of Africa. Nearest, with its foot washed by the sea, is the
double-peaked summit of Bou Kornein, the mountain of
the two-horned Baal (Saturnus Baalcaranensis, as the Ro-
mans called him), where the ruins of his temple have been
recently discovered. Further to the south is Jebel Resas,
the Lead Mountain, among whose gorges the mercenary
troops that revolted from Carthage, and brought her almost
to destruction after the First Punic war, were hemmed in
and destroyed by famine and the sword. Furthest of all,
and highest, is the magnificent pinnacle of Zaghwan, 'Mons
Zeugitanus,' whence the Zeugitanian province took its
name. In this peak rise the copious springs which, led by
an aqueduct more than eighty miles in length, supplied
Carthage with the purest water, and from its craggy top the
view extends far away to the south over plains once rich,
but now mostly waste and desolate, almost to the verge of
the Sahara. Immediately beneath the hill of Carthage is
the narrow strip of land that divides the lagoon of Tunis
from the sea, with Goletta, long a stronghold of the Moor-
ish pirates, stormed by the Emperor Charles V., and again
(after his troops had been withdrawn) the arsenal and for-
tress of the Beys, rising upon it at the point where a narrow
channel gives access from the sea to the lagoon. And at
the head of the lagoon, its smooth surface ruffled only by
the flocks of flamingoes that disport themselves in the
sunshine, rise the minarets and cupolas of Tunis, glittering
white across the blue waters, with line after line of hill seen
behind it, growing dimmer and more delicate in their soft
blue-gray tints till they sink beneath the western horizon on
the borders of Numidia. As there are few more exquisite
views in the world, so there are few which embrace a region
more full of stirring and terrible events.
For 1600 years,
down to the destruction of Carthage by the Arabs in A.D. 697
a fierce and strenuous life ebbed and flowed incessantly
round this hill and on the plain that lies between it and
Tunis. For 1200 years the hill has stood silent and melan-
choly as it stands now, and, in the words of Tasso,

"Low lies proud Carthage; and the silent shore
Keeps of her lordly ruins scarce a trace.'"

Y.R.

644

645

646

647

BOOK VIII-PART II-EXCERPTA

NUMIDIAN AFFAIRS

I. FROM THE VATICAN MSS. OF CARDINAL MAI

BOMILCAR being under accusation fled before his trial, and with him Jugurtha, who uttered that famous saying about bribetakers, that "the whole city of Rome could be bought if a purchaser could be found for it."

II. FROM PEIRESC

B. C.

ΙΙΟ

Metellus went back to the African province, where he 109 was accused by the soldiers of slothfulness toward the enemy and of cruelty toward his own men, because he punished offenders severely.

III. FROM THE SAME

Metellus put the whole senate of Vacca to death because 108 they had betrayed the Roman garrison to Jugurtha, and with them, also, Turpilius, the prefect of the guard, a Roman citizen, who was under suspicion of being in league with the enemy. After Jugurtha had delivered up to Metellus certain Thracian and Ligurian deserters, the latter cut off the hands of some, and others he buried in the earth up to their stomachs, and after transfixing them with arrows and darts set fire to them while they were still alive.

IV. FROM "THE EMBASSIES "

When Marius arrived at Cirta messengers came to him 107 from Bocchus asking that he would send somebody to hold

Y.R.

B.C.

647 a conference with him. He accordingly sent Aulus Man- 107 lius, his lieutenant, and Cornelius Sulla, his quæstor. them Bocchus said that he fought against the Romans on account of the acts of Marius, who had taken from him the territory which he himself had taken from Jugurtha. To this complaint of Bocchus, Manlius replied that the Romans had taken this territory from Syphax by the law of war, and had made a present of it to Masinissa, and that such gifts were made by the Romans to be kept by those who received them during the pleasure of the Senate and people of Rome. Nor did the Romans take back their gifts without reason. Masinissa was dead, and Jugurtha, who had murdered his grandchildren, was at war with the Romans. "It is not right," he said, "that an enemy should keep the gift that we made to a friend, nor should you think that you can take from Jugurtha property that belongs to the Romans." These were the words of Manlius concerning the territory in question.

