GLOBULINE GLOGGNITZ. often used to signify the earth, as in the phrase, the terraqueous globe; but by 'globes,' or the globes,' we usually mean a pair of artificial globes used as a part of school-room apparatus. These globes are hollow spheres of card-board, coated with a composition of whiting, glue, and oil, upon which paper bearing certain delineations is laid. On one of the pair the celestial globe-are represented the stars, so placed that, to an eye supposed to observe them from the centre of the globe, their relative position and distance correspond to those actually observed; while on the terrestrial globe, the distribution of land and water, the divisions and subdivisions of the former, together with a few of the most important places, are laid down in the positions corresponding to those which they actually occupy on the surface of the earth. The usual mode of manufacture is as follows: A ball of wood or iron is used as a matrix, and a layer of damped paper is carefully and closely placed upon this, without paste, and other layers are successively pasted over the first one; ordinary card-board is thus produced, but instead of being flat, as usual, it forms a spherical shell. When sufficiently thick, this is cut into two hemispheres, the section being made in the line of the intended equator. The hemispheres are then taken off the matrix, and again glued together on an axis, and the whiting composition laid on, the outside of which is smoothed and finished to shape in a lathe. The workman has to lay on this composition so as to balance the globe, in order that it may rest at whatever point it is turned. The smooth surface is now marked with the lines of latitude and longitude, and is covered with the paper on which the required geographical or astronomical delineations are engraved. In order to adapt the plane surface of the paper to the curvature of the sphere, it is printed in pieces, small circles for the Arctic and Antarctic regions, and the rest in lens-shaped gores, varying from 20° to 30° of longitude, and meeting these circles which are pasted first. Great care is required in laying on these curved pieces, so that their edges shall meet exactly without overlapping. The surface is then coloured, and strongly varnished, and mounted in its frame and stand. Globes of india-rubber and gutta-percha have also been made, others of thin paper, to be inflated and suspended in a school-room. Betts's paper-globes fold up when not in use. Embossed globes shew, in exaggerated relief, the elevations and depressions of the earth's surface. Compound globes including the celestial and terrestrial, are made with an outer glass sphere for the celestial, and orrery mechanism to shew the varying relative positions of the sun and moon, &c. As school-room apparatus, globes are used for the purpose of illustrating the form and motion of the earth, the position and apparent motion of the fixed stars, and for the mechanical solution of a number of problems in geography and practical astronomy. For this purpose, each globe is suspended in a brass ring of somewhat greater diameter, by means of two pins exactly opposite to each other-these pins forming the extremities of the axis round which it revolves, or the north and south poles. This brass circle is then let into a horizontal ring of wood, supported on a stand, as represented in the art. ARMILLARY SPHERE; in which the lines drawn on the surface of globes are also explained. The globes in common use in schools are 12 inches in diameter; those to be found in private libraries are more frequently 18 inches. The problems to which the globes are applied are such as: To find when a star rises, sets, or comes to the meridian on a given day at a given place. The mode of solution will be found in any schoolbook on the subject. The answers obtained in this way to such questions are only very rough approximations, and are in themselves of little or no value. But the use of the globes,' as it is called, serves the purpose of making evident to the senses how many of the appearances connected with the motions of the earth and the heavenly bodies are caused, and enabling the nature of the problems connected with these appearances to be clearly conceived. It is only by trigonometrical calculation that the accurate solutions can be obtained. GLOBULINE, or CRY'STALLINE, is one of the proteine bodies or albuminates. In association with hæmatine, as hæmato-globulin, it is the main mixed with albumen, in the cells of the crystalline ingredient of the blood globules; and it occurs, lens of the eye, forming, according to Simon, from 10 to 14 per cent. of the dry lens. Hence its two names. În most of its relations it resembles albumen, but differs from that substance in being precipitated both from acid and alkaline solutions by exact neutralisation, and in being completely thrown down from its solutions by carbonic acid gas. GLO'BUS HYSTERICUS, or