What What fables in this book do you remember? lessons did they teach? What stories of children do you remember? Which do you like the best? What is meant by the world of history? What lessons led you into that world? What divisions or periods of history have you studied? What great men ? What is meant by the world of science? What lessons dealt with that world? What lessons had to deal with everyday matters such as you are familiar with? Have you been in the world of fairies? In what lessons? In the world of myth and fable? What kinds of subjects have the poems you have learned told about? Flowers, birds, nature, fairies? Moral lessons, persons, nonsense? Which oral lesson has been the most inter-. esting? Which composition have you most enjoyed writing? Write a letter to a friend describing your work this year in English, or on some other topic suggested by Lesson 243. 245. LANGUAGE LESSON THE VERB BE The verb be, with its many forms, is, are, was, were, have been, will be, etc., is a very important and peculiar verb. It is different from most other verbs because it does not express action. It serves as a connective. things that belong together. I am George Robinson. The day is pleasant. It brings together two Our teacher is a woman. The dog was black. In these sentences the verb is used almost like an arith metical sign to show that: I and George Robinson refer to the same person. The verb be is called a copulative or connecting verb. A copulative verb has a complement that refers to the same thing as its subject. A noun used as the complement of a copulative verb is a predicate noun. An adjective used as the complement of a copulative verb is a predicate adjective. Fill in the blanks with an adjective or noun. Does this adjective or noun always refer to the same thing as the subject of the verb ? 9. The complement of the verb pictures in this book are ———. be is 10. The complement of the verb be is not A few other verbs are used like be as copulas. The most are appear, become, feel, grow, look, seem, sound, taste. Objects and Complements 246. LANGUAGE LESSON OBJECTS AND COMPLEMENTS 229 Which of these verbs and verb-groups are transitive? in Note that in the first three sentences we have three forms of the verb come; in the second group of sentences, three forms of the verb bring; in the third group, three forms of the verb be. In the second and third paragraphs of Lesson 231, decide whether the verbs are transitive, intransitive, or copulative. What words are used as objects? as predicate nouns? as predicate adjectives? Predicate adjectives are found after many verbs; predicate nouns after a few besides be. Can you give examples? What are these verbs called? A predicate noun is in the nominative case. 247. LANGUAGE LESSON CASE Why? Case (see Lesson 239) is a grammatical term expressing the relationship of nouns (or pronouns) to other words in the sentence. In the following sentences, note the nouns and their relations to other words. The dog's tail brushed the cup from the table. The accident was not the dog's fault. Which nouns are simple subjects? What is their case? Which noun is a predicate noun? Why is it in the nomi What is its case? native case? Which noun is the object of a transitive verb? Which noun is in a prepositional phrase? Which nouns show possession? What is Can you think of a prepositional phrase which would have the same meaning as the possessive noun? What is its case? their case? In the following sentences give the case of each noun and its use in the sentence. 1. A black object hangs on the bough of an old apple tree. 2. It is a swarm of bees. 3. They may find a home in the hollow tree. 4. Bring a hive. 5. Hold it under the swarm. 6. Shake the bough gently. 7. The bees will fall into the hive. 8. The working bees are soon busy. 9. Some bees fly in search of honey. 10. Other bees form the queen's guard. The nominative case includes subjects of verbs, and predicate nouns or pronouns. The objective case includes objects of verbs, indirect objects, and nouns or pronouns in prepositional phrases. The possessive case includes all possessive nouns or pronouns. 248. REVIEW LESSON THE PARTS OF SPEECH Review Lessons 196 and 197. Lessons 248 and 249 give a summary of what you have learned about grammar in Part III. There are eight parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjec tives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections. Nouns are used as names of persons or things. Define and give examples of common and proper nouns. Review Lessons 231 Pronouns are words used instead of nouns. Name the personal pronouns and give examples in the different persons, numbers, and cases. Verbs tell or assert something. Most verbs express action. Define and give examples of transitive, intransitive, and copula tive verbs. What are verb-groups? Adjectives are used to modify nouns. comparison of adjectives. Explain and illustrate the Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Give examples of adverbs of time, place, manner. Prepositions are used to introduce nouns or pronouns in phrases. Name twelve prepositions. Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses. A word may sometimes be one part of speech and sometimes another, according to its use in the sentence. Phrases and clauses are often used like words, as adjectives, or adverbs, or nouns. 249. REVIEW LESSON ANALYSIS OF THE SENTENCE Every sentence has a complete subject and a complete predicate The complete subject consists of the simple subject and its modifiers. The complete predicate consists of the simple predicate and its modifiers. The simple subject is a noun or pronoun. The simple predicate is a verb or verb-group. Modifiers may be words or phrases. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. A transitive verb leaves its action unfinished and requires an object to complete the action. |