ASIA.

CHAP. II.

of the successful conquests of Minos, the Carians became the most famous nation of the time. They introduced three inventions, which were also adopted Their inby the Hellenes, namely, the crests upon helmets, ventions. devices upon shields, and shield handles; for previously shields had been fixed with leathern straps round the neck and left arm. This however was the Cretan account; the Carians themselves said Believed that they were autochthones, or original inhabitants to be auof the continent, and that they always bore the tochthones. later name of Carians. A part of them were settled

2

1

themselves

ans in the worship of

in Aegypt. As a proof of their being autochthones United with they pointed to an ancient temple of the Carian the Lydians Zeus in Mylasa, which was also shared by the Lydians and Mysians, as relations to themselves, Lydus the Carian and Mysus being the brothers of Car. Many however, who spoke the same language, were not admitted because they belonged to a different race.3

The Carians furnished Xerxes with seventy ships, and were armed in the Hellenic fashion, only they carried falchions and daggers.*

Zeus.

of the in

Termera.

Pedasus.

The towns of Caria, Labranda or Alabanda, con- Topography tained a sacred grove of plane trees, in which was a terior. sanctuary to Zeus Stratius, where the Carians, who Labranda. were the only people who sacrificed to this deity, Cnidus. took refuge after being defeated by the Persians on the river Marsyas." Termera and Cnidus' are also named. Likewise Pedasus, which was situated above Halicarnassus, but more in the interior. The priestess of Athene at Pedasus had a long beard on two different occasions, and a third time in the reign of Cyrus. The Pedasians were the only people in Caria who offered a protracted resistance to the Persian general Harpagus, and they gave him some trouble by fortifying Mount Lyda. They subsequently occupied the mountainous parts round Miletus which were assigned to them by the Persians.9 The Pass of Pedasus is also mentioned as

9

ASIA. leading to the city, where the Persians were cut to CHAP. 11. pieces by an ambuscade of Carians.'

Caunus.

ants really autochthones.

The city of CAUNUS and its inhabitants are Its inhabit- especially noticed by Herodotus. The Caunians he considered to be really autochthones, but they themselves said that they came from Crete. They either spoke the Carian language, or else the Carians spoke the Caunian. Their customs were totally different from those of all other nations, not excepting the Carians. Thus, for instance, they accounted it a great pleasure to assemble together, both men, women, and youths, in order to get drunk. In ancient times they built sanctuaries to foreign deities, but afterwards determined upon restricting themselves to their own national gods. Accordingly they all, old and young, armed themselves, and fighting the air with their spears marched to the Calyndian confines, and said they were expelling the stranger deities.3

Topography of the coast.

Priene.
Myus.
Miletus.

We will now trace the principal Hellenic towns on the Carian coast, beginning at the north.

8

6

Priene sent twelve ships to Lade and Myus sent three.' Miletus in the time of Darius was at the height of its prosperity, and accounted the jewel of Ionia. Previously throughout two generations it had been distracted by sedition, but at length, having chosen the Parians as arbitrators, the latter surveyed the whole country, and then gave the government of the city into the hands of those who had kept their estates in the best order, and thus the different factions became reconciled." The power and extensive commerce of the Milesians is shown in their furnishing eighty ships at Lade; 10 their colonies on the Pontus, at Istria," and on the Borysthenes; 12 and in their building for themselves a separate sanctuary to Apollo in the Aegyptian city of Naucratis.' They were the only people of Ionia who did not

12

At a

4

ASIA. CHAP. 11.

surround their city with walls when Cyrus refused to accept the submission of Ionians; and they even contrived to conclude an alliance with him.' later period, after the suppression of the Ionian revolt, the city was taken by the Persians, and its inhabitants were transplanted by Darius to the city of Ampe on the Erythraean Sea, and near the banks of the Tigris. The Persians retained in their possession the lands in the neighbourhood of the city, but gave the mountain tract to the Carians of Pedasus.3 In the Milesian territory were Limeneïon Limeneïon. and the town of Assesus, where the temple of Assesus. Athene was burnt down by Alyattes, who in a subsequent illness rebuilt two new sanctuaries in its place; also the sanctuary of the Branchidae, or of Sanctuary the Didymaean Apollo, an ancient oracle which all Branchidae. the Ionians and Acolians were in the practice of consulting, and which was situated above the port of Panormus." Croesus sent to consult this oracle before the Persian war, and dedicated there offerings of similar weight to those he gave at Delphi." Neco also consecrated to Apollo the garments he wore at his victory over the Syrians, and sent them to this sanctuary.10 The temple and oracle were plundered and burnt by the Persians at the taking of Miletus." Near the city was the river Maeander, River Mac(called Buyuk Menderch by the Turks,) together with the plain called the Plain of Macander, which appeared to Herodotus to have been formerly a bay of the sea.12

6

8

13

of the

ander.

sus.

