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possible expedition to rescue Berenice from the power of her rival. But they arrived too late, for Berenice was already murdered. Euergetes then placed himself at the head of his army to revenge the death of his sister. He entered Syria, slew the queen Laodice, and took possession of the whole country, as far as the Tigris on the east and Babylon on the south. He marched from province to province, levying heavy contributions, till he was forced to return by a rebellion which broke out in Egypt. He had acquired an immense booty, and among other things, about two thousand five hundred idolatrous images, principally of those which Cambyses had taken away from the Egyptians. When he restored these idols to their temples, the Egyptians, though they did not deify him as the Greek cities did the kings of Asia, testified the warmth of their gratitude by honouring him with the title of Evepyérns, the benefactor.*

LXXXVI. SYRIA AND EGYPT, 245-221 B. C.

As soon as Ptolemy Euergetes had returned to Egypt, Seleucus Callinicus, the son and successor of Antiochus, fitted out a fleet on the coasts of Syria, for the purpose of reducing to subjection the cities of Asia Minor, which had revolted during the war with Ptolemy. But a storm destroyed the fleet, and Callinicus escaped with only a few of his ships. The revolted cities then voluntarily submitted to their king out of compassion for his misfortunes.†

The next year, 244 B. C., Callinicus fitted out a second fleet against Ptolemy. He was defeated in an engagement with the Egyptians, and fled with the shattered remnants of his armament.§ Callinicus, now desirous of increasing his strength, promised the independent possession of the cities of Asia Minor to his younger brother Antiochus Hierax, (who was governor of Asia Minor, though at that time but fourteen years old,) on condition that he would join him with his noble army in the war against Ptolemy Euergetes. But Callinicus in the year 243 B. c. having obtained from Euergetes a truce for ten years, refused to perform the promise he had made to Antiochus. A bloody war accordingly broke out between the two brothers, in which Seleucus was so constantly unsuccessful, that it appears as if the surname of Callinicus or illustrious con

queror, could have been conferred upon him only by way of ridicule. He was defeated at Ancyra, and with difficulty saved his life by flight. Antiochus Hierax gained but little by this success; for his auxiliaries, the Gauls, to whom he was principally indebted for his victory, became so mutinous that he was obliged to purchase his life of them at the expense of all his treasures. He was at that time threatened by Eumenes, prince of Pergamus, and on this account he was obliged to treat with the Gauls on equal terms, with whom he had before contracted as with mercenaries. This, however, availed him nothing, for Eumenes fell upon him and overwhelmed all

Appian, Syriac. lxv. 75-85. Polybius, v. 58. Justin, xxvii. 1. Jerome, Comment. in Dan. xi. comp Dan. xi. 6--8. + Justin, xxvii. 2. Appian Syriac. lxv. 90-95. Polybius, v. 40, comp. Dan. xi. 9.

Justin, xxvii. 2.

Asia Minor with his power. It is probable that Antiochus fled to the east, as we find him there some time after. Eumenes died 241 B. C., and was succeeded by the sagacious and active Attalus, the youngest son of his brother. Attalus effectually quelled the arrogant spirit of the Gauls, and assumed the regal title.*

While the Syrian monarchy, in consequence of the discord between the two brothers, was humbled by Eumenes in the west; Theodotus of Bactria, and Arsaces of Parthia, who had revolted in the year 250 B. c. during the imprudent war of Antiochus Theos with Philadelphus, were fortifying and strengthening themselves in the east. Immediately after the battle of Ancyra, Arsaces took possession of Hyrcania and annexed it to Parthia. He then formed an alliance with Theodotus, that he might the more easily withstand the king of Syria. This was the beginning of the Parthian empire, which afterwards became so powerful that it set bounds to the conquests of the Romans, and vanquished the vanquishers of the world.t

