the taxation of these colonies, cellor of the exchequer, Mr Townshend, brought to be taxed by a parliament in which they were which led to their revolt, the colonists objecting not represented. In 1770, Lord North, the premier, brought in a bill for the repeal of all the recently imposed American duties, except the duty on tea, which was retained, to assert the English right to impose taxes on these colonies. In December 1773, 'Boston harbour is black with unexpected tea,' cargoes of it being wantonly destroyed by the menced with the undecisive battle of Lexington, colonists; and on 19th April 1775, hostilities comwhich on the 16th June was followed by that of Bunker's Hill, which was a victory to the colonists, dominion of Great Britain, and publish the declarand helped to give them boldness to renounce the ation of independence on the 4th July 1776. George appointed general of the insurgent colonists, took Washington, a colonel of militia, who had been possession of Boston in that year, having compelled General Howe and the British troops to retire, and next year he gained an important advantage by the capture of Burgoyne's army of 10,000 fine troops, British and German. The French, Spanish, and Dutch all threw their weight into the American ended in America by the surrender of Lord Cornscale, and the chequered and disastrous struggle wallis, with a British army of 6000, to Washington and the Marquis de la Fayette. The French suffered at sea by the gallantry of the British under Byron, Hood, and Rodney, this last having, in 1782, in the West Indies, obtained over them naval victory by the hitherto untried method of breaking the enemy's line. In that year, also, General Elliott repulsed the grand attack of the French and Spaniards, and put an end to their chances of success in the obdurate siege of Gibraltar. At Versailles, on 3d September 1783, a peace was concluded with France and Spain, in which the independence of the American states was recog nised, not a little to the satisfaction of many of the English at home, who, besides being tired of the struggle, had throughout the contest sympathised with the American colonists, whose cause, originally good, had had its merits kept before the public mind by the eloquence of Chatham, Fox, and Burke, three of the greatest orators of all time. Meanwhile, the British rule in India was conso lidated, and this was effected in no insignificant degree under the governor-generalship of Warren Hastings, a most able but somewhat unscrupulous man. GEORGE IV.-GEORGE. His trial for misrule and oppression, famous for the eloquent accusations of Burke and Sheridan, began in 1786, and was protracted for nine years. Wars with Hyder Ali and his son Tippoo Saib were ended by the storming of Seringapatam in 1799. The after-swell of the French revolution broke over all the continent of Europe in wave after wave of war. The aversion of Britain to the insane democracy of France was not concealed, and in 1793, a few days after the execution of their king, the French declared war against Britain. In the confused warfare that followed, the English, under Lord Howe, in 1794, defeated the French fleet in the Channel; under Sir John Jervis they defeated the Spanish fleet off Cape St Vincent in 1797; and also in that year, under Lord Duncan, they defeated the Dutch off Camperdown; fiction. In spite of the depressing effects of war, commerce greatly increased during the 60 years of this reign; and the revenue, which at the beginning of it was under nine millions, had, during the years of the French war, been increased more than sevenfold, thus shewing, though by an undesirable method, the vast increase of the resources of the country. Chemistry and the steam-engine were beginning to alter the face of society. Among legislative reforms, the most conspicuous was the abolition of the punishment of death for minor crimes, and generally the statute-book, which had greatly increased, became more and more favourable to individual liberty. his father's death. He had been virtual sovereign GEORGE IV. became king of Great Britain on during the long period of his father's last insanity, and in 1798 Nelson was victorious on the Nile over the French fleet that had conveyed Napoleon 1762, and died on the 26th June 1830. That he as Prince Regent. He was born on 12th August Bonaparte and his troops to Egypt. In 1801, he bombarded Copenhagen, and partially destroyed least notable circumstance connected with a life should have lived so long as 67 years is not the the Danish fleet; and the forces under Sir Ralph that has supplied as much material for scandal as Abercromby-who was mortally wounded-gained the victory of Alexandria over the troops which any in English history. G. had considerable intelNapoleon had left in Egypt to menace the power and enjoy every day without thinking of the next. lectual ability and address, could tell stories well, of Britain in the East. On 25th March 1802, the His personal attractions, and his position together, treaty of peace of Amiens was signed, but, within led many in his lifetime to style him, not without a year, hostilities were renewed. In 1803, Hanover sincerity, the first gentleman of Europe;' but was occupied by the French. On October 21, 1805, the decay of king-worship, and the growth of Nelson lost his life, and gained his greatest victory morality, have not allowed that to continue to be of Trafalgar over the French and Spanish fleets. the opinion of his countrymen. His frailties, and Napoleon's splendid victory of Austerlitz over the those of his royal namesakes, have been merci Austrians and Russians, December 1805, was survived