Ionians seem, when I was out of their sight, to have done what they long ago desired to do; and had I been in Ionia not one city would have stirred. Suffer me, therefore, to go with all speed to Ionia, that I may restore all things there to their former condition, and deliver into your hands this lieutenant of Miletus, who has plotted the whole. When I have done this according to your mind, I swear by the royal gods not to put off the garments which I shall wear when I go down to Ionia before I have made the great island Sardinia tributary to you." Histiæus, speaking thus, deceived the king. Darius was persuaded, and let him go; having charged him to return to him at Susa, so soon as he should have accomplished what he had promised.

While the news concerning Sardis was going up to the king, and Darius, having done what has been described relating to the bow, held a conference with Histiæus, and while Histiæus, having been dismissed by Darius, was on his journey to the sea; during all this time the following events took place: Tidings were brought to Onesilus the Salaminian, as he was besieging the Amathusians, that Artybius, a Persian, leading a large Persian force on shipboard, was to be expected in Cyprus. Onesilus, having been informed of this, sent heralds to the different parts of Ionia, inviting them to assist him; and the Ionians, without any protracted deliberation, came with a large armament. The Ionians accordingly arrived at Cyprus, and the Persians, having crossed over in ships from Cilicia, marched by land against Salamis; but the Phoenicians in their ships doubled the promontory, which is called the key of Cyprus. This having taken place, the tyrants of Cyprus, having called together the generals of the Ionians, said: "Men of Ionia, we Cyprians give you the choice, to engage with whichever you wish, the Persians or the Phoenicians. If you choose to try your strength with the Persians draw up on land, it is time for you to disembark from your ships, and to draw up on land, and for us to go on board your ships, in order to oppose the Phoenicians: but if you would rather try your strength with the Phoenicians, whichever of these you choose, it behooves you so to behave yourselves that as far as depends on you both Ionia and Cyprus may be free." To this the Ionians answered: "The general council of the Ionians has sent us to guard the sea, and not that, having delivered our ships to the Cyprians, we ourselves should engage with the Persians by land. We therefore shall endeavour to do our duty in that post to which we have been appointed; and it behooves you, bearing in mind what you

have suffered under the yoke of the Medes, to prove yourselves to be brave men." The Ionians made answer in these words. Afterward, when the Persians had reached the plain of the Salaminians, the Kings of the Cyprians drew up their forces in line, stationing the other Cyprians against the other soldiery of the enemy, but having selected the best of the Salaminians and Solians, they stationed them against the Persians. Onesilus voluntarily took up his position directly against Artybius, the general of the Persians. Artybius used to ride on a horse that had been taught to rear up against an armed enemy. Onesilus, therefore, having heard of this, and having as a shield-bearer a Carian well skilled in matters of war, and otherwise full of courage, said to this man: "I am informed that the horse of Artybius rears up, and with his feet and mouth attacks whomsoever he is made to engage with; do you therefore determine at once, and tell me, which you will watch and strike, whether the horse or Artybius himself." His attendant answered: "I am ready to do both, or either of them, and indeed whatever you may command. But I will declare how it appears to me to be most conducive to your interest. A king and a general ought, I think, to engage with a king and a general. For if you vanquish one who is a general, your glory is great; and, in the next place, if he should vanquish you, which may the gods avert, to fall by a noble hand is but half the calamity; but we servants should engage with other servants, and also against a horse, whose tricks do not you fear at all, for I promise you he shall never hereafter rear up against any man.' Thus he spoke, and forthwith the forces joined battle by land and sea. Now the Ionians, fighting valiantly on that day, defeated the Phoenicians at sea; and of these the Samians most distinguished themselves; but on land, when the armies met, they engaged in close combat; and the following happened with respect to the two generals: When Artybius, seated on his horse, bore down upon Onesilus, Onesilus, as he had concerted with his shield-bearer, struck Artybius himself as he was bearing down upon him; and as the horse was throwing his feet against the shield of Onesilus, the Carian thereupon struck him with a scythe, and cut off the horse's feet. So that Artybius, the general of the Persians, fell together with his horse on the spot. While the rest were fighting, Stesenor, who was of Curium, deserted with no inconsiderable body of men; these Curians are said to be a colony of Argives; and when the Curians had deserted, the chariots of war belonging to the Salaminians did the same as the Curians: in conse

quence of this the Persians became superior to the Cyprians; and the army being put to flight, many others fell, and among them Onesilus, son of Chersis, who had contrived the revolt of the Cyprians, and the King of the Solians, Aristocyprus, son of Philocyprus; of that Philocyprus, whom Solon the Athenian, when he visited Cyprus, celebrated in his verses above all tyrants. Now the Amathusians, having cut off the head of Onesilus, because he had besieged them, took it to Amathus, and suspended it over the gates; and when the head was suspended, and had become hollow, a swarm of bees entered it, and filled it with honeycomb. When this happened, the Amathusians consulted the oracle respecting it, and an answer was given them that "they should take down the head and bury it, and sacrifice annually to Onesilus, as to a hero; and if they did so, it would turn out better for them." The Amathusians did accordingly, and continued to do so until my time. The Ionians, who had fought by sea at Cyprus, when they heard that the affairs of Onesilus were ruined, and that the rest of the Cyprian cities were besieged, except Salamis, but this the Salaminians had restored to their former king Gorgus; the Ionians, as soon as they learned this, sailed away to Ionia. Of the cities in Cyprus, Šoli held out against the siege for the longest time; but the Persians, having undermined the wall all round, took it in the fifth month.

