ers domiciled in enemy's country liable | to reprisals, 403, 405; when native character reverts, 407; American de- cisions, 411; merchants in the East, 418; house of trade in enemy's coun- try, 419; hostile character of produce of enemy's country, while belonging to the owner of the soil, 420. Dresden Project, 78 (n.).
Droit des Gens, use of the term, 21 (n.). Du Cange, Glossarium Medii Ævi, 138. Dupin, ainé, Collection des Réquisitoires, 168.
Egypt, relations with the Porte, 56; inter- vention of great powers with regard to, 116.
El Arish, Capitulation of, 501. Elbe, Navigation of the, 276; tolls on, capi- talized and abolished, 266 (n.). Eliza, Case of the, 711 (n.). Embargo, previous to declaration of hostili- ties, 371; British, on Dutch vessels, 371; retro-active effect of peaceable termina- tion, 371; as a civil act of government, detaining ships of its own people in port, 372 (n.); of the U. States in 1807, 372 (n.); hostile, as distinguished from re- prisals, 372 (n.); motive of, 372 (n.); to gain possession of neutral vessels in port, at the outbreak of war, 373 (n.) (see Angaria).
Emily St. Pierre, Case of the, 475 (n.); the law of rescue by neutrals fully con- sidered in, 475 et seq. (n.). Emperor, title of, does not confer pre-emi- nence over other sovereigns, 236. Enemy, what is enemy property
"enemy territory," 375 (n.), 417 (n.); decision of the Supreme Court of the U. States, 377 (n.); enemy's property found in the country on the breaking-out of war, 387 (n.); decision of the Supreme Court of the U. States, 387, 388 (n.); Hautefeuille on this point, 388 (n.); other text-writers, 388 (n.): action of Russia in the Crimean war, 388, 389 (n.); of France and England, 389 (n.); effect of this, 389 (n.); Earl Russell's letter on the civil war in the U. States, 389 (n.); confiscation of private debts due to enemies, 391 et seq. (n.) (see Confiscation); non-intercourse with an enemy, 400 et seq. (n.); in the Crimean war, 400 (n.); expression of public opinion on the question afterward, 401 (n.); distinction between property of, on sea and land, 451 (n.); licenses to trade with, 504 (n.).
Enlistment, American Foreign, Act, 533,
584; British, 534, 564 (n.); of soldiers in neutral State, violation of neutrality, 727.
Equality, rights of, 232; natural, of States modified by compact and usage, 232; royal honors, 232; precedence among princes and States enjoying royal hon- ors, 233; the great republics, 233; usage of the alternat, 234; language used in diplomatic intercourse, 235; titles of sovereign princes and States, 236; maritime ceremonial, 237. Estrella, Case of the, 552 (n.). Essex, Case of the, 526 (n.). Exchange, Case of the, 550 (n.). Experience, Case of the, 475, 476 (n.). Extradition, opinions of publicists, 181;
how far it can be enforced if not stipu- lated for in treaty, 182, 183 (n.); pre- ponderance of American authorities is against such enforcement, 182 (n.); be- twixt the different States of the U. States, 181 (n.); constitutional obliga- tion on the States to make arrests, 181, 183 (n.); in the U. States, a tri- bunal has no authority, unless con- ferred by positive law, to make extra- dition of criminals, 182 (n.); can only be claimed by virtue of a treaty stipula- tion, 182 (n.); whether fugitive crimi- nals shall be surrendered, in the absence of a treaty, is to be decided by the political department of the government, 182 (n.); constitutional power of the President of the U. States to make, 182 (n.); case of Arguelles, 183 (n.); nations bound by treaties of, must protect their right to give asylum, 184 (n.); of slaves in the U. States, 184 (n.); extradition under the Ash- burton Treaty, between U. States and England, 184 (n.); extradition under the convention between U. States and France, 1843, 187; of 1858, 189 (n.); the construction put upon the term "piracy " in the Ashburton Treaty, in the case of the Gerity, 184 (n.), 186 (n.); judicial construction of extradi- tion treaties, 186 (n.); Windsor's and Anderson's cases, 186 (n.); extradition by Canada of a slave charged with mur- der of his master in Missouri, 187 (n.); by a State of its own subjects, 189 (n.); rules of divers nations on this subject, 190 (n.); treaties of the U. States with Prussia, and with other nations, con- cerning, 190, 191 (n.); of political of fenders, refused by England, 191 (n.); obtains between the States of the Ger- man Confederation, 191 (n.); Lord Palmerston's bill to punish conspiracies formed in England to commit murder elsewhere, 191 (n.); of deserters and fugitive slaves, U. States treaties con- cerning, 191 (n.). Extra-territoriality, of foreign ministers, 153, 156, 179, 300; of bankrupt laws, 225 (n.).
