Buenos Ayres (see South American re-
publics).

Bundesstaat distinguished from Staaten-
bund, 73.

Burke on international prescription, 239
(n.).

Burlamaqui, Droit Naturel, 30, 181.

C.

Cagliari, Case of the, 688 (n.); critical
analysis of, 688, 689 (n.).
Cairns, definition of international law.
Calhoun, doctrine of nullification, 82 (n.);
speech on the Monroe Doctrine, 103 (n.).
Callières, La Manière de négocier, 366.
Canton (or Pampero), Case of the, 572 (n.).
Canning, on neutrality laws, 535, 565 (n.).
Capitulations, who may make, 329, 500;
Closter-Seven, 500; of the Caudine
Forks, disavowed by Romans, 500;
when, need ratification, 500.
Capture, Distinction between enemy's
property at sea and on land, 450; by
non-commissioned vessels, belongs to
government, 452; by privateers, 452;
title to movables in general, vested after
twenty-four hours, 455, 461, 717; as
to, at sea, and recaptured, the jus post-
liminii varies in different countries, 466
(see Recaptures); validity of, decided
by courts of captor's country, 477; ad-
judication in case of joint, in the Cri-
mean war, 478 (n.); how far jurisdic-
tion of courts of captors is exclusive,
479; cannot be condemned by consular
court in neutral State, 481; duty of cap-
tors of prizes, 484, 485 (n.); excuse for
neglect of, 485 (n.); result of their neg-
lect of their duties, 484, 485 (n.); case
of the Trent, 485 (n.); responsibility of
captor's government for, by its commis-
sioned cruisers, 479, 483 (n.); claim of U.
States against Denmark for, 494; Prus-
sian commission in 1753 to re-examine
the British decisions, 492; decisions of
British courts reviewed under treaty
of 1794, 493; ransom of, 505; suits on,
507; vessels chased into neutral terri-
tory and there captured, 522; claim on
account of violation of neutrality, to
be sanctioned by neutral State, 525; in
case of attempted breach of blockade,
667 et seq. (n.) (see Blockade), case of the
Cagliari, 688, 689 (n.); after treaty, 718
(n.); indemnity treaty for, 495 (n.).
Carolina, Case of the, 639 (n.).
Caroline, Case of the, 526, 527 (n.), 642
(n.).

Cartel in war, 320, 329, 430.
Casaregis, Discursus Legalis de Commer-
cio, 523.

Cass on abolition of commercial block-
ades, 671, 672 (n.).

Cassius, Le (previously Les Jumeaux),
history of the case of, 544 et seq. (n.).
Castlereagh, circular despatch, 95 (n.);
minutes on the Affairs of Spain, 93.
Ceremonial, Maritime, 237.

Cession, of Louisiana, 279; right to make,
712.

Chargé d'Affaires, Official relations of
to the government where accredited,
295.

Charles et George, Case of the, 154 (n.).
Charleston, Blockade of, 671 (n.); obstruc-
tion of the harbor of, 429 (n.); cor-
respondence concerning, between Mr.
Seward, Earl Russell, and Lord Lyons,
429 (n.).

Charlotte, Judgment in the case of the,
621 (n.).

Chesapeake, Sketch of the case of the, 521
et seq. (n.); questions and principles of,
523, 524 (n.).

China, Diplomatic relations with, 22; ju-
dicial powers of commissioners and
consuls of U. States in, 178.
Chitty, Law of Nations, 382, 502.
Cicero, De Republica, 18, 30; definition
of enemy, 58; offices, 452.
Citizens, Stockbridge Indians made, of the
U. States, 59; rights of, of one German
State in others, 69.

