fessor thus sums up the facts, to which (in addition to those afforded by the interior of caves and fissures) he appeals:

"1. The general shape and position of hills and valleys; the former having their sides and surfaces universally modified by the action of violent waters, and presenting often the same alternation of salient and retiring angles that marks the course of a common river: and the latter, in those cases which are called valleys of denudation, being attended with such phenomena as shew them to owe their existence entirely to excavation under the action of a flood of waters.

"2. The almost universal confluence and successive inosculations of minor valleys with each other, and final termination of them all in some main trunk which conducts them to the sea; and the rare interruption of their courses by transverse barriers producing lakes.

"3. The occurrence of detached insulated masses of horizontal strata, called outliers, at considerable distances from the beds of which they once evidently formed a continuous part, and from which they have been separated at a recent period by deep and precipitous valleys of derrudation.

"4. The immense deposits of gravel that occur occasionally on the summit of hills, and almost universally in valleys over the whole world, in situations to which no torrents or rivers that are now in action could ever have drifted them.

"5. The nature of this gravel being in parts composed of the wreck of the neigh bouring hills, and partly of fragments and blocks that have been transported from distant regions.

“6. The nature and condition of the organic remains deposited in this gravel, many of them being identical with species that now exist, and very few having undergone the smallest process of mineralization. Their condition resembles that of common grave bones, being in so recent a state, and having undergone so little decay, that if the records of history, and the circumstances that attend them, did not absolutely forbid such a supposition, we should be inclined to attribute them even to a much later period than the deluge: and certainly there is in my opinion no single fact connected with them, that should lead us to date their origin from any more ancient era.

7. The total impossibility of referring any one of these appearances to the effect of ancient or modern rivers, or any other

causes that are now, or appear ever to have been, in action, since the retreat of the diluvian waters.

"8. The analogous occurrence of similar phenomena in almost all the regions of the world that have hitherto been scientifically investigated, presenting a series of facts that are uniformly consistent with the hypothesis of a contemporaneous and diluvial origin.

"9. The perfect harmony and consistency in the circumstances of those few changes that now go on (e. g. the formation of ravines and gravel by mountain torrents; the limited depth and continual growth of peat bogs; the formation of tufa, sand-banks, and deltas; and the filling up of lakes, estuaries, and marshes), with the hypothesis which dates the commencement of all such operations at a period not more ancient than that which our received chronologies assign to the deluge.

"All these facts, whether considered collectively or separately, present such a conformity of proofs, tending to establish the universality of a recent inundation of the earth, as no difficulties or objections that have hitherto arisen are in any way sufficient to overrule."

We have lately mentioned Mr. Faraday's curious experiments on the condensation of gases into fluids. Sir H. Davy, in alluding to these experiments, says; "One of the principal objects that I had in view, in causing experiments to be made on the condensation of different gaseous bodies, by generating them under pressure, was the hope of obtaining vapours, which, from the facility with which their elastic forces might be diminished or increased by small decrements or increments of temperature, would be applicable to the same purposes as steam. As soon as I had obtained muriatic acid in the liquid state, I had no doubt that all the other gases which have weaker affinities or greater densities, and which are absorbable to any extent by water, might be rendered fluid by similar means; and, that the conjecture was well founded, has been proved by the experiments made with so much industry and ingenuity by Mr. Faraday.

"The elasticity of vapours in contact with the liquids from which they are produced, under high pressures, by high temperatures, such as those of alcohol and water, is known to increase in a much higher ratio than the arithmetical one of the temperature.

"In applying the condensed gases as

mechanical agents, the small differences of temperature required to produce an elastic force equal to the pressure of many, atmospheres, will render the risk of explosion extremely small; and, if future experiments should realize the views here developed, the mere difference of temperature between sunshine and shade, and air and water, will be sufficient to produce results, which have hitherto been obtained only by a great expenditure of fuel.

"There can be little doubt that these general facts of the condensation of the gases will have many practical applications. They offer easy methods of impregnating liquids with carbonic acid and other gases, without the necessity of common mechanical pressure. They afford means of producing great diminutions of temperature, by the rapidity with which large quantities of liquids may be rendered aeriform; and as compression occasions similar effects to cold, in preventing the formation of elastic substance, there is great reason to believe that it may be successfully employed for the preservation of animal and vegetable substances for the purposes of food."

A novel operation was lately exhibited in the anatomical theatre of St. Thomas's Hospital. Mr. Jukes, a surgeon, who has invented an apparatus for extracting poisons from the stomach, attended, at the request of Sir Astley Cooper, to repeat the experiment of emptying the stomach by mechanical means. Having swallowed a solution of liquorice, and diluted it by drinking two pints of water, Mr. J. introduced a long flexible tube into his mouth, and passed it down into the stomach. Another surgeon immediately fixed a copper syringe to the extremity of the tube, and in the space of two minutes completely pumped out the whole of the liquid that had been drunk.

