APPENDIX A EARLY BELIEFS CONCERNING THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES I. THE CANON ACCORDING TO THE JEWS. a. According to JOSEPHUS in "Against Apion", Century I., A.D. HEZEKIAH and his College wrote Isaiah, Proverbs, Song MEN OF THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE wrote Ezekiel, The Twelve EZRA wrote his own Book and the Genealogies of Chron- II. THE MATERIAL THEN AT HAND FOR EXAMINATION OF THE TEXTS. Literal Translation of Aqiba's text, word for word into Origen's "Tetrapla” and “Hexapla". Cent. III. A.D. Jerome's Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Latin, Cent. V. A.D. Targum of Onkelos. Cent. V. A.D. (N.B.-The opinion that Ezra closed the Canon (c. 440 B.C.) rests only on a conjecture offered in the XVIth cent. by Elias Levita, who wrote on "The Origin and Nature of the Masorah" in 1538; edited by Ginsburgh, 1867.) APPENDIX B STEPS TOWARD A FULLER UNDERSTANDING OF THE OLD TESTAMENT I. THE EARLIEST CRITICS. Philo of Alexandria. Origen of Alexandria and Palestine. II. FIRST CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON MODERN LINES. Abraham Ibn Ezra maintains "Isaiah" to be the work of two Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-Politicus" (1669), the first Jean Astruc, a French physician, points out two separate sources for Genesis (1753). Robert Lowth, Professor of Poetry in Oxford, lectures on the "Laws of Hebrew Poetry" (1753), applying them to the analysis of "Isaiah". III. ADVANCE IN SCIENCE, GIVING RISE TO DOUBTS OF ASSERTION IN THE SCRIPTURES. Birth of Modern Philosophy, and New Departures in Science. Cent. XVII. Birth of Geology and Comparative Anatomy. Cent. XVIII. APPENDIX C DISCOVERIES IN THE NEAR EAST DURNG THE LAST CENTURY 1798. 1799. 1845-1847. 1846-1851. 1842-1845. 1850-1880. 1881-1910. NAPOLEON takes to Egypt forty savants who make an exhaustive study of the ruins then visible. These he publishes with full text and superb colored plates as a "Description of Egypt", better known as "The Napoleon Books" (1809-1813). BOUSSARD discovers the "Rosetta Stone"; General Desaix finds another tri-lingual inscription in Upper Egypt. From these, CHAMPOLLION deciphers the clue to the ancient language of Egypt (1821-1826). LAYARD (Austen Henry) discovers the ruins of Nineveh on the Tigris, and the palaces of Sennacherib and other rulers of Assyria. RAWLINSON (Henry C.) discovers the tri-lingual inscription of Darius I. on the "Rock of Behistun" in Persia, and deciphers the one in wedge-shaped characters, thus recovering the lost language of Babylonia-Assyria. LEPSIUS (Karl R.) explores all Upper Egypt, and publishes MARRIETTE (Augustus) makes many remarkable discoveries 1887. Discovery of the "Tel el Amarna Letters" from the gover- of the Mitanni. 1901. Discovery of the CODE OF LAWS OF KHAMMURABI, king of Babylonia (2200 B.C.). 1907. Discovery of the tomb of QUEEN TIY and the mummy of HER SON, IKH-N-ATON, THE ARTIST, POET AND RELIGIOUS REFORMER OF Dyn. XVIII. RESULTS OF THESE DISCOVERIES The making over of Ancient History, and the clearing up of many Major authority upon the History of Egypt, SIR WILLIAM FLINDERS- Major authority upon that of Babylonia-Assyria, the late MORRIS |