Notwithstanding these losses, the brothers, Seleucus Callinicus and Antiochus Hierax, persisted in their unnatural hostilities. The theatre of the war was now in Mesopotamia, where the battle mentioned in 2 Macc. viii. 20, must have occurred, in which eight thousand Babylonian Jews and four thousand Macedonians defeated the one hundred and twenty thousand Gauls whom Antiochus Hierax had in his army. The remaining history of this war is unknown, excepting that Seleucus Callinicus was at last the conqueror. Antiochus Hierax fled to his fatherin-law Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia. Not feeling secure at the court of this monarch, he privately withdrew to Egypt, where he was put to death in the year 240 B. c.‡

Seleucus, having thus shaken off his brother and brought the disturbed affairs of his empire into some degree of order, in the year 236 B. C. undertook an expedition to the east, for the purpose of subjecting Parthia and Bactria to his yoke. But he accomplished nothing, and was obliged to relinquish the enterprise on account of some disturbances which required his presence in Syria.§

In the year 230 B. C., Seleucus made a second attempt to subjugate Parthia; but he was himself defeated and taken prisoner. Arsaces treated the captive king with the respect becoming his rank, but never set him at liberty. He continued in captivity till the year 226 B. C., when he died in consequence of a fall from his horse.

Seleucus Callinicus left two sons, Seleucus and Antiochus, by his wife Laodice, the daughter of his general Andromachus. Seleucus ascended the throne, a weak man both in body and mind, and therefore very unfitly surnamed Kepavvòs, thunder. He was upheld by his father-in-law Achæus, a prudent minister and valiant warrior, who administered the affairs of the empire as well as its weakened state would permit. But when ⚫ Justin, xxvii. 3. Athenæus, x. 16. Strabo, p. 623 ff. Polybius, v. 78, and fragments from book xviii. Justin, xvii. 3; xli. 1, 4.

Justin, xxvii. 3. Polyænus, iv. 17.

§ Justin, xli. 4, 5.

Posidonius in Athenæus, iv. 13. Justin, xxvii. 3.

Seleucus Ceraunus made war upon Attalus for the recovery of Asia Minor, he was poisoned by his generals in the year 223 B. C.*

As Ceraunus left no son, the army offered the sceptre to the brave and prudent Achæus, who, besides his affinity with the royal family, was highly celebrated for his own achievements. But he honestly declined the offer, and secured the kingdom to Antiochus, the brother of Ceraunus, who was educated at Babylon, (Seleucia?) or, as Polybius says, he had his residence in northern Asia. Antiochus accordingly came to Antioch; and his reign proved so fruitful in great events that he acquired the surname of Great. He prosecuted the war against Attalus by means of Achæus, who was goveror of Asia Minor. He soon forced Attalus to keep himself within the boundaries of Pergamus.†

In the year 222 B. C., (the same year in which the Colossus at Rhodes was overthrown by an earthquake,) Ptolemy Euergetes, the last good king of Egypt, died after a reign of twenty-five years. He had enjoyed peace during the twentytwo last years of his reign, while the Syrian empire, by the quarrels of the two brothers, and the subsequent accession of a weak king to the throne, lost much of its power. Euergetes employed this season of quiet in promoting commerce, and encouraging the progress of the arts and sciences in his dominions. His father Philadelphus, for the furtherance of the East India trade, had built Berenice and laid out a road from Coptus to that city. He had also made great additions to the royal library, and to the collection of paintings and statues. Ptolemy Euergetes followed in his father's steps, and brought commerce and the arts and sciences to a high degree of perfection. After the death of Zenodotus, he appointed to the office of royal librarian, Eratosthenes the Cyrenean, who resided at Athens. This is the Eratosthenes who compiled from the Egyptian archives a history of thirty-eight kings of Thebais. Of this work we have only a meagre extract in Syncellus.

LXXXVII. THE JEWS, 279-221 B. C. During the fifty-eight years from 279 to 221 B. C., the Jews lived in uninterrupted tranquillity. This was the period in which they became acquainted with Greek literature, and began to engage in their peculiar philosophical speculations. The name of Antigonus Socho or Sochæus, who was president of the Sanhedrim, and the most learned Jew of his age, is of Grecian origin. He was the first to introduce those additions to the Mosaic law which afterwards acquired so much authority under the title of "Traditions." He died in the year 260 B. C., and was succeeded in the presidentship of the Sanhedrim by Joseph, the son of Joazar. Joseph, it is said, taught his disciples that they ought to serve God from dis* Polybius, ii. 71; iv. 48; v. 40. Appian, Syriac. lxvi. 85-95. Jerome, Comment. in Dan. xi. + Polybius, iv. 48; v. 40.

