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ers domiciled in enemy's country liable |
to reprisals, 403, 405; when native
character reverts, 407; American de-
cisions, 411; merchants in the East,
418; house of trade in enemy's coun-
try, 419; hostile character of produce
of enemy's country, while belonging to
the owner of the soil, 420.
Dresden Project, 78 (n.).

Droit des Gens, use of the term, 21 (n.).
Du Cange, Glossarium Medii Ævi, 138.
Dupin, ainé, Collection des Réquisitoires,
168.

E.

Egypt, relations with the Porte, 56; inter-
vention of great powers with regard to,
116.

El Arish, Capitulation of, 501.
Elbe, Navigation of the, 276; tolls on, capi-
talized and abolished, 266 (n.).
Eliza, Case of the, 711 (n.).
Embargo, previous to declaration of hostili-
ties, 371; British, on Dutch vessels, 371;
retro-active effect of peaceable termina-
tion, 371; as a civil act of government,
detaining ships of its own people in port,
372 (n.); of the U. States in 1807, 372
(n.); hostile, as distinguished from re-
prisals, 372 (n.); motive of, 372 (n.);
to gain possession of neutral vessels in
port, at the outbreak of war, 373 (n.)
(see Angaria).

Emily St. Pierre, Case of the, 475 (n.);
the law of rescue by neutrals fully con-
sidered in, 475 et seq. (n.).
Emperor, title of, does not confer pre-emi-
nence over other sovereigns, 236.
Enemy, what is enemy property

and

"enemy territory," 375 (n.), 417 (n.);
decision of the Supreme Court of the U.
States, 377 (n.); enemy's property found
in the country on the breaking-out of
war, 387 (n.); decision of the Supreme
Court of the U. States, 387, 388 (n.);
Hautefeuille on this point, 388 (n.);
other text-writers, 388 (n.): action of
Russia in the Crimean war, 388, 389
(n.); of France and England, 389 (n.);
effect of this, 389 (n.); Earl Russell's
letter on the civil war in the U. States,
389 (n.); confiscation of private debts
due to enemies, 391 et seq. (n.) (see
Confiscation); non-intercourse with an
enemy, 400 et seq. (n.); in the Crimean
war, 400 (n.); expression of public
opinion on the question afterward, 401
(n.); distinction between property of,
on sea and land, 451 (n.); licenses to
trade with, 504 (n.).

Enlistment, American Foreign, Act, 533,

584; British, 534, 564 (n.); of soldiers
in neutral State, violation of neutrality,
727.

Equality, rights of, 232; natural, of States
modified by compact and usage, 232;
royal honors, 232; precedence among
princes and States enjoying royal hon-
ors, 233; the great republics, 233; usage
of the alternat, 234; language used in
diplomatic intercourse, 235; titles of
sovereign princes and States, 236;
maritime ceremonial, 237.
Estrella, Case of the, 552 (n.).
Essex, Case of the, 526 (n.).
Exchange, Case of the, 550 (n.).
Experience, Case of the, 475, 476 (n.).
Extradition, opinions of publicists, 181;

how far it can be enforced if not stipu-
lated for in treaty, 182, 183 (n.); pre-
ponderance of American authorities is
against such enforcement, 182 (n.); be-
twixt the different States of the U.
States, 181 (n.); constitutional obliga-
tion on the States to make arrests,
181, 183 (n.); in the U. States, a tri-
bunal has no authority, unless con-
ferred by positive law, to make extra-
dition of criminals, 182 (n.); can only
be claimed by virtue of a treaty stipula-
tion, 182 (n.); whether fugitive crimi-
nals shall be surrendered, in the absence
of a treaty, is to be decided by the
political department of the government,
182 (n.); constitutional power of the
President of the U. States to make,
182 (n.); case of Arguelles, 183 (n.);
nations bound by treaties of, must
protect their right to give asylum,
184 (n.); of slaves in the U. States,
184 (n.); extradition under the Ash-
burton Treaty, between U. States and
England, 184 (n.); extradition under
the convention between U. States and
France, 1843, 187; of 1858, 189 (n.);
the construction put upon the term
"piracy " in the Ashburton Treaty,
in the case of the Gerity, 184 (n.), 186
(n.); judicial construction of extradi-
tion treaties, 186 (n.); Windsor's and
Anderson's cases, 186 (n.); extradition
by Canada of a slave charged with mur-
der of his master in Missouri, 187 (n.);
by a State of its own subjects, 189 (n.);
rules of divers nations on this subject,
190 (n.); treaties of the U. States with
Prussia, and with other nations, con-
cerning, 190, 191 (n.); of political of
fenders, refused by England, 191 (n.);
obtains between the States of the Ger-
man Confederation, 191 (n.); Lord
Palmerston's bill to punish conspiracies
formed in England to commit murder
elsewhere, 191 (n.); of deserters and
fugitive slaves, U. States treaties con-
cerning, 191 (n.).
Extra-territoriality, of foreign ministers,
153, 156, 179, 300; of bankrupt laws,
225 (n.).

