Opposite the statue is the PALACE OF THE EMPEROR. It is a plain structure of modest dimensions, but the interior contains some splendid apartments. They may be visited in the absence of the family. Apply to the housekeeper.

Opposite this Palace is the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and adjoining, the UNIVERSITY (2,000 students). It was founded in 1808. The building was formerly the palace of Prince Henry, brother of Frederick the Great. In the Opera Platz, in the rear of the Emperor's Palace, is the Royal Library. It contained, in 1879, 950,000 volumes and 16,000 manuscripts.

Opposite the University is the OPERA HOUSE, erected in the time of Frederick the Great. It has seats for 1,800 persons. Behind the Opera House is St Hedwig's (Roman Catholic) Church, erected by Frederick the Great; it is an imitation of the Pantheon at Rome. In the Opera Platz are five statues by Rauch-Blucher, Gneisau, York in bronze, and Bulow and Scharnhorst in marble. Opposite the Opera House is the Royal Guard House (military music daily 11 to 12). Beyond, on the right, is the Palace of the Crown Prince, occupied by Frederick the Great when Crown Prince, and in which Frederick William III. died in 1840. Opposite is the ARSENAL. Here, on the ground floor, may be seen cannon captured from the various countries with which Prussia has been at war, including two leather guns taken from the Swedes in the Thirty Years' War, guns taken from the Austrians in 1866, and from the French in 1870-71, the latter including some mitrailleuses.

We now reach the Schloss Bridge, which crosses an arm of the Spree. It has eight marble

groups, illustrative of the life of a soldier.

On the left, after crossing the bridge, is the LUSTGARTEN, a vast space planted with trees and ornamented by a fountain in the centre. This place is bounded on the north by the Museum, before which is a polished granite vase, 22 ft. in diameter, of one piece; on the south, by the Royal Palace; on the east, by the Cathedral.

Here also is the fine equestrian statue of Frederick William 111., erected in 1871.

THE ROYAL PALACE, or SCHLOSS (open daily, 10 to 1, fee 50 pf., apply in the court at the east end), forms an oblong of three stories high, 640 ft. long, 376 wide, and 110 high; with two principal, and two smaller courts It was founded, as a fortress (1443-51), by the Elector Frederick II., enlarged in 1538 by Joachim II., rebuilt by King Frederick I., and completed in 1716.

Frederick-William IV. erected (1845-49) the great cupola. The great western portal, on the side of the Schlossfreiheit, is in imitation of the triumphal arch of Septimius Severus at Rome.

The Palace contains 600 apartments. The Throne-room (Rittersaal) contains a buffet laden with ancient gold and silver plate.

The Picture Gallery, upwards of 200 ft. long, by 25 wide, is also a banqueting hall. Most of the pictures are by modern artists.

The Weiss Saal (White Hall), the largest room in the Palace, is 105 ft. long, by 51 wide, and 42 high. It was rebuilt in 1845. It contains statues of the twelve Electors of Brandenburg; eight caryatides holding escutcheons, and supporting eight statues representing the provinces of the

kingdom; marble bas-reliefs denoting the principal virtues; the frieze decorated with portraits in relief of celebrated men of the time of the Electorate, including that of the architect Schinkel; and a figure of Victory, the work of Rauch, in Carrara marble.

The staircase is adorned with three fountains, with frescoes, and statues of the Emperors Constantine, Justinian, Charlemagne, and Rudolph II.

The New Chapel, beneath the cupola, was completed in 1849. It is circular, and 126 ft. high; the cupola measures about 86 ft. in diameter. The altar, of alabaster, was a present from Mehemet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt. Above the altar is a gilded canopy; the cross, of silver studded with gems, and 7 feet high, cost nearly £80,000.

The apartments inhabited by Frederick the Great are upon the first floor, at the corner of the Schloss Platz, nearest the river.

The MUSEUM, comprising the Old Museum on the Lustgarten and the New Museum in its rear, and the new NATIONAL GALLERY adjoining, contain all the collections of works of art in Berlin belonging to the Government. (These collections are open to the public every day except Monday, free. It is well, however, for these, as for all other objects of interest, to consult the daily newspapers, where the days and hours for visiting them are given). The first-mentioned building was erected in 1828 from the plans of Schinkel, on an arm of the Spree, which had been dried and filled up for the purpose. It is of an oblong shape, about 276 ft. long, 171 wide, and 83 high, and in the purest Greek style. By a flight of twenty-one steps, 90 ft. wide, we reach the vestibule or colonnade, formed of eighteen Ionic columns, supporting an attic de

corated with eagles, and surmounted by an entablature, of which the two angles are ornamented with figures in bronze, by Tieck, representing Castor and Pollux. On the sides of the flight of steps are colossal bronze groups; that on the right representing an Amazon fighting with a panther, by Kiss; that on the left, a horseman contending with a lion, by Wolf.

The colonnade is adorned with frescoes, executed after the designs of Schinkel, under the direction of Cornelius.

