Perpherees, 98.

Perseus, his temple at Chemmis, 435,
458;
his enormous sandal, 458;
gymnastic games celebrated at Chem-
mis in his honour, ib. ; his legendary
history according to the Chemmi-
tans, ib.

Perseus, Tower of, 378.

PERSIAN EMPIRE, divided into twenty
satrapies by Darius Hystaspes, 202.
Persian army, route through Thrace,
Macedonia, etc. See XERXES and
DARIUS.

Persians, divided into ten tribes, 270;
their religion, ib.; no statues, tem-
ples, or altars, ib.; name of Zeus
applied to the vault of heaven, ib. ;
sacrifices on high places, ib.; an-
cient worship of the sun, moon,
earth, fire, water, and winds, 271;
later worship of Aphrodite or Mitra,
ib.; mode of sacrifice, ib. ; prayer of
the sacrificer, ib.; ode sung by the
Magi, ib.; social customs, ib.; cele-
bration of birthdays, ib.; modera-
tion at meals, but profusion of after-
dishes, ib.; addicted to wine, ib.;
debate when drunk and again when
sober, ib.; modes of salutation ac-
cording to rank, 272; respect for
neighbouring nations according to
their proximity to Persia, ib.; at-
tachment to foreign customs, ib.;
polygamy, concubinage, and peder-
asty, ib.; respect for fathers of large
families, ib.; education of sons, ib.;
trial of criminals, ib.; parricide con-
sidered impossible, ib.; lying and
getting into debt especially abhorred,
273; lepers and white pigeons ex-
pelled from cities, ib.; veneration for
rivers, ib.; ceremonies practised on
dead bodies, ib.; weakness of the
Persian skull, ib.; Magi a peculiar
race, unlike the Aegyptian priests,
ib.; Persian ignorance of navigation,
ib.; contempt for markets and trad-
ers, 274; equipment, ib.; special
honour paid to valour, ib.; horrible
custom of burying alive in honour of
Ahriman, ib.; Persian system of
post, 275; matters pertaining to the
king, ib.; celebration of his birth-
day, ib.; those who obliged him
called Orosangae, or benefactors, ib. ;
drank only the water of the river
Choaspes, ib.; regarded as the mas-
ter of Asia, ib.; general veneration
for him, ib.; conduct of the harem,
276; Persian language, ib.
PERSIS, 245; answering to Farsistan,
267; general description of the coun-
try, ib; sandy plains along the coast,
ib.; rising of the land in terraces, ib.;

mountains in the north the fatherland
of the Persians, ib.
Petra, in Corinthia, 41.
Phagres, 109.

Phalerum, harbour of, 63.
Pharae, 45.
Pharbaethites, 383.
Phaselis, 225.
Phasis, river, 280.
Pheneum, 39.

Phigalea, town of, 39.

Philistine territory, assigned by Hero-
dotus to the Arabs, 316.
Philition, pyramids called after him,
418.

Phla, island of, 551.
PHLIASIA, 44.

Phlius, town of, 44.

Phocaea, its maritime enterprise and
heroic resistance to Cyrus, 232.
PHOCIS, general description, 74.
Phoenix, picture of, seen by Herodo-
tus, 511; story told of it by the He-
liopolitans, ib.

Phoenix, river, 81.
Phriconis, 216.

Phrixae, town of, 46.

Phrygians, more ancient than the Ae-
gyptians, 236; called Bryges when
dwelling in Macedonia, ib.; topo-
graphy, 237.

Phthiotis in Thessaly, 85.
Phylacus, precinct of, 79.
Phyllis, district of, 129.
Pieria in Macedonia, 114, 121.
Pieres, 129.

Pierian forts, 129.
Pigargi, 542.
Pilorus, 118.

Pindar, his geographical knowledge, 8.
Pindus range, 27, 95.
Piraeus, harbour of, 63.
Piromis, 482.
Pisa, town of, 46.
Pistyrus, 129.
Pitane, 53, 216.
Placia, 228.