Civil war, conduct of outside nations in.
34, 40; recognition of belligerent rights
in, distinguished from acknowledgment
of independence, 34, 40; declaration of
independence in, 33, 39; belligerent
rights of parties in, 35, 40 (see Beili-
gerent rights in civil war); question
of actual existence of, 35 (n.); if it be
recognized, the ports of insurgents may
be blockaded, 36 (n.); acknowledgment
of independence, or appointment of con-
suls, in, not cause of war, 40; courts
follow the executive in, 41; conduct of
foreign nations with reference to the de
facto revenue laws and commercial reg-
ulations of the insurgents, 41 (n.); rules
and tests for such conduct, 41, 42 (n.)
(see Independence, recognition of); re-
cognition of the Netherlands, 42 (n.);
of the English Commonwealth, 42 (n.);
of the Orange dynasty, 42 (n.); of the
North American provinces, 42 (n.); of
Louis Philippe in 1830, the Republic in
1818, and the Empire in 1852, 43 (n.);
of the South American Republics, 43
(n.); of Texas, 44 (n.); conduct of the
U. States with reference to Hungary
in 1849, 45 et seq. (n.); of the dynasty
of Braganza, 42 (n.); intervention in
Greek treaty, 113; mediation of foreign
nations, 120; parliamentary debate, in
1835, on intervention in Spain, 124;
recognizing revolutionary government
in, 291; distinction between popular
commotion, sedition, insurrection, and,

374; both parties in, entitled to rights
of war, 374 (n.).
Civil war in the U. States, correspond-
ence between Mr. Adams and Earl Rus-
sell, in 1865, on the recognition by Great
Britain of belligerent rights in the rebel
States, 37, 38 (n.); theory of the seces-
sion party, 83 (n.); slavery formed in
the main the test of disloyalty in, 83
(n.); ground taken by the government
in, 83 (n.); organization of the Con-
federate States, 83 (n.); Constitution,
83, 84 (n.); course of the U. States
Government, 84 (n.), at the surrender
of the last armies of the rebels, 84 (n.),
towards individuals, 84 (n.); suspension
of habeas corpus, 84 (n.); status of the
rebellious portions of the country, after
the close of the rebellion, 85 (n.); re-
sult of the rebellion as affecting the
construction of the Constitution of the
U. States, and the supremacy of the gov-
ernment, 85, 86 (n.); Russian offer of
mediation in, 121 (n.); French ditto,
121 (n.); trial of the crew of the Sa-
vannah, 196 (n.); trial of Smith, 197
(n.) (see Rebels as Pirates, 196 et seq.);
(the proclamations of the Queens of
England and Spain and of the French
Emperor in 1861, 198, 199 (n.); the
case of the Golden Rocket, burned by
the rebel cruiser Florida, 199 (n.); de-
cisions of the U. States Courts, 199
(n.); belligerent powers exercised in,
374 et seq. (n.); what it in fact was,
374 (n.); initiatory acts of the rebels
in, 374 (n.); proclamations of foreign
powers recognizing the existence of
war, 375 (n.); blockade maintained by
the U. States, 375 (n.); action of the
prize courts, 375 (n.); in the case of
the Amy Warwick, 375, 376 (n.); case
of the Hiawatha, 376 (n.); decision of
the Supreme Court that no special Act
of Congress was necessary to enable the
President to declare the blockade, 376
(n.); exercise of belligerent rights by
U. States cruisers, 377 (n.); principles.
followed by the prize courts, 377 (n.);
a corresponding system adopted on land,
377 (n.); case of Walter W. Smith, 377
(n.); of the crew of the Savannah, 377
(n.); Earl Russell's letter on confisca-
tion in, 389 (n.); confiscation by the
rebels of all property of alien enemies,
393 (n.), by the U. States of rebel prop-
erty on the ground of domicil only,
417 (n.); orders concerning abuse of
flags of truce, 430 (n.); orders respect-
ing non-combatants, 431 (n.); emanci-
pation of slaves in, 440 (n.); nature of
this act, 441 (n.); slaves emancipated,
serving in the army and captured, re-
quired to be treated as prisoners of war,
442 (n.); privateers fitted out by the

