ASIA. 2 Ionians and Dorians. They contributed one hunCHAP. II. dred ships to Xerxes, and were equipped in the Hellenic fashion.' It is evident from this that they included the Hellenic colonies on the Propontis, whose names we have already mentioned under Mysia. Besides these, the town of Calchedonia 3 on the Bosphorus, where the bridge of Darius was laid across. Megabyzus, when he heard that the Calchedonians had settled seventeen years before the Byzantines, remarked that the former must have been blind for choosing the worst site for their city, when they might have had Byzantium, which was the best.5 6 The PHRYGIANS were the only nation which the Aegyptians acknowledged to be more ancient than themselves. Psammetichus proved them to be anterior, by ordering a shepherd to bring up two newborn children in a solitary room, where they were suckled by goats, and could not hear the sound of any human language. After two years it was found that the children could only cry Bekos, which, on inquiry, was discovered to be the Phrygian word for bread. This experiment satisfied the Aegyptians that the Phrygians were more ancient than themselves. In the army of Xerxes the Phrygians appeared in almost the same costume as the Paphlagonians, who wore peculiar boots, reaching half way up their legs, and carried small shields and small spears, together with javelins and daggers. According to a tradition of the Macedonians, they were called Bryges, as long as they were Europeans and dwelt with them in Macedonia, but after they were settled in Asia they changed their name with their country, and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were a Phrygian colony." Page 226. 8 3 Generally spelt Chalcedonia. All the coins of the place have, however, the name written raλyndwv, and this is also the way in which the name is written in the best MSS. of Herodotus, Xenophon, and other 4 iv. 85. 5 iv. 144. writers. This is explained by the Scholiast on Apoll. Rhod. iv. 262, to be merely an imitation of the bleating of goats. 7 ii. 2. 8 vii. 72. 9 vii. 73. 3 Topography Tract occu Sources of Catar The topography of Phrygia is somewhat obscure. ASIA. A particular tract of land in Phrygia was occupied CHAP. II. by the Paeonians, who had been transplanted by Megabazus from the river Strymon, but who during of Phrygia. the Ionian revolt escaped back to their own coun- pied by the try, leaving behind them only a few who were Paconians. afraid to venture.1 Gordium2 was the ancient Gordium. capital. Celaenae was a town in Phrygia where Celaenae. the sources of the river Maeander streamed forth; the Mae and where another river not much smaller, named ander and the Catarrhactes, rose in the agora and discharged rhactes. itself into the Maeander. In this city the skin of Silenus Marsyas was suspended, which, as the Phrygians say, was stripped off and hung up by Apollo." Celaenae was also the residence of Pythius the Lydian, who gave Darius a golden plane tree and vine, and was said to be the richest man in the world next to Xerxes. He possessed 2000 silver talents and four millions of gold Daric staters,' or nearly four millions sterling. The river Marsyas River Marflowed from the territory of Idrias and fell into the syas. Maeander on one of its banks was the place called White Columns, where the Carians were defeated by White the Persians in the Ionian revolt.8 From Celaenae Course of Xerxes in his course towards Greece went to the Xerxes from city called Anana, and passing by a lake from Lydia. whence salt was obtained, reached Colossae, where Salt lake. the river Lycus disappeared under the earth for five River Lystadia, and subsequently discharged itself into the cus. Maeander. Farther on, at the town of Cydrara, a Cydrara. pillar had been erected by Croesus to mark the pillar beboundaries between Phrygia and Lydia." 6 Columns. Celaenae to Anana. Colossae. Boundary tween The Phrygia and road here divided; that on the left leading to Caria, Lydia. 1 V. 98. 2 Nearly all the ancient kings of Phrygia were called either Midas or Gordius. 3 Cf. i. 14. 4 The Maeander is now called by the Turks Buyuk Mendereh, or the Great Mendereh, in contradistinction to the Little Mendereh, or ancient Cayster. It is joined by the Catarrhactes, and after flowing for some time in a westerly direction, is joined on the south side by the Lycus. There is some slight confusion about the Marsyas, as it is evident that the river so called by Xenophon is the Catarrhactes of Herodotus. 8 v. 118, 119. 9 vii. 30. 5 vii. 26. 6 vii. 27. 7 vii. 28. ASIA. and that on the right across the Maeander to Sardis.' CHAP. II. Conium is also mentioned, of which town Cineas the king of Thessaly, who assisted the Peisistratidae, was a native; together with Alabanda, a large Phrygian city. It is however doubtful whether this should not be written "a Carian city." Conium. Thracians from the Strymon, thynians. 