Mr. H. Wilkinson has published a project for a steam navigation to India in thirty-one days. His plan and route are as follow:

benefit of clergy, affords an illustration of the respect paid by our ancestors to scholarship at a time when to be able to read was a distinction of considerable value. In an assortment of pews in Norton Church, in the county of Durham, made 3d Jan. 1635, is this item: "Mr. Davison, of Blaixton, shall sitt in the seate next unto the chancell on the North side, where he usith to sitt, and for his servants and tenants to sitt in the North porch, which is called by the name of Blaixton Porch. As for men servants wch cannot read, we appoynt them for to sitt in the South porch, called by the name of Pettie Porch; and as for women servants, for to be placed to kneele down in the middle ally nere the font."

FRANCE.

Mr. Gay Lussac, in a paper lately read before the Academy of Sciences at Paris, seems to consider that the principal cause of volcanoes is a very strong and as yet unneutralized affinity existing between certain substances, and capable of being called into action by fortuitous contact, producing a degree of heat sufficient to fuse the lavas, and to raise them to the surface of the earth by means of the pressure of elastic fluids. The lavas ejected by volcanoes are essentially composed of silica, alumina, lime, soda, and oxide of iron;bodies which, being all oxides and incapable of acting upon water, cannot be supposed to have originally existed in their present state in volcanoes; and from the knowledge which has been obtained of the true nature of these substances, by the admirable discoveries of Sir Humphry Davy, it is probable that the greater part, if not all of them, may exist in a metallic state. There is no difficulty in conceiving that, by their contact with water, they might decompose it, become changed into lava, and produce sufficient heat to account for the greater part of the volcanic pheno

"Whereas I-having taken into consideration the happy increase of the means of religious instruction, and the opportunities for religious worship, which have been established in this settlement, and the benefit which is resulting therefrom to the community at large; and, being confident that there exists but one feeling in the breasts of the inhabitants, that it is the bounden duty of every true Christian to civilize the lower classes, and to ameliorate their condition, as far as may be consistent with the security of the state, and with a due consideration to the rights and privileges of all; and whereas, it must be evident to every well-disposed and religious person, that the propagation of Christianity among Slaves will tend, beyond any other measure, to promote morality among them, and to improve their condition and conduct-do, under a sanguine hope that the following regulations may conduce to those desirable objects and to the removing of any existing evils, hereby proclaim and order, That,

"Sunday being commanded, in all Christian states, to be a day of rest, it is hereby forbidden, and declared illegal, to compel a Slave to perform field-labour on the Sabbath-day, or any other work but such as is ordinarily considered work of necessity.

Slave-proprietors, who have caused their Slave children to be baptized in the Christian religion, shall, as far as relates to such Slaves, be exempt from any tax which has been imposed on Slaves in this colony.

"The manumission of a Slave who has embraced the Christian religion, shall not be subject to the customary payment of 50 rds. to the Reformed Church; but such Slave shall nevertheless be entitled, the same as other members of the church, to support from the vestry under the usual regulations and conditions.

66

Christian Slave-proprietors, residing in Cape Town, and other towns and villages, and their immediate vicinity, where Free Schools are or may be established, are, after the first day of June next, to send their Slave children, above three years and under ten years of age, at least three days in each week to the established Free School nearest to their dwelling.

"Slaves who have been baptised, and who are not within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, may intermarry, with their proprietor's consent; and the children of such marriages shall be the property of the proprietor of the mother. The same shall hold good with regard to slaves of either sex, intermarrying with free persons; in CHRIST. OBSERV. No. 265.

which case also, when the wife is a slave, the children of such marriage belong to her proprietor.

"The respective local authorities shall be responsible, that all marriages between Slaves are without delay enregistered, as all other marriages are. Slave marriages shall be celebrated in the church on Sundays, where the locality will permit; and, in other cases, the clergymen will, once in twelve months, appoint the most con venient places in their respective districts, for the purpose of marrying Slaves and baptizing children, so as to remove the inconvenience arising from remote habitations. The marriages of Slaves, and the baptism of their children, shall be performed without fee or reward.

"After the celebration of marriages, it is forbidden for the parties to be sold separately; or the children of such marriages, without the parents, or the survivor of them, until such children shall have attained the age of ten years, except under a decree of the Court of Justice.

"Children not born in wedlock of a slave woman, who has embraced the Christian religion, and has been baptized, shall not be sold from their mother, unless they shall have fully attained their ninth year; neither shall such Christian female-slaves, so baptized, be sold, without selling to the same person any child she may have under the age of nine years, except under a decree of the Court of Justice.