rebels but not by the U. States, 456 (n.);
questions as to rights of rebel captors of
prizes, arising in, 487 (n.); case of the
Chesapeake, 521 et seq. (n.); discussed,
523, 524 (n.); British rules for belli-
gerent vessels in her waters during, 525
(n.); capture of the Florida in neutral
waters, 528 (n.); questions of neutrality
arising in, between England and the
U. States, 567 et seq. (n.); case of the
Alexandra, 567 et seq. (n.); criticisms
on this case, 569 (n.); opinions of the
judges therein, 569, 570 (n.); the fitting
out of rebel privateers in English ports,
571 (n.); the Oreto or Florida, 571 (n.);
the Georgia or Japan, the Rappahan-
nock, the Shenandoah or Sea King, the
Pampero or Canton, 572 (n.); the rams
of the Messrs. Laird, 573 (n.) (see also
mention of all these cases in the follow-
ing correspondences); correspondence
between Mr. Adams and Earl Russell
at the close of the war, 574 et seq. (n.),
between Mr. Adams and the Earl of
Clarendon, 577 et seq. (n.); summary of
these correspondences, 579, 580 (n.) ;
questions arising under the doctrine of
"free ships, free goods," and the Dec-
laration of Paris of 1856, 612, 613 (n.);
case of the Trent, 637 et seq. (n.) (see
the Trent); Mr. Seward's instructions
concerning mails, &c., 660, 661 (n.);
blockade of Charleston, 671 (n.); noti-
fication of blockade in, 681-83 (n.).
Clarendon, Earl of, correspondence with
Mr. Adams, at close of civil war in
U. States, 577 et seq. (n.); summary of
this, 579, 580 (n.).

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, Debates in U.
States on construction of, 104, 105 (n.).
Closter-Seven, Capitulation of, 500.
Coast, definition of, extent of the terms,
"coast" or "shore," 256; as construed
in the case of the Washington, 351 (n.);
extent of neutral jurisdiction along, 529.
Cocceius, De Jure Belli inter Amicos, 404;
what persons should be considered domi-
ciled in an enemy's country, 404.
Cochrane, Admiral, letter announcing re-
taliatory measures by wasting towns
and districts on coast of U. States, 441.
Collegium Fecialium among the Romans,

499.

Colonial trade, rule of 1756, 663; revived
in French Revolution, 666.
Colony, asserting its independence, how
considered by other States, 39; recog-
nition of its independence by foreign
States, 41.

Comity, principles of as to foreign laws,
134-36; as to remedies, 136 (n.) (see
Conflict of Laws).
Commercen, Case of the, 664 (n.).
Compositive States, what, 65.
Concepcion, La, Case of, 553 (n.).

Confederate States (see Civil war in the
U. States).

Confiscation, of enemy's property found
in country at the outbreak of war, 378,
387 (n.); Roman law, 378; Grotius
qualifies, 378; Bynkershoek, 378; an-
cient practice, 378; in case of Silesian
loan, 379; in war between England and
France, ending in the peace of Aix-la-
Chapelle, dividends of public debt paid to
enemy's subjects, 379; Vattel against,
of real property, 380, but holds rents
and profits may be sequestered, 380;
of public funds, 380; modern usage,
381; sometimes provided for by treaty,
381; Chief Justice Marshall on, 381;
may depend on conduct of enemy, 381;
on treatment of merchants in war ac-
cording to Magna Charta, 381; ancient
English usage more liberal than mod-
ern, 382; droits of admiralty, 382; in
U. States, according to Supreme Court,
enemy's property in the country cannot
be confiscated except by Act of Con-
gress, 382; debts not confiscated in war,
only right to sue is suspended, 389;
decision of Supreme Court of U. States,
387, 388 (n.); course of the parties in
the Crimean war, 388, 389 (n.); present
practice, 389 (n.); British debts under
treaty of 1783, 390; treaty of 1794 be-
tween England and U. States declares
debts should not be impaired by war,
349, 390; war of French Revolution,
390; England seizes Danish vessels,
391; Denmark confiscates British debts,
391; debts and other property stand on
same ground, 391; of private debts due
to enemies, 391 et seq. (n.); authorities
on this point, 392 (n.); distinction be-
tween private and public debts, 392, 393
(n.); action of the rebels in the U.
States civil war, 393 (n.); no right to
leave one's own country to bring prop-
erty from enemy's country, 397; of
rebel property by the U. States on the
ground of domicil only, 417 (n.); prop-
erty may acquire hostile character in-
dependent of domicil, 419; house of
trade in enemy's country, 419; resi-
dence in neutral country will not pro-
tect from capture at sea, if house of
trade in enemy country, 419; produce
of enemy territory hostile, if belonging
to owner of soil, wherever he resides,
420; case of Santa Cruz, 420; national
character of ships dependent on that
of owner, 425; sailing under enemy
license, 426; what property exempt
from warlike operations, 431; Norman
Conquest, 432; of private property after
conquest, 434 (n.); the restitution of the
collections at the Louvre, 447-449 (n.);
enemy property taken at sea, 450; efforts
of U. States to abolish privateering, 453.

