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The penciling is free, sometimes delicate, the colouring transparent, and the chiaroscuro commendable. It is a question whether he was born at Bois-le-Duc or the Hague, in 1606, but he died at Bois-le-Duc in 1699, having passed the greater part of his life in Italy.

NOLLEKENS, JOSEPH FRANCIS. See Interiors and Conversations.

OSSENBECK, JAN, or JOSSE, painted landscapes, with fairs, markets, and huntings, in the manner of Peter van Laer, which are ingeniously composed, and the figures and animals extremely well designed: the landscape part is ornamented with ruins of ancient architecture. He combined the correct drawing of the Roman school with the colouring and finish of the Dutch and Flemish. He was born at Rotterdam in 1627, and died at Regensburg in 1678, having passed the greater part of his life at Rome.

RYCKAERT, DAVID, exercised his pencil on subjects of peasants regaling, and other village enjoyments, after the manner of Teniers. His early pictures are defective in the colouring, but he makes amends in his latter productions. See Interiors and Conversations.

Of this paint

SCHOVAERTS, or SCHOVAERDTS, Mer's history nothing is known, but his pictures belong to the Dutch and Flemish schools. They represent landscapes and cattle with numerous figures, village scenes, charlatans haranguing, and festivals of peasantry. There is much liveliness in the figures, and plenty of colour, but not always harmonized. Some have compared him to Teniers, but there is no resemblance except in the occasional choice of subject.

SCHENDEL, or SCHYNDAL, BERNARD, painted assemblies of peasants, merry-makings, fairs, and other subjects, in the manner of Jan Molenaer. See Interiors and Conversations.

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SPALTHOF, N a Dutch painter, who is said to have studied in Italy many years, represented Italian markets, fairs, carnivals, and merry-makings, in the manner of Theodore Helmbrecker; he also painted shops and stalls with fruit, vegetables, and poultry, and landscapes with cattle. It is supposed that he was born about 1636, and died in 1691.

TENIERS, DAVID. The exteriors by this master are numerous, and embrace a great variety of subjects, all of a joyous character, representing the festivities and indulgences of the Flemish peasantry. All the inhabitants of a village are frequently assembled at a dance, or a feast, or at both; uncontrolled merriment is the order of the day; a fiddler, a bagpiper, or a player on the hurdy-gurdy, is one of the important personages on these occasions; mounted on a barrel, or inverted tub, he is the Orpheus that inspires activity in the most stolid and inert. Youth and old age are alike put in motion, and what is wanting in graceful action is compensated by the hearty exertions of all to do their best. The lord and lady of the village (in the persons of Teniers and his wife) are frequent spectators at these merry meetings. Other scenes of hilarity are represented by parties seated at tables near an inn, or Guingette, indulging in smoking and drinking, and a little amorous conversation, all sufficiently pleased with their rustic enjoyments. Games of bowls and skittles, and occasionally trials of skill in archery, form interesting and very agreeable subjects in his exterior compositions. At these merry meetings there are frequent repetitions of figures and actions, but so varied in their combinations that they appear appropriate only to the particular scene represented, When the figures are very numerous, as is frequently the case in his village festivals, they are divided into groups, but connected with the principal one, where the greater share of hilarity prevails, by some circumstance that shows they are all participant of the same enjoyment. These compositions are always well studied, the chief figures in decent holiday attire, the penciling spirited, not loose, nor laboriously careful, the colouring sometimes gay, but kept in harmony; the skies mostly in a silvery tone, and the landscape part bright and cheerful.

Fine specimens of the foregoing description are in the Royal Collection, and in those of the Earl of Ellesmere, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Ashburton, Lord Radnor, Mr. Labouchere, the Earl of Lonsdale, Lord Carrington, the Duke of Bedford, and others of the nobility; foreign galleries abound with them, but the English National Gallery has none.

See the article David Teniers, under the head of Principal Painters, and also in several Classifications.

TILBORGH, or TILBURGH, EGIDIUS (GILES), the Elder, was a contemporary of old Teniers, and painted Flemish wakes and festivals in his manner, which were esteemed at that time, but are now held of little account.

