1 Drachma

1 Mina

APPENDIX II.

TABLE OF HERODOTEAN WEIGHTS, MONEY, DRY AND LIQUID MEASURES, AND MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH.

1 Obol

6 Obols.

100 Drachmæ

The gold Stater of Croesus and the gold Daricus are each supposed to be worth about 20 Attic silver drachmæ, or 16s. 3d.

Herodotus makes the Babylonian Talent equal to 70 Euboic minæ, but Hussey calculates its weight at 71 lbs. 1 oz. 69.45 grs. If however either of these are reckoned by comparison with our gold money, they would be worth much

Hesychius considers the Aryster to be the same as the Cotyla, which Hussey

APPENDIX III.

GENERAL JOCHMUS'S IDENTIFICATION OF THE ROUTE TAKEN BY DARIUS FROM THE BOSPHORUS TO THE DANUBE.

LIEUT.-GEN. JOCHMUS, in his notes on a journey to the Balkan from Constantinople, read before the Royal Geographical Society, Nov. 28th and Dec. 12th, 1853, has been able to identify many of the localities where Darius halted with his army.

At Bunarhissar, near the Little Balkan, the General unsuccessfully searched for the ancient inscription mentioned by Herodotus,' and which Abdallah Aga described to him as being "in ancient Syrian or Assyrian," and which he maintained having seen in the Tekeh every day during the eight years he passed there as dervish. The General, however, was more fortunate in finding the clear streams of the Tearus near Bunarhissar, and also identified the river Artiscus with that now named Teké, near the new Bulgarian colony of Dewlet Agateh, in the former territory of the Odryssae. The result of the General's investigations respecting the route taken by Darius may be summed up as follows. Darius crossed the Bosphorus on a bridge of boats, connecting the two continents, at the site of the present new castles of Asia and Europe, encamped successively at the sources of the Tearus, (Bunarhissar,) and on the banks of the Teké, or Artiscus, (at Dewlet Agateh,) and following the direction of Burgas and Achioly, and subjecting the sea-towns, he passed the Balkan by the defiles parallel to the sea-coast from Mesioria to Jowan Dervish, moving from south to north, by the same roads which were chosen by Generals Roth and Rudiger, and by Marshal Diebitsch, who proceeded from north to south in 1829. The Russians also in 1828, and Darius about 2300 years before them, passed the Danube at that part of the river where it begins to branch, that is, near the modern Issatscha.

1 iv. 91.

APPENDIX IV.

THE VOYAGE OF HANNO,

COMMANDER OF THE CARTHAGINIANS, ROUND THE PARTS OF LIBYA WHICH LIE BEYOND THE PILLARS OF HERACLES, WHICH HE DEPOSITED IN THE TEMPLE OF CRONOS.1

It was decreed by the Carthaginians that Hanno should undertake a voyage beyond the Pillars of Heracles, and found Libyphoenician cities. He sailed accordingly with sixty ships of fifty oars each, and a body of men and women to the number of thirty thousand, and provisions and other necessaries.

When we had passed the Pillars on our voyage, and had sailed beyond them for two days, we founded the first city, which we named Thymiaterium, [and which was probably situated near Marmora, and between El Haratch and Marmora]. Below it lay an extensive plain. Proceeding thence towards the west, we came to Soloeis, [or Cape Cantin,] a promontory of Libya, a place thickly covered with trees, where we erected a temple to Poseidon; and again proceeded for the space of half a day towards the east, until we arrived at a lake lying not far from the sea, and filled with abundance of large reeds. Here elephants, and a great number of other wild beasts, were feeding.