Plataca, city of, 69; general descrip-
tion of the Plataean territory, 70;
view of the scene of the battle, ib. ;
plan of the battle, 71; sepulchres of
the slain, 74.

Platea, the Libyan island of, 537.
Plato, denied the possibility of circum-
navigating Africa, 336.

Pleistorus, the national deity of the
Apsinthian Thracians, 128.
Plinthinetic Bay, 544.
Plunos, 544.

Plutarch, his account of the mythic
adventures of Osiris, 463; physical
interpretation, 466.

Pogon, town of, 41.
Polichne, 105.

Samos, island of, 101; the aqueduct,
ib.; the mole, ib.; the temple of
Hera and its curiosities, viz. the
great brazen mixing-vessel, ib.; two
wooden statues of Amasis, 102; pic-
ture of the Bosphorus bridge, ib.;
furniture of Polycrates, ib.; linen
corselet of Amasis, ib.; brazen ves-
sel on a tripod, 103; description of
the city of Samos, ib.; curious festi-
val observed by the Samians, ib.;
flourishing condition of Samos under
Polycrates, 104; Samians in Libya,
ib.;
artistic skill of the Samians,
ib.; their dialect, etc., 105.
Samothrace, island of, 107.
Sana, 118.

Sapaei, 129.

Sarangees, identified with the people of
Zarang, or Selestan, 297; costume,
298.

Sardinia, or Sardo, island of, 92.
Sardis, capital of the Lydian empire,
229; royal highway to Susa, 330.
Sardo, or Sardinia, island of, 92.
Sarpedon, Cape, 132.
Sarta, 118.

Saspeires, in the valley of the Aras, 285.
Sataspes, voyage of, 20, 335, 557; his

failure no evidence against the Phoe-
nician circumnavigation of Africa,
344.

Sate, identified with Hera, 450.
Satrae, 129; the only independent
Thracians, 136; their oracle of Dio-
nysus, ib.

Satrapies, the twenty, revenue of, 202,
301; Herodotus's error whilst re-
ducing the Babylonian talent to the
Euboic standard, 302; attempts to
account for it, ib. ; error in the sum
total; perhaps included taxes paid in
kind, tolls, gifts, etc., 303; the mo-
ney and gold-dust melted down into
ingots, 304.

Sattagydae, 296; identified with the
Zhats, 297.

Sauromatae, occupying the country of
the Don Cossacks and part of Astra-
can, 181.

Scamander, river, 227.

Scapte Hyle, gold mine of, 132.

Sciathus, island of, 107.

Scidrus, 178.

Scione, 118.

Scios, river, 132.

Scironian Way, 57.

Scolopoeis, 233.

Scoloti, a general name for the Scy-
thians, 160.
Scolus, 69.
Scylace, 228.