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F.

Fanny, Case of the, 555 (n.).

Fecial College, 687 (see Collegium Feciali-
um).

Federal Union, distinction between system

of confederate states and compositive
state, 65.

Fishermen, often exempted by treaty from
disturbance in war, 431 (n).
Fisheries, convention between Great Brit-
ain and Spain concerning, on South
American coast, 243 (n.); on northwest
coast of America, convention of 1824
between U. States and Russia, 245;
expired without renewal, 248; between
Great Britain and Russia of 1825, 246;
on coasts of Great Britain and France,
259; the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 262
(n.); on British possessions in America,
261, 262, 342; construction of treaty of
1783, 285, 343; convention of 1818, 258,
350; treaty of Ghent contained no pro-
vision respecting, 343; Great Britain
claimed all treaties to be abrogated by
war, 343-45; argument of J. Q. Adams
on American claim to the, 343; the Re-
ciprocity Treaty of 1854 concerning the
North-eastern, 350 (n.); terminated, 350
(n.); questions arising upon this termi-
nation, 350 (n.); meaning of the terms,
"coasts, bays, harbors, and creeks," as
used in the convention of 1818 in the
case of the Washington, 351 (n.) (see
Bay of Fundy).

Flags of truce (see Truces).

Florida (or Oreto), Case of the, 571 (n.);
capture of in neutral waters, 528 (n.)
(see The Golden Rocket).

Federa, 329 (n.).

Foreign Enlistment Acts (see Neutrality).
Forsyth, Mr., on Russian claims to North-
west coast, 248.

Fortifications, regulated by treaty, 90.
Fortuna, Case of the, 205 (n.); exclusively
a prize cause, 209 (n.).

France, acknowledgment of independence
of U. States by, 40; non-recognition of
the republic of 1792, 43 (n.); recogni-
tion of Louis Philippe in 1830, of the
Republic in 1848, and of the Empire in
1852, 43 (n.); revolution in, 93; in 1815,
restores works of art, 447; intervenes
in Spanish affairs, 95; as to Greece,
113; treaty of with U. States, of Feb.
23, 1853, concerning droit d'aubaine,
139 (n.); does not ratify Quintuple
Treaty of 1841 as to right of search,
201; cession of Louisiana, 279; com-
pensation for confiscated debts exacted
by Great Britain from, 390; admission
of privateers of, with their prizes, into
ports of U. States, to the exclusion of
their enemies, 518; treaty-making power
in, since 1852, 712 (n.); ordinance of

Louis XIV. of 1681, 25; Valin's Com-
mentary on, 25; as to the extent of the
exemption of private foreign vessels
from local jurisdiction by law of, 163;
marriages contracted abroad, 151; con-
spiracy against Emperor of, formed in
England, 191 (n.); as to the judicial
power exercised respecting foreigners
in, 221; as to the effect of foreign judg
ments in personal actions, 230; French
rights of fishery on coasts of, 259.
Franciska, Case of the, 675, 676 (n.), 681
(n.).

Free ships, free goods (see Contraband
of War, Neutrality, Visitation and
Search, Neutral Rights).
Friendship, Case of the, 640 (n.).
Fundy, Bay of, its limits, 351 (n.); an
open and common sea, 261 (n.).