Conflict of laws, general principles, 183;
comity, 134, 136; Huberus on, 135; con-
tracts according to law of place valid,
135; peculiar rule as to real property,
136; deeds and wills, 137, 137 (n.), 218;
English and American rules different
from Continental, 137; rights of aliens,
138; personal property regulated by
law of domicil, 140; interpretation of
instruments, 140; personal status, 141;
all persons in territory subject to police,
141, 149; extra-territorial effect of laws
regulating marriage, majority, legiti
macy, divorce, bankruptcy, &c., 142-48;
effect of marriage on real property, how
determined, 143; on personal property,
147; effect of bankruptcy on contracts,,
147; validity of contract generally de-
pends on law of place where made, 149;
contracts illegal by local laws, not usu-
ally enforced there, 149; doctrine, that
revenue laws of other States are not to
be enforced, condemned by modern
jurists, 150 (n.); origin of this doe
trine, 150 (n.); by what law contracts
of marriage are governed, 150; sta-
tute of 19, 20 Vict. ch. 96, 151;
French law, 151; marriage of Jerome
Bonaparte, 151 (n.); English Royal
Marriage Act, 152; English act as to
marriages abroad, 152 (n.); U. States
statute of 1860, allowing marriages
before consuls, 152 (n.); marriages in-
valid where celebrated, are invalid
everywhere, exceptions, 152; in pres-
ence of ambassador, 152; when con-
tract is to be executed in another coun-
try, 152; regulated as to forms of
proceedings by lex fori, 152; foreign
Sovereign exempt from local juris-
diction, 153, also ambassadors and
ministers, 153-56; public vessels not
subject to local law, 153; treaty be
tween France and the U. States, as to
private vessels, 154 (n.); case of the
Charles et George, 154 (n.); a vessel
in the public service of the U. States
cannot be proceeded against by a citi
zen to enforce a lien which attached be-
fore she became a public vessel, 162 (n.),
168 (n.); case of the Creole, 165 (n.);
public vessels of a foreign State, coming
within the jurisdiction of a friendly
State, are exempt from all forms of
process in private suits, 168 (n.); effect
of criminal sentence local, 191; power
to punish crimes committed abroad,
difference in English and American and
continental jurisprudence, 179; when
sentence bar to further prosecution,
191, 192; piracy a crime everywhere
punishable, 192; rules of procedure
and rules of decision as affecting cases
in rem, 216; personal property of intes-
tate, 218; wills, how executed, 218;

administration, 218; probate of foreign
wills, 218; foreign executor, 218; in
suits in rem, sentence conclusive, 218;
effect of transfers of property by pro-
ceedings under foreign bankruptcy, 219,
225 (n.); real, 219; power of chancery
to compel persons to convey real prop-
erty abroad, 219; proceedings against
absent foreigners, 222; rule in the U.
States governing such proceedings, 222
(n.); obligation of the contract depends
on the lex domicilii or contractûs, the
remedy on the lex fori, 223; capacity
of parties, form of contract on place of
contract, 225, 228; arrest for debt on
lex fori, 227; foreign judgments, 229;
foreign divorces, 230; rule in U. States,
231 (see Belligerent Occupation, see Su-
preme Court of U. States).
Congress, Power of U. States, 78; Con-
gress of Vienna, 276, 367; Congress of
Aix-la-Chapelle, 90; of Troppau and
Laybach, 91; of Verona, 91.
Congressional Documents and Congres-
sional Globe, passim.
Conquest, 432 (n.); effect of, 37, 432 (n.);
on property, 49, 432 (n.), 495; title by,
confirmed by time, 240; Spanish discov-
eries and conquests in America, 241;
mere posession does not make country
enemy country, 420; elaborately dis-
cussed by Pfeiffer, 432 (n.); what is war-
capture, 432 (n.); effect of belligerent
occupation of immovables, 433 (n.);
succession by virtue of, to the sovereign
or State conquered, 433 (n.); as to the
public securities, 433 (n.); completed,
434 (n.); after completion of, the prop-
erty of private citizens should not be
transferred, 434 (n.); a new political
system substituted for the old, 435 (n.);
citizens of the conquered State owe ab-
solute allegiance to the conqueror, 435
(n.); the municipal laws remain in
force after, 435 (n.); the conqueror
succeeds to the public property, 435
(n.); refusal of the Elector of Hesse-
Cassel to recognize the sale of crown-
lands made by the King of Westphalia,
435 (n.), or to respect payments to
him, 435 (n.); retro-active effect of,
436 (n.); title to real property acquired
by, liable to be divested by postliminy,
unless confirmed by treaty, 495; Hal-
leck on rights acquired by, 720 (n.)
(see Belligerent Occupation).
Consuls of U. States may celebrate mar-
riages in foreign countries, 152 (n.);
jurisdiction of, depends on treaty, 177
practice among Christian nations, 177;
exclusive jurisdiction in Turkey, Bar-
bary, and Mahommedan countries, 177;
in China, 178; treaties of U. States
concerning, 178 (n.); rules and regu-
lations of U. States concerning, 178