Fanny, Case of the, 555 (n.).
Fecial College, 687 (see Collegium Feciali- um).
Federal Union, distinction between system
of confederate states and compositive state, 65.
Fishermen, often exempted by treaty from disturbance in war, 431 (n). Fisheries, convention between Great Brit- ain and Spain concerning, on South American coast, 243 (n.); on northwest coast of America, convention of 1824 between U. States and Russia, 245; expired without renewal, 248; between Great Britain and Russia of 1825, 246; on coasts of Great Britain and France, 259; the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 262 (n.); on British possessions in America, 261, 262, 342; construction of treaty of 1783, 285, 343; convention of 1818, 258, 350; treaty of Ghent contained no pro- vision respecting, 343; Great Britain claimed all treaties to be abrogated by war, 343-45; argument of J. Q. Adams on American claim to the, 343; the Re- ciprocity Treaty of 1854 concerning the North-eastern, 350 (n.); terminated, 350 (n.); questions arising upon this termi- nation, 350 (n.); meaning of the terms, "coasts, bays, harbors, and creeks," as used in the convention of 1818 in the case of the Washington, 351 (n.) (see Bay of Fundy).
Flags of truce (see Truces).
Florida (or Oreto), Case of the, 571 (n.); capture of in neutral waters, 528 (n.) (see The Golden Rocket).
Foreign Enlistment Acts (see Neutrality). Forsyth, Mr., on Russian claims to North- west coast, 248.
Fortifications, regulated by treaty, 90. Fortuna, Case of the, 205 (n.); exclusively a prize cause, 209 (n.).
France, acknowledgment of independence of U. States by, 40; non-recognition of the republic of 1792, 43 (n.); recogni- tion of Louis Philippe in 1830, of the Republic in 1848, and of the Empire in 1852, 43 (n.); revolution in, 93; in 1815, restores works of art, 447; intervenes in Spanish affairs, 95; as to Greece, 113; treaty of with U. States, of Feb. 23, 1853, concerning droit d'aubaine, 139 (n.); does not ratify Quintuple Treaty of 1841 as to right of search, 201; cession of Louisiana, 279; com- pensation for confiscated debts exacted by Great Britain from, 390; admission of privateers of, with their prizes, into ports of U. States, to the exclusion of their enemies, 518; treaty-making power in, since 1852, 712 (n.); ordinance of
Louis XIV. of 1681, 25; Valin's Com- mentary on, 25; as to the extent of the exemption of private foreign vessels from local jurisdiction by law of, 163; marriages contracted abroad, 151; con- spiracy against Emperor of, formed in England, 191 (n.); as to the judicial power exercised respecting foreigners in, 221; as to the effect of foreign judg ments in personal actions, 230; French rights of fishery on coasts of, 259. Franciska, Case of the, 675, 676 (n.), 681 (n.).
Free ships, free goods (see Contraband of War, Neutrality, Visitation and Search, Neutral Rights). Friendship, Case of the, 640 (n.). Fundy, Bay of, its limits, 351 (n.); an open and common sea, 261 (n.).