The building has three stories. The ground floor contains the Antiquarium, the first floor the Gallery of Sculptures, the second the Picture Gallery.

The ANTIQUARIUM contains vases, specimens of pottery, mosaics, bronzes, cameos, engraved stones, and ancient medals. There are nearly 2000 vases. The cameos and engraved stones are remarkably interesting.

The GALLERY OF SCULPTURES is entered through a circular hall extending to the whole height of the building.

Between the columns are eighteen antique statues, of which the principal are: Victory, Minerva, Ceres, Venus and Cupid, Fauns, Apollo, and Juno. The upper gallery is reached by an outer staircase. The walls are covered with tapestry, comprising copies of those pieces which Leo X. caused to be made at Arras in the 16th century, after the cartoons of Raphael. The GALLERY OF SCULPTURES contains 745 specimens, for the most part Roman. In front of the entrance of the rotunda a double flight of stairs leads to the gallery which connects the old with the new museum. It contains several works in bronze.

The PICTURE GALLERY is entered from the upper gallery of

the rotunda. It contains pictures by nearly all the old masters. Excellent catalogues are sold at the entrance.

The NEW MUSEUM, connected with the Old Museum by a bridge over the street, is one of the finest buildings, in internal decoration, in Berlin. It contains a collection of northern antiquities, an ethnological collection, an Egyptian collection, and plaster casts of the principal sculptures of all ages arranged in chronological order. It has also a collection of engravings, enamels, porcelain, &c.

A little to the east of the New Museum, in the centre of an open space surrounded by a colonnade, is the NATIONAL GALLERY, completed in 1876. It is designed as a gallery of modern German art. The structure stands upon a basement 39 feet in height, and is reached by a handsome flight of steps. On the sides of the staircase are two groups, the lower one representing Instruction in Sculpture and Painting; the other, consisting of two figures, representing Artistic Conception and Execution. The frieze represents the Development of German Art. The group in the tympanum represents Germany as the Patroness of the Arts. The collection numbered in 1878 over 600 works. The name of the artist and the subject are given on each work. Constant additions are being made to all the public art collections of Berlin. The number of works of art purchased since the war with France is very considerable.

At 93 Wall Strasse, near the Royal Palace, is Ravene's Picture Gallery, a collection of about 175 choice German and French works. Catalogues for consultation in the rooms. It is open on Tuesdays and Fridays.

The pictures in the Berliner

Kunst-Verein collection, 77 Kommandanten Strasse, are well worth a visit (open daily, 50 pf.), as are those of the Gallery of Count Raczynski, in the Königs Platz. Catalogue 75 pf. for the benefit of the attendant.

Among other museums worth visiting are the Historical Museum in the Montbijou Palace, containing busts, weapons, and relics, memorials of the history of the royal house of Prussia, and the Collection of Armour in the Palace of Prince Carl, in the Wilhelms Platz.

None of the CHURCHES of Berlin are worthy of especial notice. The DOM, or Cathedral, dates from 1750; it was restored in 1821, from the designs of Schinkel. It is in the form of a cross, and is surmounted by one large and two small cupolas. In the interior are an altar-screen, representing the pouring out of the Holy Spirit, by Begas; a mosaic of St Peter, given by Pope Leo XII. to Frederick William III.; the tombs of the Electors, Jean le Ciceron and Joachim I., in bronze, by J. Vischer of Nuremburg (1540); the gilded coffins containing the remains of the great Elector, of his son Frederick I., of Dorothea, his second wife, and of Sophia Charlotte, wife of Frederick I. In the vaults are the remains of nearly eighty members of the reigning family of Prussia.

The Church of St Nicholas (Nicolaikirche), the most ancient in Berlin, dates from the twelfth century, and was restored in 1814; the spire was erected in 1514. In the interior is the tomb of the great jurist, Puffendorf. The Church of the Grey Convent (Klosterkirche), in the Klosterstrasse, built in 1290, and restored in 1844, is adorned with frescoes, and contains some ancient tombs. The Church of St Mary (Marien

kirche), near the Neue Markt, is of the thirteenth century. Its tower is the highest in Berlin, being upwards of 300 ft. high. THEATRES-The ROYAL OPERA HOUSE has been already described. The ROYAL THEATRE is in the Schiller Platz (bounded on one side by the Charlotten Strasse), not far from the Unter den Linden. It is a fine building, conspicuous for its group of Apollo in a chariot with griffins, and the Pegasus on its summit. It has seats for 1,200 persons. The Victoria Theatre, in the Munz Strasse, comprises both a winter and summer theatre. It is renowned for its ballets. There are in all more than twenty socalled theatres in Berlin.

The best streets are the Unter den Linden, the great centre of Berlin life, the Behren Strasse, and the Leipsiger Strasse, parallel to it, and the Wilhelm, Friedrich, and Carlotten streets, at right angles to the Linden. The Wilhelm Strasse, which runs to the south from the Linden, is perhaps the most fashionable street in the city. No. 73 in this street is the Ministry of the Household. No. 77 is noted as the home of BISMARCK. The last house on the left, in the Wilhelms Platz, is the Palace of Prince Carl, the Emperor's brother. The Friedrich Strasse is the longest in the city (2 miles), and has fine shops. The Behren Strasse is mostly inhabited by bankers, and the Leipsiger Strasse by wholesale houses.

