3 the Athenian was buried.' Carystus,' which in- EUROPE. cluded the place called Cyrnus. Histiaeotis, which CHAP. V. included the city of Histiaea, and the Ellopian dis- Carystus. trict with all its maritime villages.* Histiaeotis. of the beach The celebrated beach of Artemisium, (in northern Description Euboea,) was, according to Herodotus, 80 stadia of Artemidistant from the opposite point of Aphetae in Thes- sium. saly, and so near Thermopylae that what happened at one place could be seen from the other." It was situated just where the Thracian bay contracts into a narrow strait, passing between the island Sciathus and the main-land of Magnesia. On it was a temple of Artemis, from which it naturally took its name. It was here that Themistocles engraved inscriptions upon the stones, calling on the Ionians either to desert, or to withdraw, or else to purposely behave ill in the approaching action." 8 Mountains. Herodotus also notices the following. Coela, Coela. where 200 Persian ships were dashed against the rocks.10 The Caphareus promontory." The moun- Cape Catains of Euboea, namely, those in the south, which in-pharus cluded the fastnesses where some of the Eretrians proposed to retire on the approach of the Persian fleet; 12 and those of the north, where the Greek scouts were stationed.13 Many of the Abantes of The AbanEuboea went with the Ionians to Asia Minor. 14 tes. The island of SALAMIS is celebrated for the famous Salamis. naval battle fought off its shores. A Phoenician trireme was dedicated in the island to Ajax, from the first-fruits of the spoil.15 A temple of Athene Sciras stood upon the coast.16 Some lands in Salamis were presented by the Athenians of Antidorus, a Lemnian, as being the only Greek in the service of Xerxes who went over to the Greek side at the battle of Artemisium." Ceos and Cynosura were undoubtedly promontories, though not expressly stated to be such by Herodotus. 18 Near Salamis EUROPE. was the little island of PSYTTALEA, upon which the Persians landed some troops prior to the battle.' CHAP. V. Psyttalea. Trade and shipping. South of Salamis was the island of AEGINA, whose inhabitants were Dorians from Epidaurus. The island was formerly called Oenone." The Aeginetans wore very long clasps to their garments, for a reason already explained. The capital was apparently divided into the old and new town: Herodotus mentions that part which he said was called the old town. The city contained a temple of Athene, in which the Aeginetans dedicated the beaks of the Samian ships they captured at Cydonia. The beaks or prows represented the figure of a boar. There was also a temple of Demeter Thesmophoria, with a propylaea. At the village of Oea in the interior of the island, and about 20 stadia from Aegina, the Aeginetans erected two olive-wood statues of Damia and Auxesia, which they had captured from the Epidaurians; and here they propitiated the two deities with sacrifices and derisive dances of women, ten men being assigned to each deity as leaders of the chorus. In these choruses the women of the island, and not the men, were the subjects of raillery.' 8 The trade and shipping of the Aeginetans must have been very important. They erected for themselves in Aegypt a temple of Zeus. They sent 18 ships to Artemisium, and yet kept back many vessels ready manned to guard their own island. They also sent 30 of their best sailing vessels to Salamis, which was half as much again as any of the other islanders; 10 and here they obtained more renown than any other Hellenic nation." Our author says that their immense riches originated after the battle of Plataea, when they purchased a great quantity of gold and silver vessels from the helots almost at the same price as brass.12 Herodotus however states, that at a much earlier period the profits which Sostratus of Aegina derived from a single cargo, were larger than EUROPE. any that had ever been gained by the Greeks.' CHAP. V. Lastly, two small islands are mentioned by our author. HYDREA, which the Hermionians gave to the Hydrea. Samian exiles; 2 and BELBINA, whose inhabitants ap- Belbina. pear to have excited either general hatred or contempt. Timodenus of Aphidna, who envied Themistocles, reproached him by saying that the honours he had received at Sparta had not been paid to him as Themistocles, but as a citizen of Athens. Themistocles however replied: "Were I a Belbinite I should not have been honoured, nor would you, fellow, though you are an Athenian." EUROPE. CHAP. VI. CHAPTER VI. MACEDONIA, THRACE, AND ILLYRIA. Countries north of the Cambunian and Ceraunian hills.-I. MACEDONIA: difference between Macedonia Proper and the Macedonian empire.-General description of the Macedonian empire.-Watered by four rivers: Haliacmon, Lydias, Axius, Echeidorus.-Divided into five districts: Pieria, Macedonia Proper, Bottiaeis, Mygdonia, Crestonica.— Peninsula of Chalcidice.