Gallatin, Mr., Minister to England, on British claims to Oregon, 251. Genet, Case of, 295 (n.). General Armstrong, Case of the, 526 (n.). Georgia (or Japan), Case of the, 572 (n.). Gerity, Case of the, 184 (n.). Germanic Confederation, 65, 77; internal sovereignty of the States of, 70; ex- ternal sovereignty, 71; distinction be tween the States that have possessions without the limits of the, and those which have not, 71; nature of the act of the Diet of 1832 as to the relations between princes and local legislatures, 73; of the Diet of 1834, concerning federal tribunal for references between States and sovereigns, 75; Parliament of Frankfort, 1848, 77 (n.); efforts to create a German empire, or united government, 77 (n.); negotiation for peace between Denmark and Austria and Prussia, 77 (n.); attempts to re- construct the German Confederacy and the Zollverein, 78 (n.); war with Den- mark concerning Schleswig-Holstein, 77 (n.); controversy between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, in the Italian war of 1859, 72 (n.).
Gesammtstaat, Community of States, the political unity of the Austrian Empire, 61.
Ghent, Treaty of, 342, 445. Golden Rocket, Case of the, 199 (n.). Good offices distinguished from media- tion, 366.
Gran Para, Case of the, 554 (n.). Great Britain, recognition of the Com monwealth, 42 (n.); of the Orange dynasty, 42 (n.); renounces protecto rate of the Ionian Islands, 55 (n.); incorporate union with Ireland, 62; union with Hanover persons 61; ob
ject of, and of other European powers, in wars of French Revolution, 94; com- pensation for confiscated debts exacted by, from France, in 1814, 390; em- ployed Indians as allies against the U. States, 442; British ravages and the burning of Washington condemned in Parliament, 445; alliance of, with Rus- sia, Austria, Prussia, and subsequently France, for the superintendence of the affairs of Europe, 94; not a party to the Holy Alliance,. strictly so called, 94; Castlereagh's circular despatch on prin- ciples of intervention, 95; protested against foreign interference for the over- throw of the Spanish constitution of the Cortes, 96; protested against right of the allied powers to interfere between Spain and her colonies, 96; protests against incorporation of Poland, 64; against annexation of Cracow, 53; inter- vention in the affairs of Portugal in 1826, 98; intervention with the other four great powers in the Belgian Revo- lution of 1830, 119; and in the quadru- ple alliance of 1834 with France, Portu- gal, and Spain, 123; interference with France and Russia in the Greek Revo- lution, 113; interference in 1840 with Russia, Austria, and Prussia in the in- ternal affairs of the Ottoman Empire respecting Egypt, 116, 118; interfer- ence between Turkey and Russia, re- sulting in the Crimean war, 118 (n.); treaty of Paris of March 30, 1856, 118 (n.); treaty guaranteeing the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, April 15, 1856, 118 (n.); treaty, by which the Sultan agrees to exclude vessels of war from the Dardanelles, 118 (n.); war of 1812 with the U. States, 716 (n.); negotia- tions about the right of search connected with the slave trade, 197 et seq.; treaty of April 7, 1862, with the U. States (see Slave Trade, Visitation and Search, in time of peace); claim to narrow seas, 172, 262; dispute with Spain as to Nootka Sound, 242; Russian claims on the northwest coast, treaty of 1825, 246; claims of, to Oregon, settled by treaty of 1846, 251, 252; claim to navigation of the Mississippi, 279; convention of 1854 as to the St. Lawrence, 283; extradi- tion treaty with the U. States, 184; with France, 187-89; foreign enlistment acts of, 564 et seq. (n.) (see Neutrality). Greece, intervention of European powers in treaty, 113-116; treaty of London of Nov. 20, 1852, 116 (n.); abdication of King Otho in 1862, and election of Prince George of Denmark, 116 (n.). Greytown, questions arising out of the bombardment of, 145 (n.).