Thus the Cyprians, having been free for one year, were again reduced to servitude. But Daurises, who had married a daughter of Darius, and Hymees, and Otanes, and other Persian generals who also had married daughters of Darius, having pursued those of the Ionians who had attacked Sardis, and having driven them to their ships, when they had conquered them in battle, next divided the cities among themselves and proceeded to plunder them. Daurises, directing his march toward the cities on the Hellespont, took Dardanus; he also took Abydos, Percote, Lampsacus, and Pæsus; these he took each in one day. But as he was advancing from Pæsus against Parium, news was brought him that the Carians, having conspired with the Ionians, had revolted from the Persians. Therefore turning back from the Hellespont, he led his army against Caria. Somehow news of this was brought to the Carians before Daurises arrived. The Carians, having heard of it, assembled at what are called the White Columns, on the river Marsyas, which, flowing from the territory of Idrias, falls into the Mæander. When the Carians were assembled on this spot, several other propositions were made, of which the best appeared to be that of Pixodarus, son of

Mausolus, a Cyndian, who had married the daughter of Syennesis, King of the Cicilians. His opinion was that the Carians, having crossed the Mæander, and having the river in their rear, should so engage; in order that the Carians, not being able to retreat, and being compelled to remain on their ground, might be made even braver than they naturally were. This opinion, however, did not prevail, but that the Mæander should rather be in the rear of the Persians than of themselves; to the end that if the Persians should be put to flight, and worsted in the engagement, they might have no retreat, and fall into the river. Afterward, the Persians having come up and crossed the Mæander, the Carians thereupon came to an engagement with the Persians on the banks of the river Marsyas, and they fought an obstinate battle, and for a long time, but at last were overpowered by numbers. Of the Persians there fell about two thousand, and of the Carians ten thousand. Such of them as escaped from thence were shut up in Labranda, in a large precinct and sacred grove of plane trees, dedicated to Jupiter Stratius. The Carians are the only people we know who offer sacrifices to Jupiter Stratius. They, then, being shut up in this place, consulted on the means of safety, whether they would fare better by surrendering themselves to the Persians or by abandoning Asia altogether. While they were deliberating about this, the Milesians and their allies came to their assistance; upon this the Carians gave up what they were before deliberating about, and prepared to renew the war; and they engaged with the Persians when they came up, and having fought, were more signally beaten than before; though in the whole many fell, the Milesians suffered most. The Carians, however, afterward recovered this wound, and renewed the contest. For hearing that the Persians designed to invade their cities, they placed an ambuscade on the way to Pedasus, into which the Persians, falling by night, were cut to pieces, both they and their generals Daurises, Amorges, and Sisamaces; and with them perished Myrses, son of Gyges. The leader of this ambuscade was Heraclides, son of Ibanolis, a Mylassian. Thus these Persians were destroyed.

Hymees, who was also one of those who pursued the Ionians that had attacked Sardis, bending his march toward the Propontis, took Cius of Mysia. But having taken it, when he heard that Daurises had quitted the Hellespont, and was marching against Caria, he abandoned the Propontis, and led his army on the Hellespont; and he subdued all the Eolians who inhabited the territory of Ilium, and subdued the Ger

githæ, the remaining descendants of the ancient Teucrians; but Hymees himself, having subdued these nations, died of disease in the Troad. Thus then he died: but Artaphernes, governor of Sardis, and Otanes, one of the three generals,1 were appointed to invade Ionia and the neighbouring territory of Eolia. Of Ionia, accordingly, they took Clazomenæ; and of the Æolians, Cyme.

When these cities were taken, Aristagoras the 2 Milesian, for he was not, as it proved, a man of strong courage, who having thrown Ionia into confusion, and raised great disturbances, thought of flight when he saw these results; and, besides, it appeared to him impossible to overcome King Darius : therefore, having called his partisans together, he conferred with them, saying that it would be better for them to have some sure place of refuge in case they should be expelled from Miletus. He asked, therefore, whether he should lead them to Sardinia, to found a colony, or to Myrcinus of the Edonians, which Histiæus had begun to fortify, having received it as a gift from Darius. However, the opinion of Hecatæus the historian, son of Hegesander, was that they should set out for neither of these places, but that, having built a fortress in the island of Leros, they should remain quiet if they were compelled to quit Miletus; and that at some future time, proceeding from thence, they might return to Miletus. This was the advice of Hecatæus. But Aristagoras himself was decidedly in favour of proceeding to Myrcinus; he therefore intrusted Miletus to Pythagoras, a citizen of distinction, and he himself, taking with him all who were willing, sailed to Thrace, and took possession of the region to which he was bound. But setting out from thence, both Aristagoras himself and all his army perished by the hands of Thracians as he was laying siege to a city, and the Thracians were willing to depart on terms of capitulation.

The two others were Daurises and Hymees.

The reader will observe that the sentence is broken and imperfect; it is so in the original.