Ball in the Throat, the name applied to a peculiar sensation described under HYSTERIA. GLOCKNER, or GROSS GLOCKNER, the highest peak of the Noric Alps, is situated on the boundary between Tyrol, Carinthia, and Upper Austria, and is 12,431 feet in height. GLO'GAU, or GROSS-GLOGAU, a town and important fortress of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, is situated on the left bank of the Oder, 35 miles north-north-west of Liegnitz. It is surrounded by walls, and is otherwise fortified; and is connected by a wooden bridge with a strongly It has a beautiful fortified island in the Oder. castle, two gymnasiums, one Catholic, and the other Protestant; and numerous religious and educational institutions. Oder is a cathedral dating from 1120, and containing a Madonna, the masterpiece of Cranach, Sen. Manufactures of woollens, printed calicoes, hosiery, tobacco, paper, and sugar, and some trade and commerce are carried on. Pop. 16,656, including a garrison of 3653 men. On the island in the GLO'GGNITZ, a small town of Austria in the province of Lower Austria, is situated on the Schwarza, at the northern base of the Semmering Alp, a branch of the Noric chain, 45 miles southsouth-west from Vienna. Pop. 1200. It is a station on the Vienna and Trieste Railway, and stands at the northern extremity of that portion of it known as the Semmeringbahn, or railway of the Semmering. This portion of railway is per haps the most extraordinary work of its kind in Europe. It sweeps up the steep rocky face of the mountain in many curves, and descends its southern slope, after having passed through 15 tunnels and crossed as many bridges. It extends from G. on the north to Mürzzuschlag on the south, a distance of 25 miles. The greatest elevation is reached 23 miles south of G., where the line is 2872 feet above sea-level, and 1504 feet above its height at Gloggnitz. To this point the line rises in gradients of from 1 in 40 to I in 100; the average rate of ascent, however, is 1 in 82. At its greatest elevation, the line pierces the Semmering in a tunnel 4633 feet long. Quick trains take 1 hour and 42 minutes to traverse these 25 miles; slow trains require 2 hours 33 minutes. The Semmeringbahn was constructed for the Austrian government by GLOMMEN-GLOUCESTER. Carlo Chega, an eminent engineer, between the years 1848 and 1853. GLO'MMEN, or STOR-ELV (i. e., great river), the largest river in Norway, rises from Lake Aursund, at the town of Röros, in lat. about 62 40′ N., and long. 11° 16′ E. Its source is 2419 feet above sea-level, and its course is interrupted by frequent water-falls, the last of which, with a descent of 60 feet, is called the Sarpenfos or Sarp-fos, and occurs at about 10 miles from the mouth of the river. Large boats can ascend to the Sarpenfos. The G. flows first in a south-west direction for about 50 miles, then bends toward the south-east, and pursues that direction until it passes the fortress of Kongsvinger, after which it again turns southwest, and empties itself into the Skager Rack at Frederickstadt, after a course of about 400 miles. Its most important affluents are the Rena on the left, and the Vormen on the right. GLORIA, a hymn in the Roman Catholic Church service, beginning with the words, 'Gloria in excelsis Deo.' Its place in the mass is after the Introitus,' except on the penitential days in Advent and during Lent, when it is omitted. It is founded on the 2d chapter of St Luke, 14th verse. It has been so long in use that it is not known by whom it was introduced into the service in its present form. It is also called 'The Great Doxology,' to distinguish it from the Gloria patri filio et spiritui,' which is sung at the end of the Psalms and antiphonal hymns. GLORIO'SA, a genus of plants of the natural order Liliacea, having a perianth of 6 elongated and reflexed segments, a 3-lobed stigma, a 3-celled superior germen, and globose seeds. The best known species, G. superba, a native of India, is a herbaceous perennial with a weak stem, 6-10 inches high, alternate leaves terminating in tendrils, and very beautiful flowers, finely coloured with red and yellow. GLORIOUS VIRGIN, or ST MARY THE GLORIOUS, an order of knighthood in Venice, founded by Bartholomew of Vicenza, and approved by Pope Urban IV. in 1262. This institution was ecclesiastical as well as military, and its objects were the protection of widows and orphans, and the furtherance of the peace of Italy. The badge was a purple cross between certain stars, and the costume a white surcoat on a russet cloak. An order of knighthood of St Mary the Glorious also existed in Rome in the 17th c., whose purpose was the suppression of the Barbary corsairs who infested the Mediterranean. GLOSS (in Biblical criticism), Gr. glossa (tongue, or language), an explanation of purely verbal difficulties of the text, to the exclusion of those which arise from doctrinal, historical, ritual, or ceremonial