eundi. And fometimes governeth a genitive plural; as illorum videndi gratia. Ter.

Gerunds in do are ufed after verbs in manner of an áblative, according to former rules, with or without a prepofition; as Defeffus fum ambulando. A difcendo facile deterretur. Cæfar dando, fublevando, ignofcendo, gloriam adeptus eft. In apparando confumunt diem.

A gerund in dum is used in manner of an accufative after prepofitions governing that cafe; as Ad capiendum hoftes. Ante domandum ingentes tollent animos Virg. Ob redimendum captivos. Inter cœnandum.

Gerunds in fignification are ofttimes ufed as participles in dus; Tuorum confiliorum reprimendorum caufa. Cic. Orationem Latinam legendis noftris efficies pleniorem. Cic. Ad accufandos homines præmio ducitur.

A gerund in dum joined with the imperfonal eft, and implying fome neceffity or duty to do a thing, may have both the active and paffive conftruction of the verb from whence it is derived; as Utendum eft ætate. Ov. Pacem Trojano a rege petendum. Virg. Iterandum eadem ifta mihi. Cic. Serviendum eft mihi amicis. Plura dixi, uam dicendum fuit. Cic. pro Seft,

Conftruction of Verb with Verb.

WHEN two verbs come together, without a nominative cafe between them, the latter fhall be in the infini tive mood; as Cupio difcere. Or in the first fupine after verbs of moving; as Eo cubitum, fpectatum. Or in the latter with an adjective; as Turpe eft dictu. Facile factu, opus fcitu.

But if a cafe come between, not governed of the former verb, it fhall always be an accufative before the infinitive mood; as Te rediifle incolumem gaudeo. Malo me divitem effe, quam haberi.

And this infinitive effe, will have always after it an accufative, or the fame cafe which the former verb governs; as Expedit bonos effe vobis. Quo mihi commiffo, non licet effe piam. But this accufative agreeth with another underflood before the infinitive; as Expe

dit vobis vos effe bonos. Natura beatis omnibus effe dedit. Nobis non licet effe tam difertis. The fame con ftruction may be ufed after other infinitives neuter or paffive like to effe in fignification; as Maximo tibi poftea & civi, & duci evadere contigit. Val. Max. 1. 6.

Sometimes a noun adjective or fubftantive governs an infinitive; as audax omnia perpeti. Dignus amari. Confilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere. Cæf. Minari diviforibus ratio non erat. Cic. Verr. I.

Sometimes the infinitive is put abfolute for the preterimperfect or preterperfect tenfe: as ego illud fedulo negare factum. Ter. Galba autem multas fimilitudines afferre Cic. Ille contra hæc omnia ruere, agere vitam. Ter.

Confruction of Participles.

PARTICIPLES govern fuch cafes as the verb from whence they come, according to their active or passive fignification; as fruiturus amicis. Nunquam audita mihi. Diligendus ab omnibus. Sate fanguine divům. Telamone creatus. Corpore mortali cretus, Lucret. Nate deà. Edite regibus. Lævo fufpenfi loculos tabu, lafque lacerto. Hor. Cenfus equeftrem fummam. Id. Abeundum eft mihi. Venus orta mari. Exofus bella. Virg. Exofus diis. Gell. Arma perofus. Ovid. But Pertæfus hath an accufative otherwife than the verb; as Pertæfus ignaviam. Semet ipfe pertæfus. Suet. To thefe add participal adjectives ending in bilis of the paffive fignification, and requiring like cafe after them; as Nulli penetrabilis aftro lucus erat.

Participles changed into adjectives have their conftruc tion by the rules of adjectives, as Appetens vini. Fugitans litum. Fidens animi.

An Ablative put abfolute.

Two Nouns together, or a noun and pronoun with a participle expreffed or understood, put abfolutely, that is to fay, neither governing nor governed of a verb, fhall

be

be put in the ablative; as Authore fenatu bellum geritur. Me duce vinces. Cæfare veniente hoftes fugerunt. Sablato clamore prælium committitur.

Conftruction of Adverbs.

EN and ecce will have a nominative, or an accufative, and fometimes with a dative; En Priamus. Ecce tibi fiatus nofter. En habitum. Ecce autem alterum.

Adverbs of quantity, time, and place require a genitive; as Satis loquentiæ, fapientiæ parum fatis. Alfo compounded with a verb; as Is rerum fuarum fatagit. Tunc temporis ubique gentium. Eo impudentiæ proceffit. Quoad ejus fieri poterit.

To thefe add Ergo fignifying the caufe; as Illius ergo. Virg. Virtutis ergo. Fugæ atque formidinis ergo non abiturus. Liv.

Others will have fuch cafes as the nouns from whence they come; as Minime gentium. Optime omnium. Venit obviam illi. Canit fimiliter huic. Albanum, five Falernum te magis oppofitis delectat. Hor.

Adverbs are joined in a sentence to feveral moods of verbs.

Of time. Ubi, poftquam, cum or quum, to an indicative or fubjunctive; as Hæc ubi dicta dedit. Ubi nos laverimus. Poftquam exceffit ex ephebis. Cum faciam vitula. Virg. Cum canerem reges. Id.

