APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

EARLY BELIEFS CONCERNING THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES I. THE CANON ACCORDING TO THE JEWS.

a. According to JOSEPHUS in "Against Apion", Century I., A.D.
"We have not an innumerable multitude of books
among us disagreeing from and contradicting one another,
but only twenty-two books which contain records of all
past times, which are justly believed to be divine. And
of these five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and
the traditions of mankind until his death.
. But
as to the time from the death of Moses till the reign of
Aryaxerxes, king of Persia, the prophets who were after
Moses wrote down what was done in their times in thir-
teen books. The remaining four books contain hymns to
God and precepts for the conduct of human life." (Bk. I.8.)
b. According to THE TALMUD. Cent. V-IX. (Baba Bathra, xiv, b)
MOSES wrote his own Book, the section on Balaam and Job.
JOSHUA wrote his own Book, and eight verses of the law.
SAMUEL wrote his own Book and Judges and Ruth.
JEREMIAH Wrote his own Book, the Book of Kings and
Lamentations.

HEZEKIAH and his College wrote Isaiah, Proverbs, Song
of Songs and Koheleth (Ecclesiastes).

MEN OF THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE wrote Ezekiel, The Twelve
(the Minor Prophets), Daniel and Esther.

EZRA wrote his own Book and the Genealogies of Chron-
icles, as far as himself".

II. THE MATERIAL THEN AT HAND FOR EXAMINATION OF THE TEXTS.
a. The Samaritan Pentateuch (time of Nehemiah). Cent. V. B.C.
The Septuagint Translation (LXX). Cent. III. and later.
Targums (Aramaic paraphrases of O. T.) beginning Cent. IV.
b. Oldest Hebrew Text, by R. Aqiba (recovered from texts used
by the Masoretes). Cent. II. A.D.

Literal Translation of Aqiba's text, word for word into
Greek, by Aqila, Cent. II. (Used by Origen).

Origen's "Tetrapla” and “Hexapla". Cent. III. A.D.

Jerome's Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Latin,

Cent. V. A.D.

Targum of Onkelos. Cent. V. A.D.

(N.B.-The opinion that Ezra closed the Canon (c. 440 B.C.) rests only on a conjecture offered in the XVIth cent. by Elias Levita, who wrote on "The Origin and Nature of the Masorah" in 1538; edited by Ginsburgh, 1867.)

APPENDIX B

STEPS TOWARD A FULLER UNDERSTANDING OF

THE OLD TESTAMENT

I. THE EARLIEST CRITICS.

Philo of Alexandria. Origen of Alexandria and Palestine.
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo. Cent. II.-V.
Jewish critics in Babylonia. Cent. VIII.-IX.

II. FIRST CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON MODERN LINES.

Abraham Ibn Ezra maintains "Isaiah" to be the work of two
authors. Opinion received in France. Cent. XII.
David Kimchi continues the work of scientific exegesis.
Cent. XIII.

Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-Politicus" (1669), the first
defense of liberty of thought and speech in regard to
the Scriptures.

Jean Astruc, a French physician, points out two separate sources for Genesis (1753).

Robert Lowth, Professor of Poetry in Oxford, lectures on the "Laws of Hebrew Poetry" (1753), applying them to the analysis of "Isaiah".

III. ADVANCE IN SCIENCE, GIVING RISE TO DOUBTS OF ASSERTION IN THE SCRIPTURES.

Birth of Modern Philosophy, and New Departures in Science.

Cent. XVII.

Birth of Geology and Comparative Anatomy. Cent. XVIII.
Study of Comparative Grammar and Philology. Cent. XIX.
Sciences of Archæology and Ethnology founded. Cent. XIX.

APPENDIX C

DISCOVERIES IN THE NEAR EAST DURNG THE LAST CENTURY

1798.

1799.

1845-1847.

1846-1851.

1842-1845.

1850-1880.

1881-1910.

NAPOLEON takes to Egypt forty savants who make an exhaustive study of the ruins then visible. These he publishes with full text and superb colored plates as a "Description of Egypt", better known as "The Napoleon Books" (1809-1813).

BOUSSARD discovers the "Rosetta Stone"; General Desaix finds another tri-lingual inscription in Upper Egypt. From these, CHAMPOLLION deciphers the clue to the ancient language of Egypt (1821-1826).

LAYARD (Austen Henry) discovers the ruins of Nineveh on the Tigris, and the palaces of Sennacherib and other rulers of Assyria.

RAWLINSON (Henry C.) discovers the tri-lingual inscription of Darius I. on the "Rock of Behistun" in Persia, and deciphers the one in wedge-shaped characters, thus recovering the lost language of Babylonia-Assyria.

LEPSIUS (Karl R.) explores all Upper Egypt, and publishes
his finds in 1859.

MARRIETTE (Augustus) makes many remarkable discoveries
at Abydos; finds the rock-temple of Seti I. (Dyn. XIX.)
and its "List of Kings" in Egypt from Mena down.
MASPERO (Gaston) succeeds Marriette as Director of the
Cairo Museum. Discovers the great cache of Royal Mum-
mies at Deir el Bahri, where they had lain undisturbed
since the time of Solomon. His many writings upon every-
thing concerned with discoveries in Egypt are most
valuable.

1887. Discovery of the "Tel el Amarna Letters" from the gover-
nors of the Syrian provinces to their Overlord, AMEN-
HOTEP III., imploring aid against the Khabiri or Arab raiders
of their lands. Others contain the negotiations for the
marriage of Amenhotep IV. (IKH-N-ATON) with a princess

of the Mitanni.

1901. Discovery of the CODE OF LAWS OF KHAMMURABI, king of

Babylonia (2200 B.C.).

1907. Discovery of the tomb of QUEEN TIY and the mummy of HER SON, IKH-N-ATON, THE ARTIST, POET AND RELIGIOUS REFORMER OF Dyn. XVIII.

RESULTS OF THESE DISCOVERIES

The making over of Ancient History, and the clearing up of many
obscure points in the History of the Israelites and the Develop-
ment of their Religion.

Major authority upon the History of Egypt, SIR WILLIAM FLINDERS-
PETRIE.

Major authority upon that of Babylonia-Assyria, the late MORRIS
JASTROW, JR., of the Univ. of Pennsylvania.