sources. The words which are commonly the subject of these glossarial explanations are reducible to five classes: (1) foreign words; (2) provincialisms or dialects; (3) obsolete words; (4) technical words; and (5) words used by the author in some abnormal or exceptional signification. From an early period, these verbal difficulties were the object of attention, and the writers who devoted themselves to the elucidation were called glossatores, and their works glossaria. The principal Greek glossatores are Hesychius, Zonaras, Suidas, Phavorinus. Most of the Rabbinical writers have done the same work for the Hebrew text; so that it would be difficult to name any in particular as Hebrew glossatores. The chief glossatores of the Latin Vulgate are the celebrated Walafried Strabo in the 9th c., and Anselm of Laon in the 12th, for the Latin Vulgate. In Roman and canon law, the practice of introducing glosses was of early origin, and probably was an imitation of the biblical glosses. Among jurists, the gloss was not purely verbal, but regarded the true interpretation of the law, and in some cases it was held to be of equal authority with the text itself. From the position which it occupied in the MS., being generally written between the lines of the text and on the margin, it was called glossa interlinearis. The gloss of the Roman law is written in very pure Latinity, that of the canon law in the Latinity of the medieval schools. GLOSSI TIS (Gr. glossa, the tongue), inflam mation of the tongue. The disease in its most acute form is rare; it is sometimes due to injury, or to scald; in other cases, to the action of mercury on the system. The tongue becomes enormously swollen, and one of the chief dangers of the attack is suffocation from swelling of the parts about the hyoid bone, and closure thereby of the glottis (see LARYNX). The only really effective treatment is to make pretty deep incisions into the inflamed part, keeping in view that the resulting wound is likely to be much less than appears at the time; for the enlargement of the organ has stretched the mucous membrane, and infiltrated all the textures with fluid, while the vessels also are distended with blood. A straight bistoury should be boldly plunged into the upper surface, and several incisions made lengthways sufficiently deep to evacuate the confined fluids. A good deal of blood will usually follow, but if care has been taken not to injure the lingual artery or its branches (see TONGUE), there is no real danger from this cause. In places at a distance from medical advice, this operation might require to be performed by unskilled hands, and with a penknife or any other cutting instrument at hand; care should be taken in this case to make the incisions on the upper surface, and not too far from the middle line. GLOTTIS. See LARYNX. GLOUCESTER, a city and county in itself, the chief town of the county of the same name, an inland port, cathedral town, watering-place, and the seat of some important manufactures, situated on the left bank of the river Severn, distant westnorth-west from London 107 miles by road, and 114 by rail, and from Bristol 36 miles north-northeast. G. is clean and well built, with four principal streets, of convenient width, meeting at right angles in the centre of the city. The docks are spacious, and communicate with the open part of the Severn, below Sharpness Point, by means of a ship-canal 17 miles in length, while the wharfs, about 1000 feet in length, are directly connected with the several railways. The foreign trade is principally with the Black and Baltic seas, Canada, the West Indies, and France; the foreign import returns for 1861 give 458 vessels, and an aggregate tonnage of 130,947; exports, 98; tonnage, 20,676. Coasting. trade inwards, 994 vessels, of 40,584 tons; outwards, 3561; tonnage, 141,040. G. is connected by the Midland Railway with the north, by the Bristol and Gloucester Railway with the west and south, by the Great Western with London and the east, and by the South Wales Railway with the prin cipality. Besides affording a market for the produce of the surrounding districts, G. imports corn, timber, wines, and spirits in considerable quantities, has a large export trade in iron and steel goods, coal, soap, malt, and potter-ware, railway-fittings, agricultural implements, bells, pins, chemicals, and hempen goods. The principal building in G. is the cathedral, cruciform in structure, and presenting beautiful GLOUCESTER GLOVES. sisting of the land west of the Severn, which is occupied chiefly by the Forest of Dean. The county is watered principally by the Severn, the Wye, the Upper and Lower Avon, and the Thames or Isis, which receives all the streams on the east of the Cotswold Hills. The soil is thin on the hills, but produces good pasturage for sheep, while the lower tracts abound in excellent grass and arable lands. The vales of G. are remarkable for the early maturity