Grotius, his system, 5; distinction be- tween, and Wolff, on the origin of the
voluntary law of nations, 12; extent of territorial rights over the sea, 255 (n.); on confiscation, 378; on contra- band of war, 626; on blockade, 668. Guano Islands, Act of U. States Congress as to discovery and use, 255 (n.). Guaranty, treaties of, 354 et seq.; in case of Germanic confederation, 68; Great Britain and Portugal, 98, 361; different from surety, 355; treaties between Eng- land and Holland, and questions grow- ing out of them, 357; meaning of just war, 374.
Habeas Corpus (see Martial Law.) Halleck, definition of international law, 23 (n.); on the effect of war on treaties, 352 (n.); on contraband of war, 630 (n.); on rights acquired by conquest, 720 (n.).
Hamilton, Alexander, Letters of Camillus, 379.
Hanover, character of its former connec- tion with Great Britain, 60; abolishes Elbe or Stade dues, 266. Harbors, obstruction of in war, 429 (n.); of Savannah by the British, and of Charleston by the U States forces, 429 (n.); Earl Russell, Lord Lyons, and Mr. Seward concerning the latter, 429 (n.).
Hautefeuille, definition of international law, 23 (n.); on piracy, 193 (n.); as to extent of territorial rights over the sea, 255 (n.); on confiscation of enemy's property found in the country on the outbreak of war, 388 (n.); on contra- band of war, 631 (n.); on the right to take military persons from neutral ves- sels, 652 (n.); on the Trent case, 657 (n.); on right of capture in blockade, 686 (n.); on distinction between visit and search, 690 (n.).
Hayti, claim to Navaza Islands, 255. Hefter, system of, 16; translated into French by Bergson, 16.
Henfield, Case of, shipping in a French privateer, 543 (n.). Hiawatha, Case of the, 376 (n.) Hobbes, his system as laid down in his work, "De Cive,” 7 (n.). Holstein (see Schleswig Holstein). Holy Alliance, 94, 105, 106 (n.). Hovering Act, The, 258 (n.); Sir W. Scott on, 259 (n.).
Hülsemann, Case of M., 295 (n.). Hungary (see Austria), course of the U.
States toward in 1849, 45 et seq. (n.); Mr. Mann's mission to, 46 (n.); corre- spondence between Hülsemann and Webster concerning, 46, 47 (n.); rela- tions with Austria since the Revolution of 1848, 61, 62 (n.).
Immunity of neutral territory, 520, 537; how far it extends to neutral vessels at sea, 530 (see Privateers); distinction between public and private vessels at sea, as to, 544.
Impressment of sailors, 171 et seq.; 175 (n.); by Great Britain, 170; not founded on law of nations, 173; negotiations with Great Britain concerning, 171, et seq.; England claimed right to impress Brit- ish sailors, 172; right of England to im- press British sailors from American ves- sels denied by the U. States, 174 (n.); ground of the claim, 175 (n.); how af- fected by naturalization, 175 (n.); royal declaration of 1812 concerning, 176 (n.); case of the Trent, 176 (n.); Eng- lish writers on, 176 (n.); Mr. Webster on, 177 (n.); diplomatic history of the subject, 177 (n.); Mr. Madison on, 658 (n.); war of 1812 concerning, 716 (n.). Indemnity claims of England and France on Mexico, 52 (n.).
Independence of States, 32; recognition of, 41; effect of declaration of, 39; of Belgium, Switzerland, and Holland, 39; of the Netherlands, recognition of, 42 (n.); of the North American provinces, 42 (n.); of the South American re- publics, 43 (n.); of Texas, 44 (n.); course of U. States toward Hungary in 1849, 45 (n.); of Greece, 113; as to choice of rulers, 122; right of, as to internal government, 119; exceptions growing out of contract, 122; acknowl- edgment of, irrevocable, 346; declaring war against a State acknowledges its, 346.