Justin, xxix. 1. Plutarch, Cleomenes, xxxiii. Poly

bius, ii. 71; v. 88. Pliny, xxxiv. 18. Strabo, p. 652,796. Jahn, Biblische Archæologie, th. i. b. ii. p. 10. Plutarch, Aratus, xii. Suidas in Znvocóτos, 'EparóσJevns, 'ATоλλúvioг. Syncellus, p. 91-97, 147.

interested motives, and not for the sake of reward. Zadok and Baithos, the most distinguished of his disciples, went still further, and affirmed that there is no reward to be expected after death; and this is supposed to have been the origin of the sect of the Sadducees. This tradition of the Jews is hardly consistent with itself; but from an examination of the history of the following times, in which mention is made of this sect, it appears in a high degree probable that about the middle of the third century before Christ, the opinions of the Traditionists began to find opposers, and thus a party arose, out of which the sect of the Sadducees was gradually formed. This seems to be the ground of the tradition to which we have referred.

In the year 249 B. C. the Jews came partly under the dominion of Antiochus Theos; for Ptolemy Philadelphus, when he married his daughter Berenice to Antiochus, gave her as a dowry one half of the revenues of Judea, Samaria, Phenicia, and Cœlosyria. But as he retained the other half in his own hands, and as the revenues of Judea were always farmed to the high priests, this circumstance made no change in their condition, especially as Berenice was murdered two years after, and Ptolemy Euergetes overcame the whole Syrian monarchy. In the year 245 B. C. the Jews had the pleasure of seeing this just and humane king at Jerusalem, while on his return from his victories in the East. He offered many sacrifices, and made magnificent presents to the temple. Without doubt the Jews on this occasion showed him the prophecy in Dan. xi. 6-8, which had just been accomplished by his achievements, and this was probably the cause of his making those offerings and presents. The high priest at this time was Onias II., the son of Simon the Just. Eleazer died 277 B. C., and was succeeded by Manasseh; and he dying, 250 B. C., Onias became high priest.*

This son, so unlike his virtuous father, was avaricious and niggardly to such a degree that for twenty-four years he withheld the twenty talents of silver which his predecessors had always paid to the kings of Egypt as an annual tribute for the whole people. In the year 226 B. C. the arrears amounted to four hundred and

eighty talents; and then Ptolemy Euergetes sent Athenion to Judea to demand what was already the tribute in future, with the menace, that due, and to require a more punctual payment of if these requisitions were not complied with, he would confiscate the whole territory and colonize it with his own soldiers. This fearful threat filled all the people with consternation, but made no impression on the headstrong old man, who would rather hazard every thing than part with his money.t

His nephew Joseph, a young man of prudence and activity, in vain represented to his uncle the unreasonableness of his conduct. He could not prevail upon him even to go to court and defend himself. With much difficulty he at last obtained permission to go himself to Egypt, and attempt to satisfy the king. Joseph then quieted the

Haggai ii. 7, 8. Alexand. Chron.
Josephus, Antiq. xii. 4. 1; against Apion, ii. 5, comp.
Josephus, Antiq. xii. 4. I.

fears of the people, and endeavoured to gain over to his interests the ambassador Athenion, in which he was completely successful. He obtained money for his journey of the Samaritans, probably because no Jew would comply with the law which required them to lend money without usury.*

his reign he murdered his mother, his brother, and his wife. His whole character was marked with wickedness. Unfortunately for Egypt all her succeeding monarchs followed his example; so that Ptolemy Lagus, Ptolemy Philadelphus, and Ptolemy Euergetes, the three first Greek kings of that country, were the last of their race who proved themselves worthy of a throne.*