G.

Gallatin, Mr., Minister to England, on
British claims to Oregon, 251.
Genet, Case of, 295 (n.).
General Armstrong, Case of the, 526 (n.).
Georgia (or Japan), Case of the, 572 (n.).
Gerity, Case of the, 184 (n.).
Germanic Confederation, 65, 77; internal
sovereignty of the States of, 70; ex-
ternal sovereignty, 71; distinction be
tween the States that have possessions
without the limits of the, and those
which have not, 71; nature of the act
of the Diet of 1832 as to the relations
between princes and local legislatures,
73; of the Diet of 1834, concerning
federal tribunal for references between
States and sovereigns, 75; Parliament
of Frankfort, 1848, 77 (n.); efforts to
create a German empire, or united
government, 77 (n.); negotiation for
peace between Denmark and Austria
and Prussia, 77 (n.); attempts to re-
construct the German Confederacy and
the Zollverein, 78 (n.); war with Den-
mark concerning Schleswig-Holstein,
77 (n.); controversy between Austria,
Prussia, and Russia, in the Italian war
of 1859, 72 (n.).

Gesammtstaat, Community of States, the
political unity of the Austrian Empire,
61.

Ghent, Treaty of, 342, 445.
Golden Rocket, Case of the, 199 (n.).
Good offices distinguished from media-
tion, 366.

Gran Para, Case of the, 554 (n.).
Great Britain, recognition of the Com
monwealth, 42 (n.); of the Orange
dynasty, 42 (n.); renounces protecto
rate of the Ionian Islands, 55 (n.);
incorporate union with Ireland, 62;
union with Hanover persons 61; ob

ject of, and of other European powers,
in wars of French Revolution, 94; com-
pensation for confiscated debts exacted
by, from France, in 1814, 390; em-
ployed Indians as allies against the U.
States, 442; British ravages and the
burning of Washington condemned in
Parliament, 445; alliance of, with Rus-
sia, Austria, Prussia, and subsequently
France, for the superintendence of the
affairs of Europe, 94; not a party to the
Holy Alliance,. strictly so called, 94;
Castlereagh's circular despatch on prin-
ciples of intervention, 95; protested
against foreign interference for the over-
throw of the Spanish constitution of the
Cortes, 96; protested against right of
the allied powers to interfere between
Spain and her colonies, 96; protests
against incorporation of Poland, 64;
against annexation of Cracow, 53; inter-
vention in the affairs of Portugal in
1826, 98; intervention with the other
four great powers in the Belgian Revo-
lution of 1830, 119; and in the quadru-
ple alliance of 1834 with France, Portu-
gal, and Spain, 123; interference with
France and Russia in the Greek Revo-
lution, 113; interference in 1840 with
Russia, Austria, and Prussia in the in-
ternal affairs of the Ottoman Empire
respecting Egypt, 116, 118; interfer-
ence between Turkey and Russia, re-
sulting in the Crimean war, 118 (n.);
treaty of Paris of March 30, 1856, 118
(n.); treaty guaranteeing the integrity
of the Ottoman Empire, April 15, 1856,
118 (n.); treaty, by which the Sultan
agrees to exclude vessels of war from
the Dardanelles, 118 (n.); war of 1812
with the U. States, 716 (n.); negotia-
tions about the right of search connected
with the slave trade, 197 et seq.; treaty
of April 7, 1862, with the U. States
(see Slave Trade, Visitation and Search,
in time of peace); claim to narrow seas,
172, 262; dispute with Spain as to
Nootka Sound, 242; Russian claims on
the northwest coast, treaty of 1825, 246;
claims of, to Oregon, settled by treaty
of 1846, 251, 252; claim to navigation of
the Mississippi, 279; convention of 1854
as to the St. Lawrence, 283; extradi-
tion treaty with the U. States, 184;
with France, 187-89; foreign enlistment
acts of, 564 et seq. (n.) (see Neutrality).
Greece, intervention of European powers
in treaty, 113-116; treaty of London
of Nov. 20, 1852, 116 (n.); abdication
of King Otho in 1862, and election of
Prince George of Denmark, 116 (n.).
Greytown, questions arising out of the
bombardment of, 145 (n.).