Indian Tribes, nature of sovereignty of, 58, 242 (n.); have only a right of oc- cupancy in their lands, the title being in the U. States, 60 (n.); not a "foreign State" within the meaning of the Con- stitution, 60 (n.); holding lands within a State, are not subject to the State jurisdiction, 60 (n.); employed by Brit- ish in wars against U. States, 442. Intervention, right of, 91; to preserve the balance of power, 92; the right of, in the war of the Reformation, 92; in French Revolution, 93; in 1818, of the five great powers in the affairs of Europe, 94; congresses respecting, at Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, and Laybach, 94; principles adopted by allied powers, and protest of England, 95; protest of England against interfering between Spain and her colonies, 96; right of German Diet to intervene in individual States, 69; of England to defend Por- tugal against Dom Miguel, 98; may arise from treaties of guaranty, 105, 120; in Greece, 113; of France, Spain,
and Great Britain in the affairs of Mex- ico, 126 (n.) (see Mexico); of Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia, in, the Ottoman Empire in 1840, 116; in Spain in 1834, by quadruple alliance, 123 (see Mediation).
Invincible, Case of the, 551 (n.). Ionian Islands, not parties in Crimean war, 55 (n.); England's protectorate over, withdrawn in 1860, 55 (n.).
Islands, Right to, 256; formed by alluvi- um, considered appurtenant, 257 (see Guano Islands).
Jackson, President, message concerning the recognition of Texas, 44 (n.). Japan (or Georgia), Case of the, 572 (n.).
Jenkins, Sir Leoline, his written opinions,
Judgments, Foreign, conclusiveness of, in rem, in personal actions, 216; laws of the U. States concerning judgments against non-residents, 222 (n.); against absent foreigners condemned, 222; laws of England, 229; of America, 230; of France, 230; of prize and admiralty courts, 26, 218, 479; unjust prize-judg ment ground for reprisals, 485, 494; British prize cases reviewed under treaty of 1794, 493 et seq.
Judicial power in United States, 79; its peculiar prerogative to decide on the constitutionality of the acts of Congress and of the State legislatures, 79. Jumeaux, Les, Case of, 544 et seq. (n.) (see Le Cassius).
Jurisdiction, Exemption of foreign sover- eigns from, 153, 155, 161; ambassadors, 153, 155; armies in transit, 153, 157; ships of war, 153; extent of, over pri- vate vessels, 154, 160, 166; French law as to private vessels, 163; Massachu- setts decision as to a citizen's len against a national vessel, 162 (n.); case of the Creole, 165 et seq. (n); public vessels of a foreign State are exempt from process in private suits in a friend- ly State, 168 (n.); over public and pri- vate vessels on the high seas, 169; co- extensive with legislative power, 179; right to enforce a municipal demand on a foreign vessel, 173 (n.); rules of pro- cedure and decision in cases in rem, 216; over resident foreigners, 220; in cases between foreigners, 220; French law, 221; proceedings against absent parties, 222, 222 (n.); foreign judgments, divorces, 230; limitation and prescrip tion, 223 (n.); over Indian tribes, 58, 60, 242, 255; of sea along the coast, 255; Grotius, Hautefeuille, and others
on, over the sea, 255, 256 (n.); munici- pal seizures beyond the marine league or cannon-shot, 258 et seq. (n.) (see Mar- ine league); no exclusive appropria- tion of an open sea by the bordering nations, 269, 270 (n.); over rivers, 270; over ambassadors, 299; of a foreign minister in cases of crimes committed by members of his own suite, 302, 303 (n.); authorities on this point, 303 (n.); over a foreign minister's residence or "hotel," 304 (n.); diplomatic immu- nity from constraint, 305 (n.); extent of personal immunity of minister's suite, 306 (n.); what property is exempt from arrest, 307 (n.) (see Ambassador); power of summoning consuls as witnesses, 325 (n.); none over the commander of a belligerent cruiser in a neutral port, with a prize, summoned by a writ of habeas corpus from a local tribunal, 532 (n.).