Joseph went to Egypt with a caravan in which several rich Calosyrians and Phenicians were travelling to Alexandria to obtain the farming of the revenues. From their conversation he learned the amount of these revenues, and, in consequence of this information, he afterwards offered a much larger sum than they for the privilege of farming. On his arrival he was very favourably received by the king, to whom he had before been warmly commended by Athenion. He so insinuated himself into the royal favour that when he took the revenues to farm he had the boldness to offer the king and queen as his sureties, and he was intrusted with the business without bondsmen. Instead of the eight thousand talents which the Colosyrians and Phenicians offered for the revenues, he promised double that sum, in addition to all the goods which should be confiscated for neglect of payment. In this manner Joseph became the farmer of the revenues of Judea, Samaria, Phenicia, and Cœlosyria, and he obtained a body of two thousand soldiers to compel the refractory to make pay-lish miles from Antioch, the Syrian metropolis, ment.†

After Joseph had paid what was due to the royal treasury from his uncle, with five hundred talents which he borrowed in Egypt, he went to Askelon with his two thousand soldiers to demand the tribute due from that city. The inhabitants not only refused payment, but added insult to their refusal. Joseph immediately put to death twenty of their principal men, and sent one thousand talents of their confiscated property to the king. But this example of severity was not sufficient, for the citizens of Scythopolis offered similar resistance and suffered a like punishment. After this he was everywhere acknowledged as royal collector, in which employment he continued for twenty years.‡

This Jew, who had no scruples with regard to the lawfulness of eating at the table of the Egyptian king, and insinuated himself so much into the royal favour, must have possessed great versatility of native talent, and have obtained some acquaintance with Grecian manners, and with the literature and sciences which were in that age so highly esteemed at the court of Egypt. We have here a confirmation of a remark made at the beginning of this section respecting the knowledge of Grecian literature among the Jews.

LXXXVIII. SYRIA AND EGYPT, 221-204 B.C.

Antiochus the Great sought to take advantage of the effeminacy of the Egyptian king, and he fixed his eye on Palestine, Phenicia, Cœlosyria, and all the possessions which the crown of Egypt had held in Syria since the war with Ptolemy Euergetes. But his first campaign was broken off by the revolt of the brothers, Molon and Alexander, governors of Media and Persia, who had already twice repulsed the royal army which was sent against them. No sooner had he quelled these revolters, than Achæus, who had formerly declined, in favour of Antiochus, the sceptre, which was offered him, having been calumniated at court as a traitor, was obliged for his own safety to become one in reality; he accordingly declared himself independent. Antiochus contented himself with merely threatening Achæus, and renewed his war with the Egyptians. In the year 219 B. C. he gained possession of Seleucia on the Orontes, which, though but twelve Eng

had remained in the hands of the Egyptians ever since the war with Ptolemy Euergetes.†

After this, Theodotus, the Egyptian governor of Colosyria, who had offered a bold resistance to Antiochus before the breaking off of his first campaign, betrayed the interests of his sovereign and voluntarily delivered Colosyria into the hands of Antiochus. He was induced to take this step partly by desire of revenge, and partly by his contempt for the character of his master. At the close of the first campaign with Antiochus he had been recalled to Egypt to answer in person to some accusations which had been made against his conduct in the war. While detained at Alexandria by this disagreeable business, he saw that Philopator was a mean voluptuary, given up to the most shameful vices, and entirely governed by the creatures and instruments of his pleasures, Agathoclea, her brother Agathocles, and their mother Enanthe; and that the minister Sosibius condescended to flatter these infamous wretches, and shunned no means, however base, of gratifying the passions of his master. To the injured and irritated Theodotus, the service of such a monarch appeared intolerable, and he accordingly went over to Antiochus.

By this means Antiochus gained possession not only of Cœlosyria and Phenicia, but also of the Egyptian fleet which lay in the harbours of Phenicia, and of all the military stores which had been collected in those places. He then made himself master of the other fortified places in that region, so far as to Sora or Dora, which had Plutarch, Cleomenes, xxxiii. Justin, xxix. 1; xxx.