Grotius, his system, 5; distinction be-
tween, and Wolff, on the origin of the

voluntary law of nations, 12; extent
of territorial rights over the sea, 255
(n.); on confiscation, 378; on contra-
band of war, 626; on blockade, 668.
Guano Islands, Act of U. States Congress
as to discovery and use, 255 (n.).
Guaranty, treaties of, 354 et seq.; in case
of Germanic confederation, 68; Great
Britain and Portugal, 98, 361; different
from surety, 355; treaties between Eng-
land and Holland, and questions grow-
ing out of them, 357; meaning of just
war, 374.

H.

Habeas Corpus (see Martial Law.)
Halleck, definition of international law,
23 (n.); on the effect of war on treaties,
352 (n.); on contraband of war, 630
(n.); on rights acquired by conquest,
720 (n.).

Hamilton, Alexander, Letters of Camillus,
379.

Hanover, character of its former connec-
tion with Great Britain, 60; abolishes
Elbe or Stade dues, 266.
Harbors, obstruction of in war, 429 (n.);
of Savannah by the British, and of
Charleston by the U States forces, 429
(n.); Earl Russell, Lord Lyons, and
Mr. Seward concerning the latter, 429
(n.).

Hautefeuille, definition of international
law, 23 (n.); on piracy, 193 (n.); as
to extent of territorial rights over the
sea, 255 (n.); on confiscation of enemy's
property found in the country on the
outbreak of war, 388 (n.); on contra-
band of war, 631 (n.); on the right to
take military persons from neutral ves-
sels, 652 (n.); on the Trent case, 657
(n.); on right of capture in blockade,
686 (n.); on distinction between visit
and search, 690 (n.).

Hayti, claim to Navaza Islands, 255.
Hefter, system of, 16; translated into
French by Bergson, 16.

Henfield, Case of, shipping in a French
privateer, 543 (n.).
Hiawatha, Case of the, 376 (n.)
Hobbes, his system as laid down in his
work, "De Cive,” 7 (n.).
Holstein (see Schleswig Holstein).
Holy Alliance, 94, 105, 106 (n.).
Hovering Act, The, 258 (n.); Sir W. Scott
on, 259 (n.).

Hülsemann, Case of M., 295 (n.).
Hungary (see Austria), course of the U.

States toward in 1849, 45 et seq. (n.);
Mr. Mann's mission to, 46 (n.); corre-
spondence between Hülsemann and
Webster concerning, 46, 47 (n.); rela-
tions with Austria since the Revolution
of 1848, 61, 62 (n.).

I.

Immunity of neutral territory, 520, 537;
how far it extends to neutral vessels at
sea, 530 (see Privateers); distinction
between public and private vessels at
sea, as to, 544.

Impressment of sailors, 171 et seq.; 175 (n.);
by Great Britain, 170; not founded on
law of nations, 173; negotiations with
Great Britain concerning, 171, et seq.;
England claimed right to impress Brit-
ish sailors, 172; right of England to im-
press British sailors from American ves-
sels denied by the U. States, 174 (n.);
ground of the claim, 175 (n.); how af-
fected by naturalization, 175 (n.); royal
declaration of 1812 concerning, 176
(n.); case of the Trent, 176 (n.); Eng-
lish writers on, 176 (n.); Mr. Webster
on, 177 (n.); diplomatic history of the
subject, 177 (n.); Mr. Madison on, 658
(n.); war of 1812 concerning, 716 (n.).
Indemnity claims of England and France
on Mexico, 52 (n.).

Independence of States, 32; recognition of,
41; effect of declaration of, 39; of
Belgium, Switzerland, and Holland, 39;
of the Netherlands, recognition of, 42
(n.); of the North American provinces,
42 (n.); of the South American re-
publics, 43 (n.); of Texas, 44 (n.);
course of U. States toward Hungary
in 1849, 45 (n.); of Greece, 113; as to
choice of rulers, 122; right of, as to
internal government, 119; exceptions
growing out of contract, 122; acknowl-
edgment of, irrevocable, 346; declaring
war against a State acknowledges its,
346.