2 3 The THRACIANS, after their settlement in Asia, were called Bithynians. Previously, whilst dwellcalled Bi- ing on the river Strymon, they had been called Strymonians, but according to their own statement they were driven from the Strymon by the Teucri and Mysians. They marched in the army of Xerxes having fox-skins on their heads and tunics on their bodies, over which were coverings of various colours. On their legs and feet they wore buskins of deerskin. Their arms were javelins, light bucklers, and small daggers. The Thynian Thracians are also mentioned as forming part of the empire of Croesus.6 Mariandynians. Paphlagon ians. White Syri ans, or 5 The MARIANDYNIANS accompanied Xerxes, and were equipped the same as the Paphlagonians." 8 The PAPHLAGONIANS also marched in the Persian army, wearing plaited helmets on their heads, and peculiar boots on their feet reaching half way up their legs. They carried small shields and small spears; also javelins and daggers. They dwelt on the left bank of the river Halys. When the Cimmerians were driven into Asia by the Scythians, they settled on the peninsula, (in the Paphlagonian territory,) where the Hellenic city of Sinope stood in the time of Herodotus.10 The Paphlagonians scem also to include the people whom Herodotus describes as "the Syrians about Thermodon and the river Parthenius." 11 Here also may be placed Themiscyra, which lay on the river Thermodon, and from which city across the Pontus to Sindica was 3300 stadia.12 The CAPPADOCIANS, so called by the Persians," were named SYRIANS by the Greeks.' Before the establishment of the Persian power they belonged to the Median empire, but afterwards they were included in the empire of Cyrus. The river Halys formed the boundary between the Median empire and the Lydian. This river rises in the mountains of Armenia, and flows through Cilicia; then between the Matienians on its right bank and the Phrygians on its left; and afterwards runs northward with the Syrian Cappadocians on its right and the Paphlagonians on its left." later times. ASIA. CHAP. II. Cappadoci ans. The Halys. limits of the tus. From the foregoing description, it is evident that Extent and the territory occupied by the Cappadocians was in- Cappadocia cluded in very different limits to the Cappadocia of of Herodo As the Halys is said to flow through Cilicia, we cannot suppose the Cappadocians to have stretched southward beyond it, but may indeed consider them to be enclosed between the Halys and the Euxine. Thales. When Croesus reached the Halys he crossed the Canal of river, as Herodotus believes, by the bridges still there; but the Greeks say that Thales the Milesian made the stream fordable by carrying off the waters through a semicircular canal behind the camp.3 66 The Cappadocians wore the same accoutrements 1 The Cappadocians are always styled by writers contemporaneous with the Persians, Leuco-Syri, or White Syrians, to distinguish them from the Syrians properly so called. "Their complexion," says Strabo, was fairer than that of their countrymen to the south." It is probable, however, that the Cappadocians had themselves assumed this appellation from motives of vanity. Most of the eastern nations take a pride in bearing a name significant of fairness of complexion. Hence the White Huns, the golden-horde, (among the Calmucks,) etc. Even the empress of Russia was habitually styled by her oriental subjects, the White Czarina. Heeren, Asiat. Res, vol. i. ASIA. Pteria. in the army of Xerxes as their western neighbours CHAP. II. the Paphlagonians. Croesus took the Cappadocian town of Pteria, which was the strongest position in the whole of this country, and situated over against Sinope; and he enslaved the Pterians and ravaged the lands of the surrounding Syrians, taking all the adjacent places and expelling the inhabitants.2 The town of Critalla is also mentioned, as being the place where all the land forces of Xerxes assembled.3 Critalla. IV. CILICIA Cilicians, anciently pachaeans. IV. CILICIA Composed the fourth satrapy, which therefore comprised the Cilicians, who gave 360 white horses and 500 talents, of which latter only 360 went to Darius, as the remaining 140 were required for the cavalry guarding Cilicia.* 5 The Cilicians furnished Xerxes with one hundred named Hy- ships. They dwelt in a mountainous country, and were formerly called Hypachaeans, but afterwards were named Cilicians, from Cilix, son of Agenor the Phoenician. On their heads they wore helmets peculiar to their country, and instead of shields they carried bucklers made of raw hides, and were attired in woollen tunics. Each man had two javelins and a sword shaped like the Aegyptian scimetar. Artemisia considered them to be as useless allies of Xerxes as the Pamphylians.' In the Aleian plain in Cilicia, Datis and Artaphernes with the Persian land forces were joined by the navy and horse transports.8 Extent and limits of tus, 6 The Cilicia of Herodotus was evidently much the Cilicia larger than the country which went by that name of Herodo- at a later period. In the north and north-east it extended beyond the Halys and as far as Armenia, for Herodotus says that the Halys flowed from the Armenian mountains through Cilicia." Towards the east it reached as far as the river Euphrates, 10 and probably towards the south it extended to Posideïum in Syria, as Herodotus expressly says that this city was built on the frontiers of the Cilicians and Syrians. His statement that the Marian 1 vii. 72. 2 i. 76. 7 viii. 68. 3 vii. 26. 8 vi. 95. * iii. 90. 5 ii. 34. 9 i. 72. 10 v. 52. |