Berlin abounds in monuments and statues erected in memory of her deceased soldiers, but as, with the exception of the monument to Frederick the Great, and that to the Great Elector near the Royal Palace, they possess no very remarkable features, it is not deemed necessary to describe them here.

The THIERGARTEN is the principal promenade of the citizens of Berlin. It is a vast park, the remains of a forest, extending outside the Bradenburg Gate, between the Spree and the Canal which, making a bend near Charlottenburg, forms its limit. It is about two miles long by one broad. The Avenue of Charlottenburg, opposite the Brandenburg Gate, divides it into two parts. On the left of this avenue are many fine houses and public gardens. On the right are Kroll's Garden, Zelten's Cafe, the Palace and Park of Bellevue. There is a pleasing combination of shady walks, green lawns, miniature lakes and gardens. In it is the statue of Frederick William III., before described, and at the western extremity is the ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN. The latter was established in 1844 by a private company, and was augmented by the Royal Menagerie from Potsdam.

The origin of Berlin is not known with certainty, its ancient archives having been burnt in the fourteenth century. The recorded dates go no further back than the twelfth century. In 1132 it was a little fishing village; in 1250 it was made a city; in 1300 it was surrounded by a wall; somewhat later it became a member of the Hanseatic League. After the accession of the burgraves of Hohenzollern, during the fifteenth century, it frequently carried on war against its sovereigns. was conquered by the Elector Frederick II., who built a castle of which the remains may be seen about the existing Palace. In 1495 the Elector Joachim II. transferred his residence from Spandau to Berlin. In 1539 the Reformation was introduced there. During the Thirty Years' War the city fell into decay. The Great Elector restored and

It

embellished it; he invited the Protestant refugees from France to settle there, and they were the chief authors of its commercial and manufacturing prosperity.

Under King Frederick I. numerous public buildings were constructed, and from that time every sovereign of Prussia has done something to improve and embellish it. During the Seven Years' War the Austrians and Russians occupied it. Frederick the Great encouraged building, and large additions to the city were made in his time. After the battle of Jena the French took possession of it until 1809. Between 1813 and 1815, 22,000 of its citizens fell in battle. Most of the public buildings and monuments now existing were constructed in the reign of Frederick William III. and his immediate successor. Berlin is the birthplace of many renowned men; amongst others, Frederick the Great, the poet Tieck, the brothers Humboldt, the composer Meyerbeer, &c.

CHARLOTTENBURG, a town of about 12,000 inhabitants, is situated on the left bank of the Spree, about three miles from Berlin, at the western extremity of the Thiergarten. The Palace is at the western extremity of the town. It was constructed after the designs of Schluter. It consists of a central pavilion, with a handsome cupola and two wings. The Mausoleum, in the grounds, contains the remains of Frederick William III., and of the Queen Louise. It is in the form of a temple in the Doric style. In the interior are the sarcophagi of the king and queen, with their recumbent figures, of Carrara marble, the masterpieces of Rauch. On each side are candelabra in white marble, one adorned with a group representing the Fates, by Rauch,

the other with a group by Tieck, representing the Hours.

POTSDAM, "the Versailles of Prussia," is situated on a peninsula formed by two arms of the Havel, 16 miles from Berlin. (Trains from Berlin to Potsdam, six times a day, in 40 minutes. Fares, first class, 2m. 10pf.; second, 1 m. 60 pf. Return tickets at reduced prices). Cabs at the Potsdam station, for 1 or 2 persons, 1 m. 50 pf. the hour, for 3 persons, 1 m.75 pf., 4 or 5 persons, 2m. 25 pf. It is the second royal residence, and was founded by the great Elector, though it owes its magnificence to Frederick the Great, who made it his chief residence, and bestowed on it the greater part of those monuments which form its principal attraction. All the successive sovereigns have contributed to its embellishment. On leaving the station at POTSDAM, we cross an iron bridge, and observe on the left the Lustgarten, which extends to the palace. In the centre of a basin is a group representing Neptune and Thetis in a chariot. Near it are the busts of the generals York, Tauentzien, Bulow, Blucher, Kleist, Gneisenau, the Emperor Alexander I., Scharnhorst, and the Duke of Brunswick, all in bronze, by Rauch. Mythological groups, in marble, adorn the north side of the promenade.

The ROYAL PALACE, built 1660 -1701, contains many souvenirs of Frederick the Great. The apartments which he occupied remain unchanged: we see there his writing table, his library, his music-stand, the furniture, with its coverings injured by his favourite dogs, his hat, scarf, and his green eye-shade. Adjoining the bedroom is a dining-room with a trap-door in the floor, through which meals were served by a lift, rendering the presence of a servant unnecessary.