-Eastern frontier formed by Mount Dysorum. -Herodotus's geography illustrative of Xerxes's progress.-Route of the Persian fleet: description of Mount Athos; canal through the isthmus ; bay of Singus; Sithonia; Cape Canastraeum; Pallene; Crossaea; Therma; river Axius; gulf of Therma; Olynthus; Scione; Potidaea. -Route of the Persian army: river Echeidorus; camels attacked by lions; rivers Lydias and Haliacmon; Pieria.-Additional topographical notices Mount Dysorum; Anthemus; Creston; mythus of the Temenidae; sacred river; gardens of Midas; Mount Bermion.-II. THRACE: its geography illustrative of the routes of Darius and Xerxes.—General description. Northern Thrace.—Southern Thrace.-Herodotus's idea of the magnitude of Thrace.-Its frontier towards Scythia.-Route taken by Darius: bridge over the Bosphorus; two columns of white marble; Byzantium; Cyanean isles; river Tearus; Heraeopolis; Perinthus ; Apollonia; rivers Contadesdus, Agrianes, and Hebrus; Aenus; river Artiscus ; the Odrysae, Scyrmiadae, Nipsaei, and Getae; Mesambria; bridge at the Ister.-Route of Xerxes from the Hellespont to Acanthus : the Chersonesus; inhabited by the Thracian Dolonci; wall across the isthmus; topography-Elaeus, sepulchre of Protesilaus, Sestos, Madytus.-Xerxes leaves the Chersonesus.-Apsinthians.-Agora.-Bay and river of Melas.-Aenus.-Lake Stentoris.-Doriscus.-Valley of the river Hebrus.-Sala and Zona.-Cape Serrhium.-Mesambria.-River Lissus.-Stryme.---Briantica, anciently Galaica.-Maroneia.-Dicaea.— Abdera.-Lakes Ismaris and Bistonis.-Rivers Travus and Compsatus.River Nestus.- Pistyrus.-Paeti.-Cicones.-Bistones.-Sapaei.-Dersaei.-Edoni.-Satrae. Pierian forts. Mount Pangaeus. · Odomanti.- Paeones. Doberes. Paeoplae. - District of Phyllis.River Angites.—Paeonia: its extent.-Siro-paeones. - Scapte Hyle.— Paeones on the Strymon.-Paeones above Crestonica, and on Mount Orbelus and Lake Prasias.-Agrianes.-River Strymon.-Eion.-Strymon bridge." Nine Ways."-Edonia.-Myrcinus.-Datus.-Bisaltia.Argilus.-Plain of Syleus.-Acanthus.-Miscellaneous notices of southern Thrace: Bryges; gold mine of Scapte Hyle; Cape Sarpedon ; Perinthus; Selybria; Aegospotami; Tyrodiza; Leuce Acte; Bisanthe; Hellespontines.-Northern Thrace, but little known: its seven rivers; Istria; Pillars of Sesostris.-Manners and customs of the Thracians.Peculiar tenets of the Getae.-Belief in the immortality of the soul.— Pieres. Their deity Zalmoxis.-Greek account of Zalmoxis.-Effect of his teachings on the Thracians.-His subterranean dwelling, and re-appearance. -Herodotus's opinion.-Peculiar custom of the Trausi: mournful births and happy funerals.-Thracians above Crestonica, their polygamy.— The favourite wife killed at her husband's death.-Customs of the Thracians generally. Sale of children.-Profligacy of the unmarried women. -Tattooing.-Fondness for war.-Worship of Ares, Dionysus, and Artemis.-Worship of Hermes.-Funerals.-Sepulchral monuments.-Garments of Scythian hemp.-Paeonians on Lake Prasias: living in huts supported over the lake by planks and piles.-Polygamy.-Horses and cattle fed on fish.- Satrae, the only independent Thracians. Their oracle of Dionysus.-III. ILLYRIA; scarcely noticed by Herodotus.— Sale of maidens amongst the Eneti.-River Angrus.-Triballic plain.-River Brongus.-The Enchelees.— Countries Cambunian WE must now leave the Aegean Sea, and return EUROPE. to the European continent. The regions south of CHAP. VI. the Cambunian range, and of the hills which connect Pindus with the Ceraunian mountains, have already north of the been described in the chapters on Hellas; and we and Cerauhave already noticed the chain of Pindus, which ex- nian hills. tended through Greece from the Balkan range like the back-bone of the country, and sent out ribs on every side. East of Pindus were the Macedonians, and the rude tribes of Thrace and Paeonia, stretching northward from the Cambunian range over the Balkan or Haemus to the southern bank of the Danube or Ister. West of Pindus were the Illyrians, who extended northwards from the Ceraunian mountains beyond the head of the Adriatic to the Save and the Alps. The geography of these three nations will be comprised in the present chapter. NIA. Differ ence cedonia the Macedo I. The MACEDONIA of Herodotus was much more I..MACEDOlimited in extent than the Macedonia of a later pe- ce be riod, and our author himself almost seems to employ tween Mathe name in two different senses. First, we have Proper and Macedonia Proper, or the small district originally occupied by the Macedonian race. Then we have pire. what may be called the Macedonian empire, or the more extensive country obtained by conquest or political preponderance. After the time of Herodotus the empire embraced a still larger portion of the surrounding territory, and consequently the name had a still wider signification. The Macedonian empire in the time of Herodo I |