consult her; but the priestess, rising from her seat before he had passed the door, said: "Lacedæmonian stranger! retire, nor enter within the precincts, for it is not lawful for Dorians to enter here." He answered, "Woman, I am not a Dorian, but an Achæan." He, however, paying no attention to the omen, made the attempt, and was again compelled to withdraw with the Lacedæmonians. The Athenians put the rest in bonds for execution; and among them Timesitheus of Delphi, of whose deeds, both of prowess and courage, I could say much. These, then, died in bonds. After this the Athenians, having recalled Clisthenes, and the seven hundred families that had been banished by Cleomenes, sent ambassadors to Sardis, wishing to form an alliance with the Persians; for they were assured that the Lacedæmonians and Cleomenes would make war upon them. When the ambassadors arrived at Sardis, and had spoken according to their instructions, Artaphernes, son of Hystaspes, governor of Sardis, asked who they were, and what part of the world they inhabited, that they should desire to become allies of the Persians? And having been informed on these points by the ambassadors, he answered in few words that if the Athenians would give earth and water to King Darius, he would enter into an alliance with them; but if they would not give them, he commanded them to depart. The ambassadors, having conferred together, said that they would give them, being anxious to conclude the alliance: they, however, on their return home were greatly blamed.

Cleomenes, conceiving that he had been highly insulted in words and deeds by the Athenians, assembled an army from all parts of the Peloponnesus, without mentioning for what purpose he assembled it; but he both purposed to revenge himself upon the Athenians, and desired to establish Isagoras as tyrant, for he had gone with him out of the Acropolis. Cleomenes accordingly invaded the territory of Eleusis with a large force, and the Boeotians, by agreement, took Ænoe and Hysiæ, the extreme divisions of Attica, and the Chalcidians attacked and ravaged the lands of Attica on the other side. The Athenians, though in a state of doubt, resolved to remember the Boeotians and Chalcidians on a future occasion, and took up their position against the Peloponnesians, who were at Eleusis. When the two armies were about to engage, the Corinthians first, considering that they were not acting justly, changed their purpose and withdrew: and afterward Demoratus, son of Ariston, who was also King of the Spartans, and joined in leading out the army from Lace

dæmon, and who had never before had any difference with Cleomenes, did the same. In consequence of this division a law was made in Sparta that the two kings should not accompany the army when it went out on foreign service; for until that time both used to accompany it; and that when one of them was released from military service one of the Tyndaridæ 1 likewise should be left at home; for before that time both these also used to accompany the army as auxiliaries. At that time the rest of the allies, perceiving that the kings of the Lacedæmonians did not agree, and that the Corinthians had quitted their post, likewise took their departure. This, then, was the fourth time that the Dorians had come to Attica, having twice entered to make war, and twice for the good of the Athenian people. First, when they settled a colony in Megara, when Codrus was King of Athens, that may properly be called an expedition; a second and third, when they were sent from Sparta for the expulsion of the Pisistratidæ; and a fourth time, when Cleomenes, at the head of the Peloponnesians, invaded Eleusis. Thus the Dorians then invaded Athens for the fourth time.

When this army was ingloriously dispersed, the Athenians, desirous to avenge themselves, marched first against the Chalcidians. The Boeotians came out to assist the Chalcidians at the Euripus; and the Athenians, seeing the auxiliaries, resolved to attack the Boeotians before the Chalcidians. Accordingly, the Athenians came to an engagement with the Boeotians, and gained a complete victory; and having killed a great number, took seven hundred of them prisoners. On the same day the Athenians, having crossed over to Euboea, came to an engagement also with the Chalcidians; and having conquered them also, left four thousand men, settlers, in possession of the lands of the Hippobotæ ;2 for the most opulent of the Chalcidians were called Hippobotæ. As many of them as they took prisoners they kept in prison with the Boeotians that were taken, having bound them in fetters; but in time they set them at liberty, having fixed their ransom at two minæ. The fetters in which they had been bound they hung up in the Acropolis, where they remained to my time hanging on a wall that had been much scorched by fire by the Mede, opposite the temple that faces the west. And they dedicated a tithe of the ransoms, having made a brazen chariot with four horses, and this stands on the left hand as you first enter the portico in the Acropolis; and it bears the following 1 Castor and Pollux, the guardian deities of Sparta.

"Feeders of horses."

inscription: "The sons of the Athenians, having overcome the nations of the Boeotians and Chalcidians in feats of war, quelled their insolence in a dark iron dungeon: they have dedicated these mares, a tithe of the spoil, to Pallas." The Athenians accordingly increased in power. And equality of rights shows, not in one instance only, but in every way, what an excellent thing it is. For the Athenians, when governed by tyrants, were superior in war to none of their neighbours; but when freed from tyrants, became by far the first; this, then, shows that as long as they were oppressed they purposely acted as cowards, as labouring for a master; but when they were free every man was zealous to labour for himself. They accordingly did this.