Donec while, to an indicative. Donec eris fælix. Donec until, to an indicative or fubjunctive; Cogere donec oves juffit. Virg. Donec ea aqua decocta fit. Colum.

Dum while, to an indicative. Dum apparatur virgo. Dum until, to an indicative or fubjunctive; as Dum redeo. Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit æftas. Dum for dummodo fo as, or fo that, to a fubjunctive; Dum profim tibi.

Quoad while, to an indicative. Quoad expectas contubernalem. Quoad until, to a subjunctive. Omnia integra fervabo, quoad exercitus huc mittatur

Simulac, fimulatque to an indicative or fubjunctive;

as

as Simulac belli patiens erat, fimulatque adoleverit

ætas.

Ut as, to the fame moods. Ut falutabis, ita refalutaberis. Ut fementem feceris, ita et metos. Hor. Ut fo foon as, to an indicative only: as Ut ventum eft in urbem. Quafi, tanquam, perinde, ac fi, to a fubjunctive only; as quafi non norimus nos inter nos. Tanquam feceris ipfe aliquid.

Ne of forbidding, to an imperative or subjunctive; as Ne fævi. Ne metuas.

Certain adverbs of quantity, quality, or caufe; as Quam, quoties, cur, quare, &c. Thence alfo qui, quis, quantus, qualis, and the like, coming into a fentence after the principal verb, govern the verb following in a fubjunctive; as Videte quàm valdè malitiæ fuæ confidat. Cic. Quid eft cur tu in ifto loco fedeas? Cic. pro Cluent. Subfideo mihi diligentiam comparavi, quæ quanta fit intelligi non poteft, nifi, &c. Cic. pro Quint. Nam quid hoc iniquius dici poteft. Quam me qui caput alterius fortunafque defendam, priore loco difcere. Ibid. Nullum eft officium tam fanctum atque folenne, quod non avaritia violare foleat. Ibid. Non me fallit, fi confulamini quid fitis refponfuri. Ibid. Dici vix poteft quam multa fint quæ refpondeatis ante fieri oportere. Ibid. Docui quo die hunc fibi promififfe dicat, eo die ne Romæ quidem eum fuiffe. Ibid. Conturbatus difcedit neque mirum cui hæc optio tam mifera daretur. Ibid. Narrat quo in loco viderit Quintium. Ibid. Recte majores eum qui focium fefelliffet in virorum bonorum numero non putarunt haberi oportere. Cic. pro Rofc. Am. Quæ concurfatio percontantium quid prætor edixiffet, ubi cœnaret, quid enuntiaffet. Cic. Agrar. 1.

Of Conjunctions.

CONJUNCTIONS Copulative and disjunctive, and these four, Quam, nifi, præterquam, an, couple like cafes; as Socrates docuit Xenophontem & Platonem. Aut dies eft, aut nox. Nefcio albus an ater fit. Eft minor natu quàm tu. Nemini placet præterquam fibi. Except when fome particular conftruction requireth otherwise;

otherwife; as Studui Romæ & Athenis. Emi fundum centum nummis & pluris. Accufas furti, an ftupri, an utroque ?

They alfo couple for the most part like moods and tenfes, as Recto ftat corpore, defpicitque terras. But not always like tenfes; as Nifi me lactasses, & vana spe produceres. Et habetur, & referetur tibi a me gratia.

Of other conjunctions, fome govern an indicative, fome a fubjunctive, according to their feveral fignifi cations.

Etfi, tametfi, etiamfi, quanquam, an indicative; quamvis and licet, moft commonly a subjunctive; as Etfi nihil novi afferebatur. Quanquam animus meminiffe horret. Quamvis Elyfios miretur Græcia campos, Ipfe licet venias..

Ni, nifi, fi, fiquidem, quod, quia, poftquam, pofteaquam, antequam, priufquam, an indicative or fubjunc tive; as Nifi vi mavis eripi. Ni faciat. Caftigo te, non quòd odeo habeam, fed uuod amem. Antequam dicam. Si for quamvis, a fubjunctive only, Redeam? Non fi me obfecret.

Si alfo conditional may fometimes govern both verbs of the fentence in a fubjunctive; as Refpiraro fi te vi dero. Cic. ad Attic.

Quando, quandoquidem, quoniam, an indicative; as Dicite quandoquidem in molli confedimus herba Quoniam convenimus ambo.

Cum, feeing that, a fubjunctive; as Cum fis officiis Gradive virilibus aptus.

Ne, an, num, of doubting, a fubjunctive; as Nihil refert, fecerifne, an perfuaferis. Vife num redierit.

Interrogatives alfo of difdain or reproach understood, govern a fubjunctive; as tantum dem, quantum ille popofcerit Cic. Verr. 4. Sylvam tu Scantiam vendas? Cic. Agrar. Hunc tu non ames? Cic. ad Attic. Furem aliquem aut rapacem accufaris? Vitanda femper erit omnis avaritiæ fufpicio. Cic. Ver. 4. Sometimes an infinitive; as Méne incœpto defiftere victam? Virg.

Ut that, left not, or although, a fubjunctive; as Te oro, ut redeat jam in viam. Metuo ut fubftet hofpes. Ut omnia contingat quæ volo.

Of