Jus albinagii, or droit d'aubaine, 138. Jus postliminii, 461 (see Postliminy). Jus et lex, 18, 21 (n.).
Kent, Chancellor, definition of interna- tional law, 23 (n.); on treaty obliga- tions to aid in defensive war, 364 (n.). King's chambers, what are the, 257. Klüber, Droit des Gens Modernes de l'Eu-
rope on ratification of treaties, 334. Koch, Histoire abregée des Traités, 367. Koszta, Martin, Case of, 146 (n.).
Lakes, the great, Navigation of, 287 (n.). La Plata, Navigation of, 288 (n.) (see South American Republics).
Law, of foreign countries, how proved, 152.
Law, Rayneval and Bentham on the pro- priety of the term, applied to nations, 19.
Law, natural, defined, 4; identical with law of God, 4; applied to intercourse of States, 5; whether to be distin- guished from law of nations, 5. Law of nations, or international law, origin of, 1; a branch of law of nature, 6; Grotius's definition of, 5; Leibnitz and Cumberland's ideas of, 7; Hobbes and Puffendrof, 7; Lord Stowell, 8; Bynkershoek, 10; Wolff first to sepa- rate law of nations from other branches of natural jurisprudence, 11; differs from Grotius, 12; his system, 13; system of Vattel, 13; definition of Heffter, 16; pub- lic and private, 16; Leibnitz's plan, 18; limited to civilized nations, 18; Cicero,
De Republica, 18; criticism of Rayne- val and Bentham on term, "law of nations," 19; phrases used in other lan- guages, 20, 21 (n.); Bentham proposes the term, "international law," generally adopted, 20; Savigny's opinion of, 21; views of Halleck, Woolsey, Cairns, Kent, Austin, and Hautefeuille, 23 (n.); use of the term, 21 (n.); sources of, 23, 27 (n.); sources of, as regarded by Haute- feuille and other continental writers, 27 (n.); by American writers, 27 (n.); judicial decisions and legislative de- crees as sources of, 27 (n.); nature of judicial decisions, 28 (n.); text-writers as authorities on, 27, 28 (n.); theo- ries as foundations of, 29 (n.); test of the fitness of rules of, 29 (n.); gradu- ally extending to Mohammedan and pagan nations, 22; subjects of, 29; piracy and offences against the laws of nations punishable everywhere, 170. League, The marine, 258 et seq. (n.) 271, 529 (see Marine league).
Laybach, Result of Congress of, 105 (n.).
Legation, Rights of, recognized by Turkey, Persia, and the States of Barbary, 22; retained by States of German Con- federation, 70; otherwise as to U. States, 81, 290; right to send and re- ceive ministers, 289; of dependent States, 290; of confederated States, 290; in case of civil war, 291; where a minister, accredited before a revolution, stays over afterward, 291 (n.); Mr. Seward on holding official intercourse with agents of a party engaged in a revolution against a State with which the U. States holds free and friendly dip- lomatic intercourse, 126 et seq. (n.), 292 (n.); in the U. States under the Articles of Confederation, 290 (n.); informal diplomatic agents, 291; classification of ministers, 292; relative rank, 294; dip- lomatic etiquette, 299.
Legislation, civil and criminal, exclusive power of, in every independent State, 132; operation of extra-territoriality, 142; extent of judicial power over resi- dent foreigners is dependent on muni- cipal, 220.
Leibnitz, foundation of the law of nations, 17; Codex Juris Gentium Diplomati- cus, 18; de Usu Actorum Publicorum,
Letters of marque (see Marque). Lex, 18, 21 (n.) (see Jus). Lex domicilii, 140; how far applicable to successions ab intestato of personal prop- erty, 217.
Lex fori, statutes of limitations of, to gov- ern, 152, 217, 223 (n.).
Lex loci contractûs, how far operative, 149.
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