extended as far as Cape Cod.* This region they called NEW NETHERLANDS.

5. Growth of the Colony-Troubles.-The growth of the colony was not rapid, although every individual who succeeded in forming a settlement of fifty persons had a

were called Patroons; and in quite recent times the claims of their descendants to rent led to the anti-rent troubles in the State of New York. During the first few years,

* In 1614, a Dutch captain named Adrian Block, sailing from New York Bay into Long Island Sound, passed around that island. He was the first European navigator that sailed through the dangerous whirlpool of the East River, called Hurlgate or Hellgate.

5. Growth of the colony? Who were the patroons? What did their claims to rent cause in after years? What troubled the colony?

there were contests with the English on the Connecticut River, and the Swedes on the Delaware. There were also troubles with the Indians.

6. Governors.-New Netherlands had, in the course of time, four governors, the first of whom was Peter Min'-u-it, who was succeeded by Van Twil'-ler; then came Sir William Kieft (keeft), who was guilty of a dreadful act of treachery toward the Indians. Two of the settlers having been killed by an Indian of the Hackensack tribe, the governor demanded that the murderer should be This was refused.*

given up.

7. Indian War.-Soon after this, a war broke out between the Hackensacks and the Mohawks, and the former collected in large numbers on the west side of the Hudson, opposite New Amsterdam, asking aid against their enemies. Here they were stealthily attacked by the soldiers of Kieft during the night; and nearly a hundred men, women, and children were massacred. This brought on a war with the Indians, which lasted two years (1643-5).† Kieft, soon after its close, deprived of his office, started to

*It was contrary to the customs of the Indians to deliver up the murderer; but they offered, as reparation to the widow, two hundred fathoms of the best wampum. "You, yourselves," they said to the Dutch messengers, "are the cause of this evil; you ought not to craze the young Indians with brandy. Your own people, when drunk, fight with knives, and do foolish things; and you cannot prevent mischief till you cease to sell strong drink to the Indian."

"Every Algonquin tribe round Manhattan burned with the frenzy of revenge. The swamps were their hiding-places, from which sudden onsets were made in every direction. Villages were laid waste, the farmer murdered in the field, his children swept into captivity. From the shores of New Jersey to the borders of Connecticut, not a bowery was safe."-Bancroft.

6. Who was the first governor? The second? The third? 7. What led to a war with the Indians? What became of Kieft?

return to Europe; but his ship was dashed to pieces in a storm, and the guilty man perished in the waters.

8. Governor Stuyvesant.-The prosperity of the colony dates from the arrival,

PETER STUYVESANT

in 1647, of Governor Peter Stuyvesant (sti'-ve-sant), who was a very energetic and resolute man. He made a treaty with the English, preserved peace with the Indians, subdued the Swedes on the Delaware (1655), and tried in every way to encourage trade and agriculture, as well as to induce people to join the settlement. Many who had suffered in their

own countries on account of their religion, found a peaceful asylum in New Amsterdam. *

9. Petition of the People-English Claim. These people brought with them their love of liberty, and eagerly desired to have a share in the government; but this, Stuyvesant, who was something of a tyrant, would not grant. Meanwhile, the English set up a claim to the territory, and Charles II. granted it to his brother James,

"The island of New York was then chiefly divided among farmers; the large forests which covered what is now the City Hall Park, and the adjacent region, long remained a common pasture, where, for yet a quarter of a century, tanners could obtain bark, and boys chestnuts. The soil was so little valued that Stuyvesant thought it no wrong to his employers to purchase of them at a small price an extensive bowery (farm) just beyond the coppices, among which browsed the goats and kine from the village."-Bancroft.

8. What is said of Governor Stuyvesant? The settlers? 9. What did they ask? Was it granted? Who claimed the territory? Who was sent to take it?

Duke of York. A fleet, sent out by the latter in 1664, appeared before New Amsterdam, and demanded that the fort and town should be given up to English authority.

10. Conquest of New Netherlands. Thereupon the people, hoping to enjoy under the English the privileges refused by Stuyvesant, determined to surrender. The governor was very angry and determined, and held out until the place was actually in the enemy's hands. Thus New Amsterdam became an English town, and received the name of New York. This name was afterwards applied to the whole territory retained by the Duke; for the portion now called New Jersey he sold to two English noblemen, named Sir George Car-ter-et' and Lord Berke'ley. Fort Orange was called Albany.

II. Reconquest by the Dutch, etc.-In 1673, the Dutch, being at war with the English, and having gained several victories over them, sent a fleet to regain possession of their American territories. New York was surrendered to its former masters, and remained in their possession for about fifteen months, when it was again taken by the English. The people did not enjoy the privileges for which they had asked until 1683, when permission was granted them by the Duke of York to hold a free Assembly in which they might make laws for the colony.

12. Captain Kidd.-In 1698, the Earl of Bellamont became governor. As commerce was greatly disturbed by pirates, he sent out a bold captain named Kidd to capture

10. How did the people act? The governor ? What name was given to New Amsterdam? To Fort Orange? What was New Netherlands named? 11. How did the Dutch regain the colony? When was it again surrendered to the English? What privilege was granted to the people? When? 12. Account of Captain Kidd ?

their vessels; but Kidd was a bad man, and knowing that there were very many Spanish ships carrying across the

SEAL OF NEW YORK

ocean gold, silver, and other treasures from America, he determined to turn pirate himself. Kidd continued this career for several years, and is said to have obtained immense quantities of gold and rich treasures, some of which he is reported to have buried on Long Island and in other parts of the country. At last, he was seized

and sent to England, where he suffered death for his crimes. His buried treasures have been sought for at various places.

13. Treaty with the Indians.-In 1684, an important treaty was made with the "Five Nations," as the five great Indian tribes were called. These included the Onon-da'-gas, Ca-yu'-gas, Mo'-hawks, O-nei'-das, and Sen'e-cas. To these, some years afterward, were added the Tus-ca-ro'-ras, after which the league was called the "Six Nations." The treaty made in 1684 was long and faithfully kept, and was of great advantage to the English settlers.

New Jersey

14. Origin of the Name-First Settlements.-New Jersey was so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of the island of Jersey, near England.

13. What were the Five Nations? What tribes constituted the Six Nations? 14. Why was New Jersey so called? What settlement was made by the Dutch? By the English?