Indian Tribes, nature of sovereignty of,
58, 242 (n.); have only a right of oc-
cupancy in their lands, the title being
in the U. States, 60 (n.); not a "foreign
State" within the meaning of the Con-
stitution, 60 (n.); holding lands within
a State, are not subject to the State
jurisdiction, 60 (n.); employed by Brit-
ish in wars against U. States, 442.
Intervention, right of, 91; to preserve the
balance of power, 92; the right of,
in the war of the Reformation, 92; in
French Revolution, 93; in 1818, of the
five great powers in the affairs of
Europe, 94; congresses respecting, at
Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, and Laybach,
94; principles adopted by allied powers,
and protest of England, 95; protest of
England against interfering between
Spain and her colonies, 96; right of
German Diet to intervene in individual
States, 69; of England to defend Por-
tugal against Dom Miguel, 98; may
arise from treaties of guaranty, 105,
120; in Greece, 113; of France, Spain,

and Great Britain in the affairs of Mex-
ico, 126 (n.) (see Mexico); of Austria,
Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia, in,
the Ottoman Empire in 1840, 116; in
Spain in 1834, by quadruple alliance,
123 (see Mediation).

Invincible, Case of the, 551 (n.).
Ionian Islands, not parties in Crimean war,
55 (n.); England's protectorate over,
withdrawn in 1860, 55 (n.).

Islands, Right to, 256; formed by alluvi-
um, considered appurtenant, 257 (see
Guano Islands).

J.

Jackson, President, message concerning
the recognition of Texas, 44 (n.).
Japan (or Georgia), Case of the, 572
(n.).

Jenkins, Sir Leoline, his written opinions,

26.

Judgments, Foreign, conclusiveness of, in
rem, in personal actions, 216; laws of the
U. States concerning judgments against
non-residents, 222 (n.); against absent
foreigners condemned, 222; laws of
England, 229; of America, 230; of
France, 230; of prize and admiralty
courts, 26, 218, 479; unjust prize-judg
ment ground for reprisals, 485, 494;
British prize cases reviewed under
treaty of 1794, 493 et seq.

Judicial power in United States, 79; its
peculiar prerogative to decide on the
constitutionality of the acts of Congress
and of the State legislatures, 79.
Jumeaux, Les, Case of, 544 et seq. (n.) (see
Le Cassius).

Jurisdiction, Exemption of foreign sover-
eigns from, 153, 155, 161; ambassadors,
153, 155; armies in transit, 153, 157;
ships of war, 153; extent of, over pri-
vate vessels, 154, 160, 166; French law
as to private vessels, 163; Massachu-
setts decision as to a citizen's len
against a national vessel, 162 (n.); case
of the Creole, 165 et seq. (n); public
vessels of a foreign State are exempt
from process in private suits in a friend-
ly State, 168 (n.); over public and pri-
vate vessels on the high seas, 169; co-
extensive with legislative power, 179;
right to enforce a municipal demand on
a foreign vessel, 173 (n.); rules of pro-
cedure and decision in cases in rem, 216;
over resident foreigners, 220; in cases
between foreigners, 220; French law,
221; proceedings against absent parties,
222, 222 (n.); foreign judgments,
divorces, 230; limitation and prescrip
tion, 223 (n.); over Indian tribes, 58,
60, 242, 255; of sea along the coast,
255; Grotius, Hautefeuille, and others

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on, over the sea, 255, 256 (n.); munici-
pal seizures beyond the marine league
or cannon-shot, 258 et seq. (n.) (see Mar-
ine league); no exclusive appropria-
tion of an open sea by the bordering
nations, 269, 270 (n.); over rivers, 270;
over ambassadors, 299; of a foreign
minister in cases of crimes committed
by members of his own suite, 302, 303
(n.); authorities on this point, 303
(n.); over a foreign minister's residence
or "hotel," 304 (n.); diplomatic immu-
nity from constraint, 305 (n.); extent
of personal immunity of minister's suite,
306 (n.); what property is exempt from
arrest, 307 (n.) (see Ambassador); power
of summoning consuls as witnesses,
325 (n.); none over the commander of
a belligerent cruiser in a neutral port,
with a prize, summoned by a writ of
habeas corpus from a local tribunal, 532
(n.).