After this the Thebans sent to the god, wishing to revenge themselves on the Athenians; but the Pythian said that they would not obtain vengeance by their own power, but bade them refer the matter to the many-voiced people, and ask the assistance of their nearest friends. Those who were sent to consult the oracle having returned, called a general assembly, and referred the oracle to them. But when they heard them say that they were to ask the assistance of their nearest friends, the Thebans, on hearing this, said: "Do not the Tanagræans, Coronæans, and Thespians live nearest to us, and do not they always fight on our side, and heartily share with us in the toils of war? What need have we then to ask their assistance? But probably this is not the meaning of the oracle." While they were discussing the matter, one, having at length comprehended it, said: "I think I understand what the oracle means. Thebe and Ægina are said to be daughters of Asopus. Now because these were sisters, I think the god has admonished us to entreat the Æginetæ to become our avengers." As no better opinion than this was brought forward, they immediately sent and entreated the Æginetæ, calling upon them to assist them according to the admonition of the oracle, as being their nearest friends. But they, on their petition, promised to send the acide to their assistance. The Thebans, relying on the assistance of the acidæ, having tried the fortune of war, and being roughly handled by the Athenians, sent again and restored the acidæ, and requested a supply of Whereupon the Æginetæ, elated with their present prosperity, and calling to mind the ancient enmity they had toward the Athenians, at the request of the Thebans, levied war upon the Athenians without proclamation. For while they were pursuing the Boeotians, having sailed in long ships ' Meaning " "the statues of the Eacidæ."

men.

1

to Attica, they ravaged Phalerum and many villages on the rest of the coast; and in doing this they did considerable damage to the Athenians.

The enmity that was due of old from the Æginetæ to the Athenians proceeded from this origin. The land of the Epidaurians yielded no fruit: the Epidaurians therefore sent to consult the oracle at Delphi concerning this calamity. The Pythian bade them erect statues of Damia and Auxesia, and when they had erected them it would fare better with them. The Epidaurians then asked whether the statues should be made of brass or stone; but the Pythian did not allow it to be of either, but of the wood of a cultivated olive. The Epidaurians thereupon requested the Athenians to permit them to cut down an olive tree, thinking that they were the most sacred and it is said that there were olive trees in no other part of the world at that time. The Athenians said that they would permit them, on condition that they should annually bring victims to Minerva Polias and Erectheus. The Epidaurians, having agreed to these terms, obtained what they asked for, and having made statues from these olive trees, erected them; and their land became fruitful, and they fulfilled their engagements to the Athenians. At that time and before the Æginetæ obeyed the Epidaurians, both in other respects, and crossing over to Epidaurus, the Æginetæ gave and received justice from one another. But afterward having built ships, and having recourse to foolish confidence, they revolted from the Epidaurians, and being at variance, they did them much damage, as they were masters of the sea; and, moreover, they took away from them these statues of Damia and Auxesia, and carried them off, and set them up in the interior of their own territory, the name of which is Ea, and about twenty stades distant from the city. Having set them up in this spot, they propitiated them with sacrifices, and derisive dances of women, ten men being assigned to each deity as leaders of the chorus; and the choruses reviled, not any men, but the women of the country. The Epidaurians also had such religious ceremonies, but their religious ceremonies are kept secret. When these statues had been stolen, the Epidaurians ceased to fulfil their engagements to the Athenians. The Athenians sent to expostulate with the Epidaurians, but they demonstrated that they were not in reality guilty of injustice; for as long as they had the statues in their country, they fulfilled their engagements, but when they had been deprived of them it was not just that they should still 'That is, "brought and defended actions there."

pay the tribute, but they bade them demand it of the Ægineta who possessed them. Upon this the Athenians, having sent to Ægina, demanded back the statues; but the Æginetæ made answer that they had nothing to do with the Athenians. The Athenians say that after this demand some of their citizens were sent in a single trireme, who being sent by the commonwealth, and arriving at Ægina, attempted to drag these statues from off the pedestals, as made from their wood, in order that they might carry them away; but not being able to get possession of them in that way, they threw cords about the statues, and hauled them along, and as they were hauling them, thunder, and with the thunder an earthquake, came on; and the crew of the trireme who were hauling them were in consequence deprived of their senses, and in this condition slew one another as enemies, till only one of the whole number was left and escaped to Phalerum. Thus the Athenians say that it happened; but the Ægineta say that the Athenians did not come with a single ship; for that they could easily have repulsed one, or a few more than one, even though they had no ships of their own. But they say that they sailed against their territory with many ships, and that they yielded and did not hazard a sea-fight. They are, however, unable to explain this clearly, whether they yielded because they were conscious that they would be inferior in a sea-fight, or with the purpose of doing what they did. They say, however, that the Athenians, when no one prepared to give them battle, disembarked from the ships and proceeded toward the statues; and that not being able to wrench them from their pedestals, they then threw cords round them, and hauled them until the statues being hauled did the same thing; herein relating what is not credible to me, but may be so to some one else; for they say that they fell on their knees, and have ever since continued in that posture. The Ægineta say that the Athenians did this; but concerning themselves, that being informed that the Athenians were about to make war upon them, they prepared the Argives to assist them; and, accordingly, that the Athenians landed on the territory of Ægina, and that the Argives came to their assistance; and that they crossed over to the island from Epidaurus unperceived, and fell upon the Athenians unexpectedly, cutting off their retreat to the ships; and at this moment the thunder and earthquake happened. Such is the account given by the Argives and Æginetæ: and it is admitted by the Athenians that only one of their number was saved, and escaped to Attica: but the Argives affirm that this one man survived when they destroyed the Attic army; the