only a few weeks by the great statesman lessly exposed by Thackeray in his 'Four Georges' Pitt, whose breaking heart and constitution could of Thackeray's abilities has set himself to look (1861). Unfortunately for their memory, no man not sustain the shock of this last disappointment. for their virtues and their good deeds to England Napoleon's Berlin decree of 1806, and his Milan which were not few-and for which they have decree of 1807, declaring the British dominions in earned the gratitude of patriots, not mere blind a state of blockade on purpose to destroy British worshippers of royalty. commerce, were not supported by a sufficient navy to carry them into execution by capturing vessels tunate. He entered into it on 8th April 1794, The marriage of George IV. was specially unfortrading with Britain; but they did no inconsider with his cousin, Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, second able damage. In 1808, Sir Arthur Wellesley landed daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, under the in Portugal, and defeated the French at Vimeira; but the advantage of this victory was thrown away jugal happiness, if it ever existed, did not last many pressure of debt, and of his father, and their conin the Convention of Cintra. The retreat, four months after, to Corunna of the English army of the marriage on 7th January 1796, and shortly weeks. The Princess Charlotte Augusta was born under Sir John Moore, from overwhelming odds, after her parents separated, having ceased to speak and its safe embarkation in January 1809, after to each other months before. See CAROLINE. The the repulse of Marshal Soult, has secured a repu-Princess Charlotte had married Prince Leopold, tation for the able and distinguished general who fell there hardly inferior to that of those who have now (1862) king of Belgium, and she died in childbed on 6th November 1817, greatly to the died in the moment of victory. In April of that grief of the whole nation. year, Sir Arthur Wellesley returned to the command in the Peninsula, and after conquering at Talavera on the 8th of July, wearing out the powers of the assailing French behind the lines of Torres Vedras during the last months of 1810, and conquering at Fuentes de Onoro in 1811, at Salamanca in 1812, at Vittoria in 1813 (as Lord Wellington), and in other battles and sieges, he drove the French out of the peninsula. The struggle was terminated on the eventful field of Waterloo (q. v.), 18th June 1815. On the 1st of January 1801, Ireland was united to Great Britain, and its separate legislation was abolished. During this reign many Scotchmen had forced their way to the first places in the state; all the Jacobite feelings had died out; and the Union had become not a legislative one merely, but a union of society, literature, thought, and enterprise. The most original and vigorous thought of this period found its expression in poetry, and among its great poets, the most noteworthy are Byron, Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Walter Scott, the last of whom is also at the head of all the writers of prose rendered to the Greeks by the British fleet in the Royal visits to Scotland and Ireland; the aid battle of Navarino (1827), which secured the independence of Greece; and the passing (1829) of the Roman Catholic Relief Bill (q. v.) (so odious to his father), are the most notable incidents of this king's reign. He was succeeded by his brother William, Duke of Clarence, who had entered the navy in his youth. GEORGE (the Bearded), Duke of Saxony, eldest son of Albert (the Brave), the founder of the Ducal or Albertinian Saxon line, was born in 1471. He early exhibited a strong desire for the acquisition of religious knowledge, and in 1484 was sent to Meissen to pursue his studies, with a view to his entering the church. On the death of his father in 1500, G. succeeded to the whole dukedom, consisting of the half of Thuringia and Meissen, with the exception of the lately acquired country of Friesland, which fell to his younger brother Henry; who, however, soon after exchanged it with G. for Freiberg and Wolkenstein. Though G. and William, Duke of . GEORGE-GEORGETOWN. Lower Bavaria, were the two pillars of Catholicism in Germany, yet the former did not appear to be much displeased with the proceedings of Luther previous to the Leipsic controversy; on the contrary, they were at one in regard to the many abuses which had crept into the church, but G. wished to remedy them through papal edicts, or the decisions of a general council. The ill-feeling between G. and Luther commenced during the Leipsic controversy, and arose from a misapprehension of Luther's doctrine of justification by faith; it necessarily increased in strength in one who was so remarkable for obstinacy, especially as it was carefully fostered by John Eck and other of Luther's enemies. Yet when the emperor seemed likely to violate his safe conduct given to Luther, G. strongly protested against such a breach of good faith. The later years of his reign were imbittered by a succession of domestic calamities: first his wife died, then all his children in succession, and thus his brother, Henry of Freiberg, became heirapparent. Henry was a zealous Protestant, and such was G.'s antipathy to being succeeded by one of that religion, that he attempted to break the line of succession, but did not live long enough to accomplish his purpose. He died in 1530, and was succeeded by Henry. opinion of the Roman Catholic Bishop Milner. The truth is, that whatever is to be said of the early accounts of the martyrdom of G., the fact of his being honoured as a martyr by the