"The regulations prescribed in the preceding clause, respecting children born of mothers who have embraced the Christian religion and have been baptized, shall also be observed with regard to children born of slaves not of the Christian religion, and not having attained their eighth year, to whom the special care and attention of the mother must be considered indispensable; and all sales, not in conformity to the restrictions comprehended in this and the foregoing clauses, are declared void.

"Separate books shall be kept in the respective offices for the enregisterment of slaves, slave marriages, and slave children born in lawful wedlock; for which purpose owners shall report to that office, in their respective districts, the date and proof of baptism. Those who neglect causing the children of their Christian. slaves, born in wedlock, to be baptized within twelve months after the birth of such children, shall incur a penalty of not less than 25 rds. and not exceeding 100 rds. for each offence, and shall be compelled to have such child or children baptized at their own expense.

H

"Slaves, who have embraced the Christian religion, and have been incorporated in the church, by baptism, (although transferred, or become the property of heathens,) are not to be deprived of the right of attending at church, or place of Christian worship, on Sundays, under a penalty of 10 rds. to be paid by the proprietor; unless justifiable cause can be shewn for such prevention.

"The evidence of a slave, upon oath, after baptism, may be received by the constituted authorities, or competent courts, the same as that of any other Christian.

The property possessed by a slave, whether acquired by work in extra hours, (with the permission of the proprietor,) by donation, legacy, inheritance, or by any other honest means, is inherent in the slave; and in no event belongs to the proprietor, except in cases of suicide.Every slave is entitled to dispose of his or her property, or other rights legally acquired, as well during life as by will. In cases where intestate slaves have no relations, and make no declaration, or last will and testament, to the disposal of their property, the property shall be paid, by the Orphan Chamber, into a fund formed for the purchase of such female slave children as shall have been at one of the established schools during a period of four years; and who shall be particuarly recommended by the Committee, for their moral and exemplary conduct during that period. Such purchases shall be exempt from all taxes and charges, ordinarily imposed upon the manumission of slaves. Donations and legacies may be made, in aid of the Redemption Fund.

"Every slave is to be daily supplied with proper food and clothing: and, in case of dissatisfaction, appeal may be made, by either party to the local authority.

"Slaves employed in garden or field labour, are not to be compelled to work more than ten hours in each twenty-four, to the 30th September; nor more than twelve hours in twenty-four hours, from the 1st October to the 31st March inclusive except during the ploughing or harvest seasons, or on extraordinary occasions; when a remuneration shall be made to them in money, or by an additional proportion of food, according to the discretion of the local magistrate.

:

"Proprietors, or persons employed by them, are not at liberty to inflict any punishment on a slave, beyond what may be considered a mild domestic correction. This correction is only to be given with reds, or other implements of domestic

punishment: it is not to exceed twentyfive stripes; and is, in no case, to be repeated within twenty-four hours, nor until the delinquent shall have recovered from the effects of any former correction.

"Should it be necessary for the security or safety of a family or individual, to put a slave in irons, the same shall be reported within twenty-four hours, to the local authority; stating the cause and circumstances under which such measure could be justified.

"Maltreatment of a slave by the proprietor, not attended with death, may be punished by fine, imprisonment, banishment, or other sentence of the law, according to the nature of the case, and the degree of cruelty exercised; and the slave may be publicly sold, for the account of the proprietor, but under special condition of never again coming into his power, or into that of his parents, children, brothers, or sisters: but, when the maltreatment of a slave has been attended with death, it must be recollected that the court, in giving judgment, will be guided by the law applicable to homicide.

"Maltreatment of a slave, by the overseer or representative of the proprietor, or other individual, shall be punished as if the same had been inflicted on a free person, placed under the superintendence or direction of such overseer or other representative of the proprietor. Domestic punishment is forbidden to be inflicted on a slave, by any other hand than that of the proprietor, employer, or overseer, (not being a slave,) except in cases where the proprietors or employers, having no free person in their employ, are females, or infirm, or suffering under disease, or are upward of 60 years of age."

Pecuniary penalties are attached to the breach of these respective provisions.

We rejoice at every amelioration of slavery; and most thankful are we to those in authority who endeavour to effect this benevolent object; but alas, after all, the very charter of privilege proves that slavery is still, under all circumstances, a bitter draught." How degrading and wretched must be a condition of life in which the natural rights of a man and woman to marry are to depend upon the caprice or tyranny of a stranger, and in which the offspring of their union are born only to be slaves in interminable succession; a condition of life in which, even inan ameliorating edict, it is proffered as a beer that the child shall not be torn from its mother till it is eight, nine, or ten years of age!