(n.); Abbott's U. States Consul's Man-
ual, 178 (n.); case of M. Dillon refus-
ing to appear as a witness, 325 (n.);
U. States treaty provisions respect-
ing, 325 (n.); consular courts in neu-
tral countries cannot condemn prize,
325.

Contraband of war, as regards questions
of neutrality, 563 (n.); the doctrines of
"Free ships, free goods," and "Hostile
ships, hostile goods," 581 (n.) (see Ves-
sels); what is, 608; Grotius on, 610;
Vattel on, 612; Bynkershoek opposes
admission into list of, of articles of
promiscuous use in peace and war, 613;
questions as to provisions, 613, 614;
naval stores, 615; treaties defining,
618; treaty between England and Rus-
sia, 1801, 618; discussion on England
making provisions contraband in 1793,
620, 621; article as to, in treaty of 1794
between England and U. States, 623;
British provision order of 1795, 623;
test of what is, 629, (n.) 632 (n.); arti-
cles ancipitis usûs, 630 et seq. (n.); Amer-
ican doctrines and treaties, 630 (n.);
views of divers authorities, 630-33 (n.);
English doctrine and action concerning,
631, 632 (n.); coals stopped in the Cri-
mean war, 632 (n.); how affected by
owner's intent, 633, 634 (n.); rights of
belligerents concerning, 634 (n.); lead-
ing English decisions, 635 (n.); convey-
ance of military persons or despatches,
630; rules and questions arising un-
der, as to carrying hostile persons or
papers, 637 et seq. (n.); despatches from
ambassadors in neutral States may be
carried, 636; case of the Trent, 644 et
seq. (n.) (see The Trent); vessel must
be taken in delicto, 645; American rule,
650; authorities on the right to take
military persons from neutral vessels,
652 (n.); the right of a belligerent to
take noxious persons from an innocent
neutral vessel, 656 (n.); treaties on this
point, 656, 657 (n.); case of military
persons in actual service found in neu-
tral vessels, 657 (n.); the French and
English treaty of 1786, 657 (n.); postal
vessels and mail-bags, 659 et seq. (n.),
their liability to search, 660 (n.); in-
structions of Mr. Seward concerning
mails in the civil war in the U. States,
660, 661 (n.); penalty for carrying,
663, 664 (n.); when this amounts to
hostile service, 664 (n.); taking contra-
band goods from neutral vessels, 665
(n.); the question of a continuous voy-
age, its bearing, &c., 667-69 (n.) (see
Blockade).

Contracts, Distinction between the rule of
decision and the rule of procedure in
case of, 222; with enemy, unlawful in
war, 403.

Conventions, Transitory, perpetual in their |
nature, 340; applied to treaty of 1783
with Great Britain, 341.
Convoy, Case of Swedish, 690; right
claimed by belligerents to visit a neu-
tral ship under, of a ship of war of its
own nation, 690; history of, 692 et seq.
(n.); right to search vessels under,
693, 694 (n.); treaty provisions, 695
(n.); neutral or resisting, 695 (n.) (see
Visitation and search); how regulated
by maritime convention between Rus-
sia and England, 695; neutral vessels
under enemy's, 699; discussion with
Denmark respecting, 699 et seq.; neu-
tral under enemy's, 708 et seq. (n.);
controversy between U. States and
Denmark involving this question, 709,
710 (n.).