Scylax of Caryanda, his great merit,
307, 308; singular coincidence be-

tween his report and that of Lieut.
Wood, 309.
Scyrmiadae, 127.
Scyros, island of, 98.
SCYTHIA, difficulties in Herodotus's de-
scription, 138; its identification with
southern Russia, Moldavia, and Wal-
lachia, ib.; face of the country, ib.;
Herodotus's description, ib.; form
and measurement of Scythia, ib.;
its boundaries, 141; extent of our
author's personal knowledge, ib.;
Olbia, the centre of his observations,
ib.; explanation of his statements
respecting his route along the coast,
142; explanation of his statements
respecting the route into the interior,
143; the four-sided shape of Scy-
thia explained, ib.; Scythian rivers,
144; boundaries of Scythia on the
modern map, 150; Scythian nations,
151; history of Scythia, 154; an-
ciently occupied by Cimmerians, ib.;
Scythian invasion, 155; sepulchre of
the Cimmerian kings, ib.; Scythian
pursuit of the Cimmerians, ib. ; Cim-
merians in Asia Minor, ib.; Scythi-
ans masters of Upper Asia, 156;
plunder the temple of Aphrodite at
Askalon, ib.; return to Scythia, 157;
proofs of the ancient occupation of
Scythia by the Cimmerians, ib.;
climate of Scythia, ib. ; eight months
of the year winter, during which the
sea freezes, ib.; four months of cold
summer, constant rains and violent
thunder-storms, 158; effects of cold
on the horses and cattle, ib.; Scy-
thian story of the air filled with
feathers, ib.; natural productions of
Scythia; grass, hemp, wheat, onions,
garlic, lentils, millet, ib. ; cranes, ib.;
swine, ib.; national mythus of Tar-
gitaus, and his three sons, Lipoxais,
Arpoxais, and Coloxais, ib.; the
Auchatae, Catiari, and Traspies,
160; general name of Scoloti, ib.;
Greek mythus of the three sons of
Heracles, and the serpent maiden
Echidna, 161; ignorance of the na-
tions on the Euxine, ib.; wise device
of the Scythians against invasion, ib.;
their houses carried with them, ib. ;
Scythian deities; Hestia, Zeus, Ge,
Apollo, Aphrodite, Heraclea, and
Ares, 162; Poseidon, ib.; mode of
sacrifice, ib.; enormous piles of fag-
gots sacred to Ares, 163; human sa-
crifices, ib.; enemies' heads pre-
sented to the king, 164; mode of
preparing the skulls and other tro-
phies, ib.; soothsayers and manner
of divining, 165; ceremonies at the
illness of a king, ib.; manner of

Thessaliotis in Thessaly, 85.
THESSALY, general description, 84;
Thessaly Proper, viz. Histiaeotis,
Pelasgiotis, Phthiotis, and Thessali-
otis, 85; two other districts, Mag-
nesia and Malis, ib.; Herodotus's
account; Thessaly anciently a lake,
ib.; outlet at Tempe formed by an
earthquake, ib.; tribes of Thessaly,
86; topography, 87.

Thestes, fountain of, in Irasa, 538, 540.
Thmuites, 383.
Thoes, 542.
Thoricus, 65.

Thornax, Mount, 53.

Thoth, identified with Hermes, 456;
recorded the actions of mankind, 474.

the routes of Darius and Xerxes,
122; general description, ib.; He-
rodotus's idea of the magnitude of
Thrace, 124; its frontier towards
Scythia, 125; route taken by Darius,
ib.; route of Xerxes, 127.
Thracians, manners and customs of,
132; peculiar tenets of the Getae,
ib.; belief in the immortality of the
soul, ib.; their deity Zalmoxis, 133;
Greek account of Zalmoxis, ib.; ef-
fect of his teachings on the Thracians,
ib.; his subterranean dwelling and re-
appearance, ib.; Herodotus's opinion,
134; peculiar custom of the Trausi;
mournful births and happy funerals,
ib.; Thracians above Crestonica,
their polygamy, ib.; the favourite
wife killed at her husband's death,
ib.; customs of the Thracians gene-
rally, ib.; sale of children, ib. ; pro-
fligacy of the unmarried women, ib. ;
tattooing, ib.; fondness for war, ib. ;
worship of Ares, Dionysus, and Ar-
temis, 135; worship of Hermes, ib.;
funerals, ib.; sepulchral monuments,
ib.; garments of Scythian hemp, ib.
Thracians from the Strymon, called
Bithynians, 238.
Thriasian Plain, 65.
Thurium, 3.

Thyia, 80.

Thyssagetae, occupying Perm, 185.
Thyssus, 118.

Tiarantus, river, 144; identified with
the Aluta, 145.

Tibareni, 279.

Tibesti Mountains, 566.

Tibisis, river, 132.

Tigris, river, 282.
Timbuctoo, 571.
Tiryns, town of, 41.
Tithorea, 78.

Tmolus, Mount, 230.

Torone, 118.

Trachinian Rocks, 18.