of their agricultural produce. The famous Double and Single Glo'ster cheese is produced at Berkeley, in the vale of that name, and is sold throughout the kingdom. The Forest of Dean, 20,000 acres of which are still crown property, is highly picturesque in appearance, and contains many apple-orchards, from which a favourite cider is made. A lord-warden, who is constable of the castle of St Briavel's, with six deputy-wardens, and other officers, superintend the government of the forest. In this county, numerous and important manufactures are carried on; of these, the manufacture of woollen cloth, of the better qualities, is the chief; hats, felt, stockings, pins, cheese-cloths and other linens are also produced in considerable quantities. The county sends four members to the House of Commons. examples of several different eras of ecclesiastical along the banks of the Severn; and the third conarchitecture, 427 feet in length, and 154 in width; the height of the central tower, its greatest external ornament, is 223 feet; the cloisters also, of great beauty, form a large square. Formerly the church of a Benedictine abbey, it was converted into a cathedral in 1541. There are, besides the cathedral, 12 churches of the Establishment; 2 Wesleyan and 2 Independent chapels; 1 Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Friends, Unitarian, and Lady Huntingdon's Chapel, a grammar-school, many excellent public and private schools, a neat theatre, assembly rooms, town-hall, jail, and lunatic asylum. G. returns two members to parliament. Pop. (1851), 17,572; (1861), 16,320. It is noted as one of the three cities (Worcester and Hereford being the other two) at which the musical festivals of the three choirs are alternately held. The history of G. is traceable to a very remote antiquity; it was the Caer Glow of the Britons, Colonia Glevum of the Romans, and an important town in Mercia under the Saxons, by whom it was called Glean-Ceaster-whence its present name. Here the celebrated single combat between Edmund Ironsides and Canute is said to have taken place. G. was repeatedly visited by William I., afforded a refuge and support to Queen Matilda in her contest with Stephen, saw Henry III. crowned, and parliaments held under G., previous to the Roman invasion, was inhaRichard II. and Henry IV., and sided success-bited by a tribe called the Dobuni; and after that fully with the parliament in the civil war against event, the county, or the greater part of it, was Charles I. Robert of Gloucester, the metrical included in the province named Flavia Cæsariensis. historian; Miles Smith, biblical translator; the From the earliest of the Danish invasions down Poet Taylor; and R. Raiks, the founder of Sunday to the battle of Tewkesbury, in 1471, and to the schools, were natives of Gloucester. civil wars between the crown and parliament, G. has been the scene of many and disastrous encounters. roads, coins, fragments of statuary and pottery, It contains numerous Roman relics in camps, tesselated pavements, &c. There are also many traces of British, Saxon, and Danish works in the GLOUCESTER, a town, seaport, and fishingstation of North America, in the state of Massachusetts, is situated on the south side of Cape Ann, about 28 miles north-east of Boston. It is handsomely built and finely situated, and commands extensive sea-views. Its harbour,' one of the best on the coast, is roomy, safe, easily accessible, and deep enough to admit vessels of the largest size. G. is said to be the first fishing-town in the United States. The fishing vessels in 1859 numbered 357, and were manned by 3890 fishermen. In 1855 the mackerel fishery realised 388,809 dollars, or over £80,000; and the cod fishery 293,850 dollars, or over £60,000. The town has, besides, extensive manufactories of anchors, cables, sails, oil, soap and candles, and provisions. G., which is connected with Boston by a branch-railroad, has recently become a favourite summer resort for sea-bathing. Pop. (1855), 8935; (1859), estimated at 12,000. GLOUCESTERSHIRE, a county of England, lying around the lower course of the Severn and the estuary of that river, is bounded on the W. by Monmouth and Hereford, on the N. by Worcester and Warwickshire, on the E. by Oxfordshire, and on the S. by Somerset and Wilts. Area, 805,102 acres; pop. (1851) 458,805; (1861) 485,502. The shape of the county resembles a parallelogram, and though its outline is still somewhat irregular, especially in the north, it is much less so than formerly, as by act 7 and 8 Vict. c. 61, outlying portions of the county of G. were annexed to the counties in which they were respectively situated; and, in like manner, detached pieces of land belonging to other counties, but situated in G., were declared portions of that county. There are three distinct districts in this county, the natural features of each being different. These are the Hill, the Vale, and the Forest