Jus albinagii, or droit d'aubaine, 138.
Jus postliminii, 461 (see Postliminy).
Jus et lex, 18, 21 (n.).

K.

Kent, Chancellor, definition of interna-
tional law, 23 (n.); on treaty obliga-
tions to aid in defensive war, 364 (n.).
King's chambers, what are the, 257.
Klüber, Droit des Gens Modernes de l'Eu-

rope on ratification of treaties, 334.
Koch, Histoire abregée des Traités, 367.
Koszta, Martin, Case of, 146 (n.).

L.

Lakes, the great, Navigation of, 287 (n.).
La Plata, Navigation of, 288 (n.) (see
South American Republics).

Law, of foreign countries, how proved,
152.

Law, Rayneval and Bentham on the pro-
priety of the term, applied to nations,
19.

Law, natural, defined, 4; identical with
law of God, 4; applied to intercourse
of States, 5; whether to be distin-
guished from law of nations, 5.
Law of nations, or international law,
origin of, 1; a branch of law of nature,
6; Grotius's definition of, 5; Leibnitz
and Cumberland's ideas of, 7; Hobbes
and Puffendrof, 7; Lord Stowell, 8;
Bynkershoek, 10; Wolff first to sepa-
rate law of nations from other branches
of natural jurisprudence, 11; differs from
Grotius, 12; his system, 13; system of
Vattel, 13; definition of Heffter, 16; pub-
lic and private, 16; Leibnitz's plan, 18;
limited to civilized nations, 18; Cicero,

De Republica, 18; criticism of Rayne-
val and Bentham on term, "law of
nations," 19; phrases used in other lan-
guages, 20, 21 (n.); Bentham proposes
the term, "international law," generally
adopted, 20; Savigny's opinion of, 21;
views of Halleck, Woolsey, Cairns, Kent,
Austin, and Hautefeuille, 23 (n.); use
of the term, 21 (n.); sources of, 23, 27
(n.); sources of, as regarded by Haute-
feuille and other continental writers, 27
(n.); by American writers, 27 (n.);
judicial decisions and legislative de-
crees as sources of, 27 (n.); nature of
judicial decisions, 28 (n.); text-writers
as authorities on, 27, 28 (n.); theo-
ries as foundations of, 29 (n.); test of
the fitness of rules of, 29 (n.); gradu-
ally extending to Mohammedan and
pagan nations, 22; subjects of, 29;
piracy and offences against the laws of
nations punishable everywhere, 170.
League, The marine, 258 et seq. (n.) 271,
529 (see Marine league).

Laybach, Result of Congress of, 105
(n.).

Legation, Rights of, recognized by Turkey,
Persia, and the States of Barbary,
22; retained by States of German Con-
federation, 70; otherwise as to U.
States, 81, 290; right to send and re-
ceive ministers, 289; of dependent
States, 290; of confederated States,
290; in case of civil war, 291; where a
minister, accredited before a revolution,
stays over afterward, 291 (n.); Mr.
Seward on holding official intercourse
with agents of a party engaged in a
revolution against a State with which
the U. States holds free and friendly dip-
lomatic intercourse, 126 et seq. (n.), 292
(n.); in the U. States under the Articles
of Confederation, 290 (n.); informal
diplomatic agents, 291; classification of
ministers, 292; relative rank, 294; dip-
lomatic etiquette, 299.

Legislation, civil and criminal, exclusive
power of, in every independent State,
132; operation of extra-territoriality,
142; extent of judicial power over resi-
dent foreigners is dependent on muni-
cipal, 220.

Leibnitz, foundation of the law of nations,
17; Codex Juris Gentium Diplomati-
cus, 18; de Usu Actorum Publicorum,

7.

Letters of marque (see Marque).
Lex, 18, 21 (n.) (see Jus).
Lex domicilii, 140; how far applicable to
successions ab intestato of personal prop-
erty, 217.

Lex fori, statutes of limitations of, to gov-
ern, 152, 217, 223 (n.).

Lex loci contractûs, how far operative,
149.

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