INDIA. Books have been received from the Court of Directors for the purpose of establishing permanent soldiers' libraries at seven of the principal European stations. On the arrival of the library at each station, it will be placed under the charge of the chaplain; or, where there may not be a chaplain, the

brigade-major or other public staff-officer. To assist in the care and preservation of the books, and to keep a proper list and account of them, the person officiating as clerk under the chaplain, or a steady noncommissioned officer, will be employed, on a salary of twelve rupees per month.

THEOLOGY.

Morning Thoughts, in Prose and Verse, on single Verses in the successive Chapters of the Gospel of St. Matthew. Foolscap 8vo. 3s.

Christ Triumphing over Death, the Motive to unfailing Obedience; a Sermon, on the Death of C. Grant, Esq.; by the Rev. D. Wilson. 2s.

The Importance of Proper Views of the Divine Nature, an Essay; by J. Bate. 2s. 6d. An Address to the Members of a Class for the critical Study of the Greek Testament; by W. Day.

Star in the East; by Josiah Conder. 6s. Plain Pastoral Addresses on Regeneration; by the Rev. E. Craig.

The Christian Gleaner, and Servant's Monthly Magazine, No. I. price 2d.

Thoughts on Private Devotion; by J. Sheppard. 5s.

A Dissertation on the Sabbath; by the Rev. J. Macbeth. 5s.

An Inquiry into the Doctrine of Original Sin; by the Rev. J. Cormack. 5s.

The Teacher's Manual; by W. F. Lloyd.

Sermons, and Plans of Sermons, on mportant Texts of Scripture, never before published; by the late Rev. Joseph BenPart. I. 8vo. 5s.

son.

A Dictionary of all Religions, and Religious Denominations. To which are prefixed, An Essay on Truth; on the State of the World at Christ's appearance; and a Sketch of Missionary Geography; by T. Williams. 10s. 6d.

A Monitor to Families, or Discourses on some of the Duties and Scenes of Domestic Life; by the Rev. Henry Belfrage. Morning Communings with God, or Devotional Meditations for every Day of the Year, Translated from the Original German of Sturm; by Wm. Johnstone, A.M. 2 vols. royal 12mo. 16s.

Sermons of the late Rev. James Saurin, Pastor of the French Church at the Hague. Translated by the Rev. R. Robinson, Henry Hunter, D.D., and the Rev. Joseph Sutcliffe, A.M. With additional Sermons, now first translated; the whole corrected and revised by the Rev. Samuel Burder, A.M. 6 vols. 8vo. with portrait of the author. 31. 3s.

The Anti-Swedenborg. 12mo. 2s. 6d. A Course of Lectures, illustrative of the Pilgrim's Progress; by the Rev. D. Warr. 8vo. 85.

A Charge delivered at the Primary Triennial Visitation of the Province of Munster, in 1823; by Richard, Archbishop of Cashel. 8vo. 1s.

The Doctrines of General Redemption, as held by the Church of England and by the early Dutch Arminians, exhibited in their Scriptural Evidence, and in their Connexion with the Civil and Religious Liberties of Mankind; by James Nichols.

1 vol. 8vo. 16s.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Travels through Part of the United States and Canada, 1818 and 1819; by John M. Duncan, A.B. 2 vols. 16s.

Vol. II. of Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa; by W. J. Burchell, Esq. completing the work; 4to. with 116 coloured and black engravings. 41. 14s. 6d.

Travels into Chile over the Andes, in the years 1820 and 1821; illustrated with 30 plates, &c. by P. Schmidtmeyer, 4to.

An Appeal to the British Nation, on the Humanity and Policy of forming a National Institution for the Preservation of Lives and Property from Shipwreck; by Sir W. Hillary, Bart. 8vo.

Count Pecchio's Journal of Military and Political Events in Spain, during the last Twelve Months; with introductory Remarks on the present Crisis; by E. Blaquiere.

The last Days of Spain; or an Historical Sketch of the Measures taken by the Con'tinental Powers in order to destroy the Spanish Constitution. 8vo. 3s.

Sabæan Researches, delivered at the Royal Institution, on the engraved Hieroglyphics of Chaldea, Egypt, and Canaan ; by John Landseer, F.S.A. 4to. with numerous plates, 21. 12s. 6d.

Joseph and his Brethren, a ScripturalDrama; by H. L. Howard. Post 8vo.

The Marriage Act, 4 Geo. IV. cap. 76, arranged under heads, with Observations, and an Appendix; by G. Lawton.

Dr. Hutton's Mathematics, vol. II. by Olinthus Gregory, LL.D. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

A new Arithmetical Notation, and a new Arithmetic of Infinites; by T. Taylor. The Phrenological Journal and Miscellany. No. I.

An Essay on the Objects of Taste. 5s. Scurry's Captivity under Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib. 4s.

Cato, to Lord Byron, on the Immorality of his Writings.

Remains of the late A. L. Ross, A.M.