districts; the first formed by the Coteswold or Cotswold Hills (q. v.), the second, comprising the vales of Gloucester and Berkeley, by the rich and low meadow-lands lying county. GLOVER, RICHARD, was born in London in 1712, and was educated at Cheam, in Surrey. He was a merchant in his native city, and in 1760, became member of parliament for Weymouth. His first poem, to the memory of Sir Isaac Newton, was written in his 16th year. His chief poem, entitled Leonidas, was published in 1737, and passed through several editions. A continuation of it, the Atheniad, was published in 1787. These poems are in blank verse, and of prodigious extent. Although not deficient in a certain majesty and elevation of tone, they are in the main turgid and heavy, and are now almost entirely forgotten. He wrote several tragedies, which did not meet with success. most popular poem, Hosier's Ghost, written on the taking of Carthagena from the Spaniards, was published in 1739. He died in 1785; and in 1813, appeared a diary, or part of a diary written by him. His GLOVES. Gloves are made of various materials, such as silk, wool, linen, cotton, fur, and various kinds of leather. The latter material is the most abundantly used, and the mode of making it up is the most characteristic of this branch of manufacture. We need scarcely inform the reader that the term 'kid' is a mere technicality, as the quantity annually consumed of leather bearing this name is largely in excess of what could be supplied from the skins of all the young goats that are annually slaughtered. It is chiefly made from lamb's skin. A few of the finest gloves are made from real kid skins, obtained from those countries where goats' milk and flesh are articles of food. Dogskin, buckskin, and doeskin gloves are made chiefly from sheepskin; some of the thickest kinds of leather gloves are made from calf-skin. The GLOVES GLOWWORM. leather in all cases undergoes a much lighter dressing than when used for boots and shoes. Worcester is the chief seat of the English leather glove-manufactory; gloves are also made at Ludlow, Leominster, and Yeovil, besides Woodstock, where a peculiar and superior doeskin glove is made bearing the name of the town. Limerick and the neighbourhood has long been celebrated for gloves. The French, however, still excel us in this branch of manufacture. Up to 1825, the importation of French gloves was prohibited, and the competition consequent upon the removal of this prohibition had the usual effect of producing a rapid improvement in the English manufacture. Very cheap and good gloves are made at Naples; and they are much in request on the continent. After the leather has been properly prepared, it is cut into pieces of the required size, then folded over somewhat unequally, as the back should be larger than the front. Three cuts are then made through the doubled piece to produce the four fingers; an oblong hole is cut at the bending of the fold for the insertion of the thumb-piece: the cutting of this of the exact shape and size requires considerable skill. The first and fourth fingers are completed by gussets or strips sewed only on their inner sides, while the second and third fingers require gussets on each side to complete them. Besides these, small pieces of a diamond shape are sewed in at the base of the fingers towards the palm of the hand. The stitching together of these pieces requires much care, as the junction must be made as closely as possible to the edge of each piece, and yet with sufficient hold to keep the stitches from cutting through the material. A kind of vice or clamp, with minute teeth to regulate the stitches, is sometimes used for this purpose; and sewing-machines are applied as far as practicable, especially for the ornamental or embroidery stitching on the backs. The putting in of the thumb-piece requires special skill and management. Badly made gloves commonly give way at this part. The superiority of the French and the best English gloves depends chiefly upon the adaptation of their shape to the structure of the hand by giving additional size where the flexure of the hand requires it. The best woollen, thread, and silk gloves are made as above by cutting and sewing together, but commoner gloves are made to a great extent by knitting and weaving in like manner to stockings. Glove-dyeing. The dye is lightly washed over the stretched glove, a second and third coat being given after the first is dry. When this is thoroughly dried, the superfluous colour is rubbed off, and the surface smoothed by rubbing with a polished stick or piece of ivory. The surface is then sponged over with the white of egg. Glove-cleaning. Oil of turpentine or camphine was the material chiefly used for cleaning kid gloves, but of late this has been to a great extent superseded by Benzole (q. v.) or benzine, which is abundantly obtained in sufficient purity for this purpose by the careful rectification