Creole, The case of the, 165 (n.); Mr.
Webster to Lord Ashburton, 165 (n.);
Mr. Wheaton's article on, 166 (n.);
controversy between England and U.
States, 166 (n.); referred to Mr. Joshua
Bates, 166 (n.); his decision, 166, 167
(n.).

Crimean war, Ionian Islands not parties
in, 55 (n.); time given by Russia, Eng-
land, and France for vessels of the
enemy to depart, 388, 389 (n.); rule of
non-intercourse with the enemy greatly
relaxed in, 400 (n.); adjudication in
case of joint capture in, 478 (n.); neu-
tral commerce in, 608 (n.); stoppage in,
of coals, as contraband of war, 632
(n); notification of blockade in, 683 (n.).
Crimes (see Extradition) considered by
England and the U. States local, 180;
otherwise on the continent of Europe,
180; extra-territorial operation of a
criminal sentence, 191 (n.); territorial-
ity of criminal law, 189 (n.); rules of
divers nations in this matter, 190 (n.);
when a bar to further prosecution, 192
(n.).

Cuba, deputation and proposals to the U.
States in 1822, 106 (n.); attitude of the
U. States towards, 106 et seq. (n.); Jef-
ferson concerning, 111 (n.).
Cumberland, De Legibus Naturæ, 7.

D.

Dallas, Mr., Minister to Russia, instruc-
tions to for a renewal of convention,
249, 250.

Danube, treaty of March 30, 1856, 118

(n.); opened to the trade of all nations,
277 (n.).

Dardanelles, Treaty excluding vessels of
war from, 118 (n.); navigation of, 263,
264 (n.), 272 (n.).

Debtor, liability of the body of to arrest,
226, 227 (n.).

Debts, Public, how affected by change of
government, 48; of foreign sovereigns,
161; provisions in treaties relating to,
in case of war, 352; treaty between
England and U. States, 1794, as to, 352;
whether property in the territory at the
commencement of the war is subject to
confiscation, 378; case of the Silesian
Loan, 379; course of England and
France as to dividends on public, to
enemy's subjects in war ending in peace
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 379; due to an en-
emy not confiscated by war, but right
to sue for, suspended, 390; compensa-
tion exacted by England for, confiscated
by France, 390; ambassadors not liable
to be proceeded against for, 304.
Declaration of Paris, of 1856, on the ques-
tion of "Free ships, free goods, 608 et
seq.; relations of the U. States to, 608
(n.), 612 (n.) (see Vessels).
Denmark, claim over the Sound, 264;
Sound dues capitalized and abolished,
266 (n.); treaty of with U. States open-
ing the Sound to American vessels, 26
(n.); law of on recaptures, 471 (see
Schleswig-Holstein).

Deserters, power of consuls over, from mer-
chant-ships, 178 (n.); U. States laws and
treaties, 178 (n.); penalty of, 428 (n.).
Despatches, transportation of, in enemy's
service, of the nature of contraband,
630; subjects the vessel to confiscation,
636; penalty not applicable to neutral
vessels carrying, from a minister in a
neutral country to his government, 636.
Detraction, Droit de, effect on emigration,
subjects of German Confederation ex-
empt from, in removing from one State
to another, 69, 138.

Diana, Case of the, 206 (n); nature of the
proceedings in, 210 (n.).

Dillon, Case of M., the French Consul,
refusing to appear as a witness, 325
(n.).

Diet, Federative, of Germany, 66; its
powers, 68.

Diplomacy, Language of, 235.
Discovery, right by, 240; in case of Guano
Islands, 255 (n.).

Divorces, Foreign, 230; in the several
States of the U. States, 232 (n.).
Dodson's Admiralty Reports (see Table of
Cases).

Domain, Public, effect of change of gov
ernment on, 49; power of sovereign to
alienate, 50; conquest, 482.
Domicil, what constitutes, 405; governs
personal property, 140; case of French
at Greytown, 145 (n.); protection of
Christians in Mohammedan States, 177;
jurisdiction over resident foreigners,
220; proceedings against absent foreign-
ers, viis et modis, how far reconcilable
with international justice, 222; foreign-