and the coast of Syria, or direct from Brindisi to Corfu, and Alexandria. Those who are destined to Jerusalem, and who wish first to visit Egypt, may cross the "Land of Goshen" from Cairo to Ismailia, and take steamer on the Suez Canal to Port Said and go thence by steamer to Jaffa. There are several steamers a week from Port Said touching at Jaffa. Several other lines of steamers from France or Italy are available. From Marseilles, the Messageries Maritimes, which also take up at Naples. This is the most expeditious route. From Genoa, Leghorn, or Naples, the Rubattino steamers to either Alexandria or Port Said. Those of the Messageries Maritimes are the most comfortable.

Trieste, one of the points of embarkation, may be reached also by way of Vienna, the routes from the North to that point being carefully described in this Guide Book. Many travellers reach Trieste by way of Venice, crossing the Brenner Pass from Munich to Verona and thence to Venice, from which last place there is a steamer to Trieste three times a week, fare 18s.

In the season of navigation Constantinople may be reached by way of Vienna and the Danube, but tourists destined to Palestine and Egypt in the early spring, would not be able to await the opening of navigation on the Danube. For routes from London to Marseilles and Genoa, see Routes 66 to 81 of this Guide Book.

he fares from London to Brindisi are, first class, £12, 10s.; second class, £8, 158. From London to Marseilles, first class, £7, 5s.; no second class by Express trains. The fares from London to Trieste via Venice is first class, £9, 10s. 6d.; second class, £7, 4s. The fare is by steamer from

Trieste to Alexandria, first class, 132 florins; second class, 91 gulden 35 kr.; from Brindisi to Alexandria, by either line, first class, £12. The fare from Marseilles to Jaffa by Messageries Maritimes steamer is via Alexandria, first class, 500 francs; second class, 340 francs. The fare from Trieste to Jaffa by the Austrian Lloyd's is, first class, 166 florins; second class, 118 florins.

GREECE.

The name by which the ancient Greeks delighted to call their country was Hellas. The terms Græcia and Græci were first used by the Romans, being derived probably from a small tribe in Epirus, near Dodona, called Graikoi, with whom the Romans may be supposed to have been, from proximity, best acquainted.

This country, so celebrated in the history of freedom, of literature, of art, of philosophy, and of civilization generally, varied much in size at different periods of its history. Hellas was at first applied only to a small district in Thessaly, at a later period it denoted not only the Morea, and what is commonly called Greece proper, but also Macedonia, Epirus, and the islands of the Egean. The northern boundary of ancient Greece may be fixed at parallel 40 north latitude, the southern extremity being in 360 23'. The barrier separating Greece from Illyricum and Macedonia on the north, was that range of mountains, which starting from the Adriatic as the Ceraunian range, merges into the Cambunian ridge in the centre, and runs into the sea on the east of the far-famed Olympus. The Egean Sea washes the country on the east, the Mediterranean on the south, and the Ionian and

Adriatic on the west. The greatest length of ancient Greece was about 250 English miles, and the greatest breadth 180, the area being about 21,000 square miles. The area of modern Greece is much more limited, the greatest length not being more than 200 English miles, and its superficial area about 15,000.

Greece is essentially a country of mountains, hills, and valleys. From the ridge which forms its northern boundary, starts the Pindus chain, the backbone of Greece, which gives rise to those numerous streams which water the mainland. At latitude 39 dg.it sends off two spurs, Othrys, and farther south, Eta, at the extremity of which latter is the famous pass of Thermopyla. The chain extends in a south-easterly direction, through Attica as far as Cape Sunium, under the names of Parnassus, Helicon, Citharon, and Hymettus. Some of the mountain peaks of Greece rise to a great height; thus Olympus is 9,700 feet, and is covered with snow, Guiona 8,240 ft., and many others of 7,000 ft., Helicon 4,963, while the Acrocorinthus, citadel of Corinth, is 1,869 ft. above the level of the sea. The valleys of Greece are very numerous, but owing to the irregular courses of the mountain-ranges are very small. The two great plains are those of Thessaly and Boeotia. The climate of Greece varies very considerably in different parts of the country. In the highlands the cold is often very severe, snow lying for several months. On the plains and in the lower districts near the coast snow is seldom seen, but the north and north-west winds are very trying. The summer heat is often excessive, and the sirocco frequently visits the south and lower parts. In moisture too, there is much difference, Attica

or

being remarkable for its pure air and bright sky, while Boeotia has been famed from ancient times for the fogginess of its atmosphere. The population of Greece was estimated in 1876 at 1,475,000.

MONEY.-The currency is now assimilated to that of France, being francs and centimes.

ROUTE 218.

LONDON TO TRIESTE, BRINDISI, CORFU, ATHENS, AND CONSTANTINOPLE, BY AUSTRIAN LLOYD'S STEAMER.

The

The various routes from London to Trieste are described in various places in this Guide Book. Trieste is described at page 601. The steamers of the Austrian Lloyd's leave Trieste every Saturday, and reach Corfu on Monday, Syra on Wednesday, and Constantinople on Thursday. steamer for Piræus (Athens) leaves Syra on the arrival of the steamer from Corfu, and reaches the Piræus on Thursday. (For particulars of the most direct and most frequented route to Syra, Constantinople, and Smyrna, see the advertisement of the Messageries Maritimes at the end of each volume of this Guide Book.)

Fares: Trieste to Corfu, 1st class, 53 florins; 2d, 39 florins. To Constantinople: 1st, 133 florins; 2d, 96 florins. To Pirvus (Athens): 1st, 107 florins; 2d, 78 florins.

HE first stopping-place after leaving Trieste is CORFU, where the steamer stops for passengers The coast of Albania is in sight for much of the journey to Corfu, which place