Having passed the lake about a day's sail, we founded cities near the sea, called Cariconticos, and Gytte, and Acra, and Melitta,

The accompanying translation of the Periplus of Hanno is by Mr. Falconer of C. C. Coll. Oxford. An edition of the Greek text, together with the English translation, were published by Falconer in 1797 as a separate work, and two dissertations were added; the first being explanatory of its contents, whilst the second was a repetition of Dodwell's reflections on its authenticity. It is inserted here merely as an illustration of the circumnavigation of Africa by the Phoenicians described in Africa, chap. 1. Herodotus was evidently unacquainted with this document, and it is therefore considered better to make no comments beyond the insertion of a few modern names as a guide to the general reader. In these identifications Rennell has been generally followed. Gosselin, in his Recherches sur la Geographie des Anciens, so shortens the voyage as to make Cape Nun, in 28° N. lat., the boundary of the more distant navigation, but, for reasons which need not be explained, we cannot adopt his views.

and Arambys. Thence we came to the great river Lixus, [or Morocco,] which flows from Libya. On its banks the Lixitæ, a shepherd tribe, were feeding flocks, amongst whom we continued some time on friendly terms. Beyond the Lixitae dwelt the inhospitable Aethiopians, who pasture a wild country intersected by large mountains, from which they say the river Lixus flows. In the neighbourhood of the mountains lived the Troglodytae, men of various appearances, whom the Lixitae described as swifter in running than horses.

Having procured interpreters from them we coasted along a desert country towards the south two days. Thence we proceeded towards the east the course of a day. Here we found in a recess of a certain bay a small island, containing a circle of five stadia, where we settled a colony, and called it Cerne, [probably at the spot now called Arguin or Ghir]. We judged from our voyage that this place lay in a direct line with Carthage; for the length of our voyage from Carthage to the Pillars was equal to that from the Pillars to Cerne.

We then came to a lake which we reached by sailing up a large river called Chretes, [which appears to have been the river of St. John, about sixty miles to the south of Arguin]. This lake had three islands, larger than Cerne; from which proceeding a day's sail, we came to the extremity of the lake, that was overhung by large mountains, inhabited by savage men, clothed in skins of wild beasts, who drove us away by throwing stones, and hindered us from landing. Sailing thence we came to another river, [the Senegal,] that was large and broad, and full of crocodiles and river-horses; whence returning back we came again to Cerne.

Thence we sailed towards the south twelve days, coasting the shore, the whole of which is inhabited by Aethiopians, who would not wait our approach, but fled from us. Their language was not intelligible even to the Lixitae, who were with us. Towards the last day we approached some large mountains covered with trees, the wood of which was sweet-scented and variegated. Having sailed by these mountains for two days, we came to an immense opening of the sea, [probably the mouth of the Gambia]; on each side of which, towards the continent, was a plain; from which we saw by night fire arising at intervals in all directions, either more or less.

Having taken in water there, we sailed forwards five days near the land, until we came to a large bay, which our interpreters informed us was called the Western Horn, [now called the Gulf of Bissago]. In this was a large island, and in the island a saltwater lake, and in this another island, where, when we had landed,

we could discover nothing in the day-time except trees; but in the night we saw many fires burning, and heard the sound of pipes, cymbals, drums, and confused shouts. We were then afraid, and our diviners ordered us to abandon the island. Sailing quickly away thence, we passed a country burning with fires and perfumes; and streams of fire supplied from it fell into the sea. The country was impassable on account of the heat. We sailed quickly thence, being much terrified; and passing on for four days, we discovered at night a country full of fire. In the middle was a lofty fire larger than the rest, which seemed to touch the stars. When day came we discovered it to be a large hill called the Chariot of the Gods, [either Mount Sagres, or the Mountain of Lions which overhangs Sierra Leone]. On the third day after our departure thence, having sailed by those streams of fire, we arrived at a bay called the Southern Horn, [or Sherbro' Sound]; at the bottom of which lay an island like the former, having a lake, and in this lake another island, full of savage people, the greater part of whom were women, whose bodies were hairy, and whom our interpreters called Gorilla. Though we pursued the men we could not seize any of them; but all fled from us, escaping over the precipices, and defending themselves with stones. Three women were however taken; but they attacked their conductors with their teeth and hands, and could not be prevailed upon to accompany us. Having killed them, we flayed them, and brought their skins with us to Carthage. We did not sail farther on, our provisions failing us.