TILBORGH, OF TILBURGH, EGIDIUS (GILES), the Younger, painted village festivals, and peasants regaling, in a superior manner. The composition is good, the figures well drawn, and there is great distinction of character. The colouring has much of the suavity of Brauwer, and often the freshness of Craesbecke; and though it is said that he was a pupil of Teniers, his manner of painting differs from them all. There is a fine specimen of his ability in the Earl of Ellesmere's Collection. He was born at Brussels in 1655, and died in 1678.

TROOST, CORNELIUS, painted the manners of his countrymen with much humour. His larger compositions represent out-of-door feasts, and revellings of citizens, persons of good circumstances, fairs held in Amsterdam, and comic occurrences in the public streets; sometimes he satirizes and moralizes like Hogarth, which has induced a comparison between them, and no doubt the humour of the Dutch artist was equally striking to his countrymen as that of Hogarth to the English. His works are still held in great esteem by his countrymen. He was born at Amsterdam in 1697, and died in 1750.

TULDEN, or THULDEN, THEODOre van. This great scholar and coadjutor of Rubens as an historical painter, sometimes employed his pencil on rural pastimes and village festivals, in which he shows his usual ability. See Scholars of Rubens.

VICTORS, OF FICTOORS. Some of this family painted village pastimes, travellers at inns, fish-markets, fruit stalls, and other out-of-door subjects; but as it is uncertain which, the name is put in the plural. See the article in the enlarged edition of Bryan's "Dictionary of Painters and Engravers."

WYCK, THOMAS, painted fairs and markets, chymists' laboratories, and other interiors. See Interiors and Conversations, Seaports, &c.

ZACHTLEVEN, or SAFTLEVEN, CORNELIUS, painted brawls of drunken boors and other Dutch drolleries, in the manner of Adrian Brauwer. He treats such subjects sufficiently well, and with good colouring, but they are not held in the

same estimation as his interior scenes of corps-de-garde with armour and military weapons, which are carefully composed, and show considerable mastery of hand in the details. It is not ascertained whether he was the elder or younger brother of Herman Zachtleven, but he was a native of Rotterdam, and was living in 1661. See also Interiors and Conversations. ZORG, HENRY MARTIN ROKES, called, painted fish stalls and market-places, fairs, and other out-of-door scenes, in all of which he is true to nature: and he ranks among the very pleasing painters of such scenes. He was born at Rotterdam in 1621; his family name was Rokes, but his father, who was the master of the passage-boat from Rotterdam to Dort, obtained the sobriquet of Zorg, or careful, from his attention to the passengers and goods intrusted to his charge. The appellation also attached to his son, and hence he is oftener called Zorg than Rokes. He died in 1682. See Interiors and Conversations.

DROLLERIES AND DEVILRIES.

Bos, or BOSCHE, JEROME, made a whimsical choice for his pictures, which are generally grotesque representations of spectres, devils, and incantations; they are, however, treated with singular ingenuity. There are engravings of similar subjects by him, which, like his pictures, are very rare. He was born in 1470: the time of his death is uncertain, but he was living in 1522, as that date is on "The Temptation of St. Anthony," an engraving by him.

BREUGHEL, PETER, the Elder, imitated the works of Jerome Bos, and was called the droll from the grimace in the subjects he painted. His best pictures are village feasts and merry-makings, banditti attacking travellers, gipsies telling fools their fortunes, and other drolleries too vulgar and filthy in the treatment to excite merriment in any but the most ignorant and debased. He died in 1570, aged 60.

BREUGHEL, PETER, the Younger, distinguished as "Hellfire Breughel," was a son of the preceding painter, and outdid him in devilry. Temptations of St. Anthony, and imaginary scenes in the infernal regions, without religious feeling or moral application, constitute the chief part of his productions. He was born in 1569, and died in 1625.

FRITS, or FRITZ, PETER, another imitator of Jerome Bos in the representation of incantations, spectres, and similar absurdities. He was born in 1635, and died in 1682.

MANDYN, JAN, painted incantations, grotesque objects, drolleries, conflagrations, and wild rocky landscapes, in all of which there appears a great similarity to the works of Jerome Bos, but which of the painters was the imitator is uncertain. See the article Mandyn, in the enlarged edition of Bryan's "Dictionary of Painters and Engravers."

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