Catholic church, of churches being dedicated to him, and of the Hellespont being called 'St George's Arm,' is traced by Papebroch, by Milner, and by other writers to so early a date, and brought so immediately into contact with the times of the angry conflicts in which George of Cappadocia figured as an Arian leader, that it would be just as reasonable to believe that the Catholics of England at the present day would accept Lord George Gordon as a Catholic saint, as to suppose that the Catholics of the East while the tomb of Athanasius was hardly closed upon his honoured relics --- would accept as a sainted martyr his cruel and unscrupulous persecutor. Indeed it cannot be doubted that the St G. of the Eastern Church is a real personage, and of an earlier date than George of Cappadocia-very probably of the date to which these acts, though otherwise false, assign him. The legend of his conflict with the Dragon arose most probably out of a symbolical or allegorical represen tation of his contest with the pagan persecutor. As in this ancient legend St G. appears as a soldier, he was early regarded as one of the patrons .of the military profession. Under this title, he was honoured in France as early as the 6th c.; but it was not until after the Crusaders, who ascribed their success at the siege of Antioch to his intercession, returned to Europe from the Holy War, that the religious honour paid to him reached its GEORGE (LAKE), called also Horicon, a pic-saint of the Republic of Genoa and also of England. full development. He was selected as the patron turesque sheet of water, remarkable for its trans-At the council of Oxford, in 1222, his feast was parency and for the beauty of the scenery on ordered to be kept as a national festival. In 1330, its shores, lies in the state of New York, and he was made the patron of the Order of the Garter measures 34 miles by 3. It discharges its waters into Lake Champlain, thus forming a part of the by Edward III.; and even since the Reformation, the ancient sentiment is still popularly maintained. grand system of the St Lawrence. It is, in some places, 400 feet deep. It possesses some historical interest in connection with the North American wars between England and France. GEORGE, a district of the Cape Colony, is separated from that of Zwellendam on the west by the Gauritz (q. v.). It contains 4032 square miles, and about 20,000 inhabitants. It is valuable chiefly for its pasturage and its timber. On its coast is the port of Mossel Bay. GEORGE (ST), one of the Bermudas, is strongly fortified, and forms the principal depôt in the group for military purposes. On the south coast is a town of its own name, which has a large harbour of considerable strength. GEORGE, ST, a saint, venerated both in the Eastern and Western churches, held in especial veneration as the patron of Chivalry, and adopted as the tutelary saint of England. His origin is extremely obscure; and the very oldest accounts of him which are extant contain a strange admixture of history and legend. He is honoured both in the East and the West as a martyr, and the Greek acts of his martyrdom fix the date of his death as the persecution under Diocletian; but these acts are, by the confession even of Roman Catholic hagiologists, undoubtedly spurious. On the other hand, it is asserted (see Gibbon's Decline and Fall, ii. 323) that the canonisation of G. is one of the many errors which Protestant historians freely impute to the Roman calendar, and that the George who is thus reputed a saint and martyr is no other than the turbulent and unscrupulous Arian partisan, George of Cappadocia, whom his Arian followers revered as a saint, and imposed as such upon the credulity of their Catholic countrymen. It must be confessed, however, that the best modern authorities, Catholic and Protestant, agree in admitting the great improbability of this allegation. Heylin is of one mind in this matter with the Jesuit Papebroch, and Dean Milman adopts the arguments, and agrees in the GEORGE, ST, BANNER OF, white with a red cross. According to Sir N. H. Nicolas, the cross of St George was worn as a badge over the armour centuries, even if the custom did not prevail at a by every English soldier in the 14th and subsequent much earlier period,' to indicate that he was in the service of the crown. On the invasion of Scotland by Richard II. in 1386, it was ordained 'That everi man of what estate, condicion, or nation they be of, so that he be of oure partie, bere a signe of the armes of Saint George, large, bothe before and behynde, upon parell that yf he be slayne or wounded to deth, he that hath so doon to hym shall not be putte to deth for defaulte of the crosse that he lacketh. And that non enemy do bere the same token or crosse of St George, notwithstandyng if he be prisoner, upon payne of deth.' A similar ordinance was adopted by Henry V. for the government of his army in France. GEORGE, THE, the badge of the Order of the Garter (q. v.), exhibiting the figure of St George on horseback piercing the falling dragon, which lies on a mount. GEORGE'S CHANNEL, ST, is the name applied to the south portion of that arm of the Atlantic which separates Ireland from the United Kingdom. A line, extending from Holyhead in Wales to Dublin, would form the northern limit of this channel; and a similar line from St David's Head to Wexford, would form its southern limit. At its northern extremity it is 64 miles in width, and at its southern it is about 62 miles wide; its length, from north-east to south-west, is about 100 miles. GEORGETOWN, a city and port of entry of North America, in the state of Maryland, is situated |