Ptolemy Philopator, the son of Ptolemy Euergetes, ascended the throne of Egypt in the second year of Antiochus the Great, 221 B. C. It is said that he poisoned his father, and, in the course of 1, 2. Polybius, v. 34. Strabo, p. 795, 796.

• Josephus, Antiq. xii. 4. 2.
+Josephus, Antiq. xii. 4. 3, 4.
Josephus, Antiq. xii. 4. 5, 6, 10.

+ Polybius, lii. 2; iv. 48; v. 41-57, 61. Justin, xxx. 1, comp. Dan. xi. 10.

Plutarch, Cleomenes, xxxiii. Polybius, v. 40, 61, 62. Justin, xxx. 1, 2. Athenæus, xiii.

formerly been the frontier city between Manasseh and Dan on the sea, and was less than eight English miles north of Cæsarea. But as this fortress was in good condition, advantageously situated, and plentifully supplied with provisions, he was unable to reduce it. And having received an offer from Philopator of an armistice for four months, he accepted it, and went into winter quarters at Seleucia on the Orontes.*

their submission by ambassadors. This battle took place about the same time that Hannibal defeated Flaminius in Hetruria.*

Antiochus was fearful that discontent and insurrections among his own subjects would be the consequence of his ill success during this campaign, and as Achæus was still in arms against him, he deemed it necessary to send an ambassador to Ptolemy with proposals of peace. Ptolemy was equally desirous of putting an end to the war, for he longed to return to his pleasures; and though he at first affected to answer the ambas

for one year, and afterwards sent his own minister to Antioch. A final treaty was concluded in the year 216 B. C., by which Antiochus renounced all claims upon Calosyria, Phenicia, and Palestine.†

Antiochus now, in furtherance of his designs against Achæus, entered into an alliance with Attalus, king of Pergamus. Achæus was soon driven within the walls of Sardis, where he defended himself for a whole year; but in 214 B. C. he was delivered into the hands of Antiochus by the Cretan Bolis, and put to death. This Bolis had been sent by Ptolemy Philopator with a large sum of money for the relief of Achæus, but he suffered himself to be bribed by Antiochus to betray his trust. He thus gave proof of the shameless avarice and dishonesty of the Cretan cha

are always liars.” Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται.†

By the negotiations which followed, both kings sought only to gain time; Ptolemy, that he might prepare himself for war, and Antiochus, that he might subdue Achæus. The nego-sador with severity, he willingly granted a truce tiations were finally broken off, because both parties laid claim to Palestine and Cœlosyria by virtue of the alliance of 301 B. C. The war was accordingly renewed in the year 218 B. C. Nicolaus, the general of Philopator, collected his forces at Gaza, directed his march along the coast to Lebanon, and occupied the defiles near the seashore. Thither the Egyptian fleet attended him. Antiochus came down the coast by land, and was likewise accompanied by his fleet. In the naval engagement which followed, neither side could claim the victory; but by land, Antiochus broke through the defiles and drove the Egyptians to Zidon, and their fleet also took refuge in the harbour of that city. As the city was well provided for a siege, Antiochus left it, and marching into the interior, he brought under his power all the cities of Galilee, the city on mount Ta-racter, and verified the old proverb, "The Cretans bor, and the land of Gilead east of Jordan, together with the metropolis, Rabbath-ammon, which Philadelphus had fortified and named Philadelphia. Antiochus at the same time subjugated some of the neighbouring Arabs, and on his return threw garrisons into Samaria and the adjacent towns, and at the close of the campaign took up his winter quarters in Ptolemais.† These repeated losses at length aroused Ptolemy from his lethargy. He forsook the drunken revels in which he had spent most of his time, and placing himself at the head of an army of seventy thousand infantry, five thousand cavalry, and seventy-three elephants, in the year 217 B.C. he marched from Pelusium through Arabia, and encamped at Raphia, between Rhinocolura and Gaza. Antiochus came against him with sixty-two thousand infantry, six thousand cavalry, and one hundred and two elephants, and encamped at first within ten, and afterwards within five stadia of his foe. After five days they came to battle. Antiochus, when confident of victory, was totally defeated. He lost ten thousand three hundred men slain, four thousand taken prisoners, and fifty elephants; while Ptolemy lost but two thousand two hundred men, and sixteen elephants. It is probable that the soldiers of Antiochus were diminished still more in the flight by being slain or captured, for he retired to Antioch, relinquished all the conquered cities, and made no attempt to repair his losses. Philopator now restored to his crown all its former possessions without striking another blow; for the cities emulated each other in their zeal to tender him

Polybius, iv. 37; v. 62-66. Justin, xxx. 1, 2. Athenæus, xiii. Polybius, v. 67-71, comp. Dan. xi. 10. + Polybius, v. 70, 71.