of coal-naphtha. The chief advantages of this latter material is, that it is more volatile, and its odour less persistent than that of ordinary turpentine, or even of the best rectified camphine which has been much exposed to the atmosphere. The mode of using either of these is to stretch the gloves over a wooden hand of suitable size, and then sponge them with the fluid, removing the first or dirty portion with a second wash of clean fluid. By collecting the washings separately, and allowing them to stand till the dirt settles, the same turpentine or benzole may be used over and over again. An inodorous composition may be made by dissolving one part of soap-shavings in two parts of rain or distilled water, using heat to aid the solution. This is improved by adding to it a small quantity of liquor ammonia and any ordinary perfume. It should be applied to the glove stretched on the stock by rubbing with a piece of flannel always in one direction. Doeskin and wash-leather gloves, when not very dirty, may be cleaned dry by rubbing them when stretched on a stock with a mixture of finely powdered fuller's-earth and alum, then sweeping off this powder with a brush, and dusting with dry bran and whiting. If the gloves are very dirty, they should be washed with the soap solution, then rubbed with pipe-clay mixed with yellow ochre or amber (according to the shade required), made into a paste with ale or beer, then carefully dried and dusted to remove the superfluous powder. Glove Powder, for cleaning gloves, is made by carefully drying Castile soap, and then pounding it in a mortar; or of pipe-clay coloured with yellow ochre or Irish slate, or it may be made of a mixture of pipe-clay and powdered soap. GLOVES (in Law). It is an old custom in England on a maiden assize-i. e., an assize on which there is no offender to be tried-for the sheriff to present the judge with a pair of white gloves. The clerk of assize and the judges' officers have money given to them on the same occasion, which is called glove silver. The custom of presenting white gloves to the judges on a maiden circuit is also observed in Scotland. GLOW'WORM, the name given to the wingless females of certain coleopterous insects of the family Lampyrida, remarkable for the luminosity of some of the last segments of the abdomen. The insects of the family Lampyride have five joints in all the tarsi, the antennæ toothed, the elytra (wing-covers)—— at least of the males-covering the whole abdomen, Glowworm (Lampyris noctiluca): the whole body soft and the elytra flexible, the The GLUCHOV-GLUCK. unnecessarily exposed to enemies; but if the luminous portion of the abdomen be removed, it retains its luminosity for some time. If placed in hydrogen gas, it sometimes detonates. The luminous matter is capable of being mixed with water, and warm water increases its brilliancy. Two spots on the last segment of the abdomen are more luminous than any other part, and a constant motion of this segment seems to be connected with the emission of the light. The two segments next to this are each surrounded by a band brighter than the rest of the segment. The larva of the G. is very similar to the perfect female insect, but is very faintly luminous. It is very voracious, attacking and devouring snails, whereas the perfect insect eats little, and is supposed to prefer the tender leaves of plants.-Several species of G. are found in the warmer parts of Europe, and in other parts of the world. The luminosity of the males of the genus Lampyris, and of other winged insects of the family Lampyrida, has obtained for them the name of Fireflies (q. v.). GLUCHO'V, a town in the south-west of Russia, in the government of Tchernigov, and 112 miles in direct line east-north-east of the town of that name. It is surrounded by earthen walls, contains eight churches, has manufactures of cloth, and some trade in grain and brandy. In the vicinity, porcelain clay is obtained, and is sent north to the imperial manufactory at St Petersburg. Pop. 8856. GLUCI'NA (more correctly, GLYCINA, from Gr. glykys, sweet), derives its name from its salts having a sweetish taste. It was discovered by Vauquelin, in 1797, in the emerald, and has since been found in cymophane, chrysoberyl, phenokite, the gadolinites, leucophane, and belvine; but in consequence of the great difficulty of preparing it, its properties and combinations have not been much studied. Berzelius regarded it as the sesquioxide of Glucinum (q. v.); in which case its formula would be Gl,O,, but it is now generally believed to be a protoxide, G10. For the mode of extracting it from the emerald or other mineral containing it, we must refer to Debray's Memoir on Glucinum and its Compounds (a translation of which is given in the eighth volume of the Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society), or to any of the larger works on chemistry. Glucina is a white, loosely coherent powder, without