V. FROM THE SAME

Bocchus sent another embassy who were to solicit peace from Marius and urge Sulla to assist them in the negotiation. These ambassadors were despoiled by robbers on the road, but Sulla received them kindly and entertained them until Marius returned from Gætulia. Marius advised them to urge Bocchus to consult with Sulla as to all his affairs. Accordingly, when Bocchus was inclined to betray Jugurtha he sent messengers around to the neighboring Ethiopians (who extend from eastern Ethiopia westward to the Mauritanian Mount Atlas) under pretence of raising a new army, and then asked Marius to send Sulla to him for a conference, and Marius did so. In this way Bocchus himself, and his friend Magdalses, and a certain freedman of Carthage, named Cornelius, deceived Apsar, the friend of Jugurtha, who had been left in Bocchus' camp to keep watch on his doings.

Y.R.

BOOK IX-EXCERPTA

MACEDONIAN AFFAIRS

I. FROM "THE EMBASSIES "

B.C.

THE Romans paid no attention to Philip, the Macedonian, when he began war against them. They were so busy about other things that they did not even think of him, for Italy was still scourged by Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, and they were at war in Africa, Carthage, and 539 Spain, and were restoring order in Sicily. Philip himself, 215 moved by a desire of enlarging his dominions, although he had suffered nothing whatever at the hands of the Romans, sent an embassy, the chief of which was Xenophanes, to Hannibal in Italy, proposing to aid him in Italy if he would promise to assist him in the subjugation of Greece. Hannibal agreed to this arrangement and took an oath to support it, and sent an embassy in return to receive the oath of Philip. A Roman trireme intercepted the ambassadors of both on their return and carried them to Rome. Thereupon Philip in his anger attacked Corcyra, which was in alliance with Rome.

II. FROM THE VATICAN MSS. OF CARDINAL MAI

The Sibylline books induced the Romans to make war against Philip by these lines: "The Macedonians boast their descent from Argive kings. Philip will be the arbiter of weal or woe to you. The elder of that name shall give rulers to cities and peoples, but the younger shall lose every honor, and shall die the subject of a western race.

1 Αὐχοῦντες βασιλεῦσι Μακηδόνες ̓Αργεάδῃσιν,
ὑμῖν κοιρανέων ἀγαθὸν καὶ πῆμα Φίλιππος.
Ητοι ὁ μὲν πρότερος πόλεσιν λαοῖσί τ' ἄνακτας
θήσει, ὁ δ ̓ ὁπλότερος τιμὴν ἀπὸ πᾶσαν ὀλέσσει,
δμηθεὶς δ ̓ ἑσπερίοισιν ὑπ' ἀνδράσιν ἐνθάδ' ὀλεῖται.

"1

546 1. Ambassadors from Ptolemy, king of Egypt, and with 208 them others from Chios and Mitylene, and from Amynander, king of the Athamanes, assembled at two different times at the place where the Ætolians were accustomed to call their cities together for consultation, to compose the differences between the Romans, the Etolians, and Philip. But as Sulpicius said that it was not in his power to conclude peace, and wrote privately to the Senate that it was for the advantage of the Romans that the Ætolians should continue the war against Philip, the Senate forbade the treaty and sent 10,000 foot and 1000 horse to assist the Etolians. With their help the Ætolians took Ambracia, which Philip recovered, not long afterward, on their departure. Again the ambassadors assembled and said that it was very evident that Philip and the Etolians, by their differences, were subjecting the Greeks to servitude to the Romans, because they were accustoming the latter to make frequent attempts upon Greece. When Sulpicius rose to reply to them the crowd would not hear him, but shouted that the ambassadors had told the truth.

549

554

2. Finally the Ætolians took the initiative and made 205 peace with Philip by themselves without the Romans, and messengers were sent to Rome by Philip himself and by the commander of the Roman forces in order to come to an agreement. Peace was made between them on the condition that neither party should do any injury to the friends of the other. This was the result of the first trial of strength between them, and neither of them believed that the treaty would be lasting, since it was not based on goodwill.

IV. FROM THE SAME

Not long afterward Philip, having ordered a fleet to be 200 prepared by his maritime subjects, took Samos and Chios and devasted a part of the territory of King Attalus. He even attempted Pergamus itself, not sparing temples or sepulchres. He also ravaged Peræa, which belonged to the Rhodians, who had been promoters of the treaty of peace.