After Antiochus had adjusted the affairs of Asia Minor, in 212 B. c. he undertook an expedition to the East, for the recovery of his revolted provinces. But though he exerted himself to the utmost for seven years, he failed to accomplish his purpose; at the end of the year 208 B. c., he was obliged to acknowledge Arsaces II., whom he had defeated in several battles, as king of Parthia and Hyrcania. He also found it necessary, 206 B. C., to conclude a treaty with Euthydemon, who had expelled the son of the traitor Theodotus from Bactria, and made himself master of the country. By this treaty Antiochus obtained a number of elephants. He then proceeded to the borders of India and renewed h's alliance with the king of that country, from whom he received an additional supply of elephants; so that he now had one hundred and fifty of these animals in his army. He then marched through Arachosia and Drangiana to Carmania, where he passed the winter of 205 B. C., and in 204 B. C. he returned from his eastern expeditions, which had acquired for him the surname of Great.§

Ptolemy Philopator, meanwhile, had continued his effeminate and voluptuous course of life. An insurrection broke out in Egypt in 213 B. C., but it must have been soon suppressed, for Philopator not only kept possession of the throne, but pursued his infamous pleasures without interruption. His wife Arsinoe, who was also his sister, upon

Polybius, v. 79-86. Justin, xxx. 1. Jerome, Comment. in Dan. xi. 11. 3 Maccabees i. comp. Dan. xi. 11. + Polybius, v. 87. Justin, xxx. 1. Jerome, Comment. in Dan. xi. 11. Polybius, v. 107; vii. 4-7; viii. 12-18, comp. Titus, § Polybius, x. 25-28; xi. 32. Justin, xli. 4—6.

i. 12.

G

every opportunity raised her voice so loudly 199 B. C., sent Scopas with an army to Cœloagainst Agathoclea and her brother Agathocles, syria. Antiochus was then engaged in a war with who governed the kingdom according to their Attalus in Asia Minor, and Scopas with little own pleasure, that finally, at the command of the difficulty brought Palestine, Phenicia, and Coking, she was put to death by the agency of the losyria, again under the Egyptian yoke. But old minister Sosibius. This veteran in wicked- when the war with Attalus was closed, Antioness was at length compelled to resign his office chus returned with his army to Syria, 189 B. C., in favour of Tleopolemus. But Tleopolemus, defeated Scopas at Paneas, near the source of though a brave general, had not the talents ne- the Jordan, and then laid siege to Zidon, within cessary for the management of civil affairs, and whose walls his enemy had taken refuge. The consequently this change of ministers produced garrison offered a vigorous resistance, but famine no change for the better in the measures of the at length compelled them to surrender, while the government. In the year 204 B. C. Ptolemy Egyptians were making preparations for their Philopator, exhausted by his continual dissipation, relief. Antiochus then subdued Gaza and the died, in the thirty-seventh year of his age, and other fortified towns; and at Jerusalem the Jews the seventeenth of his reign. He left an only themselves assisted him in expelling the Egypson, Ptolemy Epiphanes, who was then but five tian garrison from the castle of Zion. That the years old. Agathoclea, Agathocles, and their Egyptians might seek no further aid from Rome, mother Enanthe, with their creatures, designed to Antiochus promised to give his daughter Cleoretain the young king under their own manage-patra in marriage to Ptolemy Epiphanes, as soon ment during his minority; and they kept the death of Philopator secret, till they had time to adopt such measures as they supposed necessary to the accomplishment of their purpose. But their efforts were all in vain. When they made their propo- | sals to the Macedonian soldiers, they were indignantly rejected. The soldiers placed the young prince on the throne in the circus, and gave up Agathoclea, Agathocles, Enanthe, and their creatures, to the populace, by whom they were torn in pieces. The guardianship of the king was intrusted to Sosibius, a son of the old minister of that name.*