taste or smell. It is infusible, but volatilises at a very high temperature. Amongst the salts of glucina that have been studied by Debray and others, we may mention the sulphates of glucina, and of glucina and potash; the carbonates of glucina, and of glucina and potash; and the oxalates of glucina, of glucina and potash, and of glucina and ammonia. They are colourless, and much resemble those of alumina. The mineral phenakite is a pure silicate of glucina. The beryl, of which the emerald is a variety, is a double silicate of glucina and alumina. The mineral euclase is also a double silicate of the same earths; while the chrysoberyl is an aluminate of glucina, coloured with peroxide of iron. GLUCI'NUM (symbol, Gl), known also as GLYCINUM, GLYCIUM, and BERYLLIUM, is a metal whose atomic weight is 465 (as deduced by Awdejew from the analysis of sulphate of glucina), and whose specific gravity is 2.1. It is white, malleable, and fusible below the melting-point of silver. It does not burn in air, oxygen, or sulphur, but in the first two substances it becomes covered with a thin coat of oxide. It combines readily with chlorine, iodine, and silicon. Even when heated to redness, it does not decompose water. It dissolves readily in hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, and in a solution of potash, but is insoluble in ammonia, and only slightly acted on by nitric acid. It forms one oxide, GLUCINA. From the researches of Debray, it follows that G. should be placed side by side with aluminium. These bodies are intermediate between the precious and the ordinary metals, and both of them are characterised by the following properties? They are permanent in the air at high as well as at low temperatures; do not decompose water, even when they are at a white heat; are not attacked by sulphur, sulphuretted hydrogen, or the alkaline sulphides; are not attacked by strong nitric acid at ordinary temperatures, and only slowly, even with the aid of heat; but dissolve readily in dilute sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. G. was first obtained from glucina by Wöhler, in 1827, who procured it by decomposing the chloride of G., which is obtained by evaporating a solution of glucina in hydrochloric acid. Debray has since (1854) obtained it much more abundantly by applying a similar mode of proceeding to that employed by Sainte Claire Deville for the reduction of aluminium. GLUCK, JOHANN CHRISTOPH VON, a German musical composer, who may be considered the father of the modern opera, was born, July 2, 1714, at Weissenwangen, in the Upper Palatinate. He learned the rudiments of music in one of the common schools of Prague, and as a wandering musito master the rules of counterpoint and harmony. cian went to Vienna, where he found opportunity In 1738, he went to Italy, to complete his musical education, and found a worthy master in SanMartini. After four years of study he wrote his first opera, Artaxerxes, which was performed at Milan, 1741. This was followed by Ipermnestra and Demetrio, given at Venice, 1742, and several others in the two following years, produced at Milan and Turin. Having achieved a high reputation, G. was invited to London, where his Fall of the Giants rival in Handel, whose genius he honoured, and was represented in 1745. He found a formidable he derived great advantages from the friendship of Dr Arne, the English composer, and his lady, an excellent singer. develop the full force of that lyric genius which It was here that he began to sion. He was destined soon to create a new order of musical composition; but the outbreak of the Rebellion in Scotland closed the opera, the singers and musicians Vienna. In 1754, he was called to Rome, where he being mostly Roman Catholics, and G. returned to wrote La Clemenza di Tito, Antigono, and several others. But he did not rise to that high style of art which distinguished his later works until he found at Florence, in Ranieri di Calzabigi, a poet whose dramas were worthy of his music. Elena, and Orfeo, which became the foundation of then composed the three operas, Alceste, Paride e an imperishable fame. He made music the interpreter of poetry, giving to it the fullest expresEurope with admiration. He changed no less the His simple, noble, and grand style filled action of the stage than the music. Before him all was artificial and insipid. He made everything natural and effective. At Paris, 1777, he became the rival of the great Italian composer Picini, and the city was divided into two rival factions of the Gluckists and the Picinists. He conquered with his Iphigénie en Tauride, 1779. Picini, who had composed an opera on the same subject, would not allow his to be performed after listening to that of his rival. His great triumph was followed by several successful works, and he enjoyed the highest patronage and prosperity. He died of apoplexy, November 25, 1787. Burney has characterised him |