The other towns in Caria must now be described. Caryanda. Caryanda was the native place of Seylax. Hali- Halicarnascarnassus was inhabited by Dorians from Troezen,1 and the native place of Herodotus, 15 and also of that Phanes who assisted Cambyses in the invasion of Aegypt.16 Cnidus was inhabited by Lacedaemonian Cnidus. colonists, who settled on the Triopian promontory,

ASIA.

The isth

mus.

which commences at the peninsula of Bubassus, and CHAP. II. runs out into the sea. All the Cnidian territory therefore, excepting the narrow isthmus which joins it to Bubassus, was surrounded by water, for on the north it was bounded by the Ceramic Gulf, and on the south by the sea in the direction of Syme and Rhodus. The narrow isthmus which united Cnidia with Bubassus was only five stadia broad,' and the Cnidians wished to cut it through and make their territory insular as a protection against Harpagus. During the excavation the workmen were wounded in greater numbers and in a stranger manner than usual, particularly in the eyes, by the chips of the rock. Accordingly the Cnidians consulted the Pythia, which replied,

"Dig not the isthmus through, nor build a tower!

Zeus would have made an island had he wished it ;'

and from that time they gave up the work." The Calydna the Calydnians or Calyndians were Dorians from Epiand Calyd daurus, and so also were the Nisyrians.3 The na the Dori- Dorian Calydnians however are not to be identified

Carian town

an town.

Lycians,

Crete.

with those people who inhabited the Calyndian territory which bordered on Caunus, for this latter Calynda was apparently a Carian town east of Caunus, whilst the Calydna occupied by Dorians must have been the island off the Carian coast between Leros and Cos, which formed the principal island of the group which Homer calls Calydnae.

The LYCIANS originally sprang from Crete, but sprung from the civil war between Sarpedon and Minos, which resulted in the ascendency of the latter, drove Sarpedon and his partisans (the later Lycians) to the land of Milyas in Asia, whose inhabitants were Anciently anciently termed Solymi. The Lycians were premilae. viously named Termilae, and they retained that name in the new country so long as Sarpedon reigned over them, and were still called so by the

named Ter

1 A narrow neck of land at some distance to the east of the town of Cnidus. It has been identified by Captain Graves with a narrow isthmus at the head of the gulf of Syme. Smith, Dict. of Geog. art. Bubassus.

2 i. 174.

3 vii. 99.

4 i. 172.

5 Il. ii. 677.

2

toms.

3 sistance to

neighbouring states in the time of Herodotus. But ASIA. when Lycus, son of Pandion, was driven from CHAP. II. Athens by his brother Aegeus and settled in the same country, these Termilae obtained the name of Lycians. Their customs were partly Cretan and Their cus partly Carian, but they had one peculiarity: they took their name not from their fathers, but from their mothers, and always traced their ancestry through the female line; the children of a free-born woman by a slave were therefore considered to be of pure birth, but those of a citizen, even of high rank, foreign wife or a concubine, were regarded as illegitimate. The Lycians fought Harpagus with very Heroic reinferior numbers and displayed the utmost valour. the Persians Being defeated in the plain of Xanthus and driven within their city, they collected their wives, children, property, and slaves in the acropolis, and burnt the whole to the ground; and then binding themselves by the strongest oaths, they all sallied out and fought until they fell. None survived, and those of the later Lycians who were said to be citizens of Xanthus, were all strangers, with the exception of eighty families who happened at that time to be absent from the city. The priestess Oracle at who uttered the oracles at Patara was similar to the priestesses in the temple of Belus at Babylon, and the temple of Zeus in Thebes; she was obliged to lead a life of celibacy, but was shut up in the sanctuary all night' whenever the god was there." The town of Phaselis in Lycia was inhabited by Dorians, Phaselis. and possessed a share in the Naucratian Hellenium." The Lycians supplied fifty ships to Xerxes. They wore breastplates and greaves, and used bows of Lycian cos

1 Probably, like the Nairs on the Malabar coast, they considered that though a man might be sometimes doubtful as to who was his father, yet he could generally be certain as to who was his mother.

2 i. 173.

3 The Lycians had been sufficiently powerful to defy the power of Croesus, who was unable to reduce them to submission, i. 28.

4 i. 176.

5 During the night she was supposed to receive the prophecy which she was to utter next day.

Patara.

tume.

6 i. 182.

7 ii. 178.