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Antiochus the Great, and Philip, king of Macedonia, determined to take advantage of the minority of the Egyptian monarch, and they entered into an alliance for the purpose of sharing his dominions between them. In pursuance of this plan, Antiochus, 202 B. C., took possession of Colosyria, Phenicia, and Palestine. During the same year, the Romans had become famous in the East, by the victory of Scipio over Hannibal in Africa, and the consequent successful termination of the second Punic war. these conquerors, with whom Philadelphus had been in alliance, the Egyptians now applied for aid, and offered them the guardianship of the young Ptolemy. The Roman senate accepted the offer with joy, and sent M. Æmilius Lepidus to Alexandria as guardian of the king of Egypt. Lepidus appointed Aristomenes first minister of state. Ambassadors were then sent to Philip and Antiochus, to signify to them that the Romans, having undertaken the guardianship of Ptolemy Epiphanes, would protect his possessions from encroachment. †

Notwithstanding this intimation, Antiochus still retained the territories of which he had possessed himself, until the minister Aristomenes,

* Justin, xxx. 1, 2. Polybius, v. 107; xv. 24-34. Excerpta Valesii ex Polyb. de Virtut. et Vitiis, xv., xvi.

Polybius, xv. 20. Appian, Syriac. i. 1. Livy, xxxi. 14; xxxiii. 19. Justin xxx. 2, 3; xxxi. 1. Jerome, Comment. in Dan. xi., comp. Dan. xi. 13, 14. Valerius Maximus, vi. 6.

as the youthful pair should arrive at a suitable age, with the dowry of Colosyria and Palestine. This stipulation was made in 197 B. c., in the seventh year of the reign of Ptolemy Epiphanes.*

In the same year the Romans, under the command of Titus Quintus Flaminius, and in alliance with the Rhodians and with Attalus king of Pergamus, made war against Philip, king of Macedonia. Antiochus, for the assistance of his ally Philip, sailed with a fleet to Asia Minor, whither his son at the same time led an army by land. In this expedition he seized the Asiatic cities belonging to Ptolemy Epiphanes. Attalus died during this campaign, and was succeeded by his son Eumenes, the founder of the library at Pergamus, and the inventor of parchment. The death of Attalus had no influence on the events of the war. In the battle of Cynocephala in Thessaly, Philip was defeated with the loss of thirteen thousand men slain and captured, and was compelled to sue for peace. This the Romans granted the more willingly, as they had reason to dread the growing power of Antiochus.†

Antiochus proceeded steadily in his enterprises, and made rapid advances in power. He had already subjugated several cities in Asia Minor, and taken up his winter quarters at Ephesus. Smyrna, Lampsacus, and the other Grecian cities, who easily saw through the designs of the ambitious monarch, solicited the protection of the Romans. The Romans, desirous of checking the bold career of Antiochus, lent a willing ear to their supplications. Ambassadors were accordingly sent to the king with the demand, that he would withdraw, not only from the cities of Asia Minor which he had wrested from Ptolemy Epiphanes, but also from those belonging to Philip, which he had garrisoned; and that he should set at liberty the Grecian cities which he had subdued; otherwise

Dan. xi. 15-17, and Jerome, Comment. in loc. Polyb. Legat. s. 72. Excerpta Valesii ex Polyb. de Virtut, et Vitiis, xvi. Justin, xxxi. 1. Livy, xxx. 1. Josephus, Antiq. xii. 2. 3.

+ Dan. xi. 18. Livy, xxxiii. 7-13, 19, 25, 30, 34. Plutarch, Flaminius, iii.-ix. Pliny, xiii. 11. Polyb. Legat. ss. 6, 7, 25. Valesi Excerpta ex Polyb. de Virtut. et Vitiis, xxxi.

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